fysikh b'gymnasioy

7/25/2019 Fysikh b'Gymnasioy

1/64

1

:

'

:


2/64

2

1: ................................................................................................................ 3

1.1 ..................................................................... 3

1.2 ....................................................................................................... 3

1.3 ................................................................................ 4 ............................................................................................................... 7

:............................................................................................................. 10

2: ................................................................................................................ 12

2.1 ....................................................................................................... 122.2 ...................................................................................................... 17

2.3 ............................................................................................. 20

2.4 ................................................................................. 24:.................................................................................................................................. 27

: 3 ......................................................................................................................... 29

3.1 H ......................................................................................................... 293.2 ................................................................................ 32

3.3 ........................................................................................ 35

3.4 ....................................................................................................... 40

3.5 ( )............................................... 413.6 ................................................................................. 42

3.7 ................................................................................................ 44

4: ................................................................................................................... 47

4.1 ................................................................................................................................... 47

4.2 ............................................................................................................. 48

4.3 ........................................................................................................... 50

4.4 ................................................................................... 514.5 - ............................................................................................. 53

4.6 ................................................................................................................................ 55

5: ............................................................................................................... 56

5.1 ............................................................................................................... 56

5.2 . ......................................... 58

5.3 ......................................................................... 60

5.4 ..................................................................................... 615.5 .................................................................................................... 62

5.6 .................................................................................................................. 62

5.7 ....................................................................................................... 63

5.8 .................................................................................................................................... 64


3/64

3

1:

1.1

1.2

.

.

.

.

, ,

.

.

.

:

. : .. :

.

. ,

.

.


4/64

4

1.3

. .. , , ..

.

.

.

.

, ..

.

.. , , .

. .. m, s, kg.

,

. .

.. = ,

= .

( l d s length distance space

):

m(meter).

1km = 1000m.

:

1dm =10

1m = 10

-1m 1m = 10 dm, 1cm =

100

1m = 10

-2m 1m = 100 cm,

1mm =1000

1m = 10

-3m 1m = 1000mm.

.

( t time ):

(second

s).

1min = 60s 1h = 60min = 3600s.

1ms =1000

1s = 10

-3s .

.


5/64

5

( m mass ):

.

(kg).

1tn = 1000kg.

1g =1000

1 kg = 10-3kg 1kg = 1000g

1mg =1000

1g =10

-3g =

1000000

1kg = 10

-6kg

.

( A S area space ):

(m2).

:

1km2= 1000000 m

2, 1 = 1 000m

2

:

1dm2=100

1m

2= 10

-2m

2, 1cm

2=

10000

1m

2= 10

-4m

2, 1mm

2=

1000000

1m

2= 10

-6m

2,

( V volume ):

.

(m

3

). :

1dm3=1000

1m

3= 10

-3m

3, 1cm

3=

1000000

1m

3= 10

-6m

3 , 1mm

3=

1000000000

1m

3= 10

-9m

3,

:

1L = 1dm3, 1mL = 1cm

3

1L = 1000 mL 1mL=1000

1L = 10

-3L , 1L =

1000

1m

3= 10

-3m

3 1m

3= 1000 L

( d density ):

(..

,

)

1m3 .


6/64

6

.. 1m3 1000kg, 1000

3m

kg

1m3 300kg, 300

3m

kg

1m3 700kg, 7003

mkg

1m3 7800kg, 7800

3m

kg

,

.

V

m .

(kg) (m3),

(3m

kg) (

3m

kg

).

: 13

cm

g= 1000

3m

kg, 1

3m

kg=1000

1

3cm

g

.

.

: 4m3

3400kg, 1m3,

;


7/64

7

1. ,

.

:

oC

36.5 37 37 36.5

1 2 5 6 7

:

........................ .

........................ ....................... .

.................. .......................... .................... .

..................... ................. .

....................... .

:

( ,

).


8/64

8

2. ,

.

.

: .

:

1. .

2. ()

.

.

cm ,

cm

.

3.

,

.

( C) 24 25 25,5 26 26 26 26 26

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16


9/64

9

3. , ( 0,10 ).

.

0 5 10 20 0 0,5 1,5 2,5

4. .

30

.

(km) 5 20 20 60 80 60 100 150

(h) 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

.


10/64

10

:

1. .

) 5cm, ) 300 cm, ) 400mm, ) 8dm, ) 2,5km, ) 87km

2. .

) 350dm2, ) 4800cm

2

3. .

) 670dm3, ) 7500L, ) 48000cm

3, ) 77000mL

4. :

) 30min, ) 2h, ) 1

5. .

) 5kg, ) 60kg, ) 730mg, ) 7800mg

6. ;

.

. .

, .

.

. 1kg 1kg

. .

. ,

.

. 50gr .

7. , , , d = 2,5

g/cm3.

.

.

.

.


11/64

11

8. 4 , , , d = 0,8g/cm3.

.

.

.

,

.

m (g) 2,5 7,5

V(cm 3 ) 2 4

d (g/cm ) 0,8 0,8

V (cm 3 ) 10 20 30 40

M (g)


12/64

12

2:

( , ,

, , ).

.

, ,

.

.

.

,

.

2.1

()

.

:

(d) ()

.

1:

, ,

(3) (m), dAB = 3m.

x -1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 x

.

,

.


13/64

13

2: H d= 304km.

: ,

505km,

.

: , , 150km.

85km

. ;

, ( )

, .

, , .

, .

.

..

300 km/h, , , ... .

.

( ) .

.

(x)

.

.

(.. );

.

.


14/64

14

.

x -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 x

xx

(

).

.

3m .

, (+) (-) .

x= -3m.

, ,

(3m), ( , + - ).

.

.

x

x -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 x

( ).

(t)

,

.

(t).


15/64

15

1: ;

: 8:10 .. .

2: ;

: 6:00 .. .

3:

. x=+2m;

x 0 +1 +2 +3 x

t0 =0 t1 =2s

: t1 =2s x=+2m.

(t)

(t)

( ).

,

.

1: 6:00

7:30. ;

: .

, 7:30 6:00 = 1 30 .

2: ,

t1= 10s t2= 85s.

.

:

, 85s10s = 75s.


16/64

16

t = t() - t()

(x)

(x) .

.

.

1: x1 = +1m x2 = +4m.

x1

x2

, x = x2x1= (+4)(+1) = +3m

.

= -

x = x()x()

.

, .

, +3m.

.

2: x1 = +5m x2 = +1m.x

x -1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 x

x1 x2: x = x2x1= (+1)(+5) = -4m.

.


17/64

17

.

..

( ) s.

.

2.2

,

. .

,

.

100 m 15s

20s .

; ,

.

.

,

.

.

300 km 3 . , km ;

, = 300/3 =

100km/h.


18/64

18

-

,

, ..

.

, ,

.

( )

: x = -2m

x= + 4m. 12s.

.

:

.

x = x - x=(+4)(-2) = +6m.

= x/t = (+6)/12 = +0,5m/s

x

x -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 x

:

=

=t

x

m/s.

.

.


19/64

19

: , . t1= 2s

x1=+6m, x2=-2m t2= 6s.

.

.

1 km/h = 1/3,6 m/s 1 m/s = 3,6 km/h.

, .

,

.

. m/s,

.

,

.

.

.

.

.

,

.


20/64

20

2.3

.

t0 = 0 x0 = 0.

0 2s : 1=1

1x

t=

01

01x

tt

x

=

02

0-20

= 10m/s

0 4s: 2=2

2x

t=

02

02x

tt

x

=

04

0-40

=10m/s

2s 4s: 3=3

3x

t=

12

12x

tt

x

=

24

20-40

=10m/s

.

.

.

.

.

1.

=


21/64

21

.

.

(s)

0 2 4 6

(m/s)

10 10 10 10

.

.

2.

t :

x= t.

, x0=0

t0=0 x

t.

x = t x-0 = (t-0) x = t.

,

. ,

, ,

.

.


22/64

22

.

: 20m/s 0 0. x = t = 20 t.

.

(s)

0 2 4 6

(m) 0 20 40 60

:

()

.

.

: ,

.

x -1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 x (m)


23/64

23

1.

,

.

.

.

(s)

0 2 4 6

(m/s)

0 0 0 0

2.

+2m.

. ,

.

(s)

0 2 4 6

(m) 2 2 2 2


24/64

24

.

2.4

200m

4s. .

.

, ,

.

.

, ,

( ).

, , .

, .,

.

.


25/64

25

:

10m/s. ;

: ,

( ).

.

. ,

.

1:

.

0s 10s 0m/s 10m/s, 10

s 20 s 10m/s, 20s 30s

10 m/s 0 m/s ( ).


26/64

26

2: .

10s. 20m 10s ( 10s 20s)

, ( 20s 30s).


27/64

27

:

1.

. :

. ;

. ;

.

x (m)

20 A

15 B

10

50 10 20 t(s)

2.

, .

x (m)

20 A

15 B

10

5

0 10 20 t(s)

. .

. ;


28/64

28

3.

. x0=0 t0=0.

(m/s)

20 A15

10 B

5

0 10 20 30 t(s)

. ;

. 10s;

. 10s;


29/64

29

: 3

3.1 H

2 ,

,

.

, .

;

.

F Force.

S.I. Newton (N).

(

). , , .

. (

), . , ,

, . ,

. , (

), ,

. ,

, ,

.

:

,

.

. , ,

.


30/64

30

,

.

( ), ().

(

) ,

().

:

.

, , ,

( ).

.

.

, ,

.

, ,

.

, ,

.

; ,

.

,

.


31/64

31

:

1. :

,

, , () ..

2. :

, (

),

.

,

.

,

.

.

F 10cm .

2F 20cm.

3F 30cm.

:

.

,

(Hook).

,

.

S.I. Newton (N).


32/64

32

F

,

. ,

.

, .

.

(

).

.

. 1 1cm,

5 5cm.

3.2

(W, weight)

.

;

( ) ,

.

W

W


33/64

33

(W) .

.

, (

) ( ).

;

1. , ,

.

.

2.

,

.

.

.

.

3. , ,

. .

1/6 .

.

,

, .

, .

To S.I.

, kg.

. .

, .


34/64

34

(T)

.

,

. ; .

= 0

()

() (.. , , ).

.

.

.

.

1.

. .

, , .

2. .

,

.

1: ,

.

1.

, .

2. .

W,

.

3.

. ,


35/64

35

, F ,

FN

.

FN F

W

2: , .

.

F F

W W

W F,

.

3.3

.

,

F.

.

1: , F1 F2 ,

. (

).

;


36/64

36

: F

.

F1=2N

F2=4N

F F1

F2 F1 F2.

F=6N

F

.

F1, F2 ... ,

F :

F= F1+ F2

2: F1 F2, .

.

;

F1=3N F2=2N

: F1 F2 ,

:F= F1- F2

F=1N

.


37/64

37

3:

. .

F1=3N F2=2N

F3=1N F4=4N

: ,

F1 F3 F2 F4.

F1+F3=4N F2+F4=6N

: F=F2+F4(F1+F3 ) = +2

F=2N

, .

.. 3

3

.

.. 4 4

( )

, , . ,

.

.

.


38/64

38

F

F1 F2.

F2= F1

2+ F2

2

F = 22

12 FF

( )

,

. ,

.

.

, .

,

.

.

4: . 100

150. ;

:

100 + 150 = 250 150 100

= 50.

100 F.=250 100 150

150 F..=50


39/64

39

.

.

. .

5: F = 4, 20

, F1 F2.

:

. , x y.

. F 20

, .. 1cm 2. F

2cm.. F x

y.

. T F1

F2().

. F1 F2

( 1cm

2).

F, F1 F2

.


40/64

40

.

W Wx (

) Wy ( ).

3.4

, ,

.

.

.

; .

( )

,

, .

:

,

() .

1. = 0 ()

F= 0

2. = ( )

1. = 0 ()

F= 0

2. = ( )


41/64

41

.

. ,

.

1:

.

.

, .

2: ,

.

3.5 ( )

. ,

,

.

: F= 0

1: . ,

w ( ) F .

20, ;

FN

W

, : F. = 0, FW =0 F = W .


42/64

42

2: , W = 1, ,

, F = 2.

.

y

FN

F

x x

W

y

:

1. W ,

2. FN ,

3. F

4. .

,

xx yy .

F x =0 F y=0

F x = 0, FT =0 F =T =2.F y=0, FW =0 F = W F = 1.

xx, yy

, F x =0 F y=0.

3.6

.

, , ;


43/64

43

1:

.

, .

2: 5 1s 10m/s.

= 0 = 10 m/s

F=5 F=5

x 0 t =1s x

, 10

1s 20m/s.

= 0 =20 m/s

F=10 F=10

x 0 t =1s x

:

,

.

2

.

. , ,

.

.

,

, .

3: F m=2kg

1s 10m/s.

= 0 = 10 m/s

F F

x 0 t = 1s x

, F

m=4kg 1s 5m/s.


44/64

44

= 0 =5 m/s

F F

x 0 t =1s x

: ,

.

,

, ,

. .

,

.

,

, 1. , ,

1 kg. , ,

,

.

.

,

. m w : w = m g

g .

.

9,8 m/s2.

3.7

,

.

.

.

, , 3 :


45/64

45

:

() ,

(), , .

:1. .

2. .

.

3.

.

4. ,

.

1: ,

, .

FN

W

: :

1. W ( ),

2.

FN, ( ). , ,

- .

W ,

W

FN FN .

W


46/64

46

FN

FN

1: (W) ;

: , .

.

2: , .

.

W F.

W W.

F.

F1 F1 F2 F2 .

2: ;

: , , ,

.

.

.


47/64

47

4

:

4.1

. , ,

. ,

.

.

.

( ). , ,

, (

),

. , ,

, ,

. ,

,

.

:

(p)

. F

p =AF

F .

.

Pa (Pascal), 1 Pa = 1 N/m2.

1. , .

2. N/m2, .

3. ,

.


48/64

48

4.2

,

. .

, . , .

.

.

.

.

. , ,

.

.

(.

).

. U ,

.


49/64

49

:

1. ,

h .

2. (2h) .

(3h)

, .

.

3. .

(h) .

= 1000kg/m3 = 1200kg/m

3 ,

.

.

:

(h) ,

(),

(g).

: p = g h

4. h

.

.

5.

, , h

. .

.


50/64

50

.

.

.

. ,

.

4.3

.

.

. .

,

.

, , ,

. ,

.

(1atm).


51/64

51

(Evagelista Torricelli) 1643

100.000 Pa.

.

.

1:

( 1m2).

100000.

.

.

2: ,

.

.

, .

4.4


52/64

52

, ,

.

, .

.

. (Pascal) 1623

:

,

.

(. ).

, ( ).

, 1, F1.

1 1

1F

A.

2. 2 1 .

F2.

2= 1,2

2F

A=

1

1F

A, F2=

1

1F

AA2 , F2=

1

2A

AF1

: F2 F1

2 1.

A A2


53/64

53

,

, .

. , ,

, h , .

= + g h

4.5 -

,

, .

.

,

.

: , ..

F=2.

F=1,6. ;

:

.

= F - F= 2 1,6 = 0,4.


54/64

54

;

. ,

,

.

. .

;

.

.

,

.

,

. ,

.

, ,

,

.

:

. ,

.

.

= W= mg = ( V) g

= g V


55/64

55

:

1. .

2. ,

.

4.6

.

, .

:

) (W) (A).

.

W >A

)

.

W =A

) (

) .

W < A

, (

). A

, .

: = W

W


56/64

56

5:

5.1

,

. ,

.

, ,

. ,

. , ,

. , ,

.

, , ,

, ... , ..

.

, .. ,

, , , .

, , .

.

;

, ,

, .

.

, . ,

. ,

, , ., ( )

.


57/64

57

:

, (W) ,

.

.

= * WF = F x

F F

x

:

1. Joule, 1J =1N*m.

2.

.

:

1.

. .

2.

. .

.. , W = - x ( ,

).

x

3. ) )

. .. Ww= 0,

WF = 0.

FN

x

W


58/64

58

4. . F

,

. F1 F2.

F F1

, F2 .y

F2 F

x F1 x

x

y

5.2 . .

.

1Kg ,

.

, ..

. , ,

. .

F

w

F

h

W


59/64

59

h, F. T

, .

F, , . F

WF= F h = W h = m g h ( :W=mg). F ,

.

U F,

U= WF= F h = w h = m g h.

U = m g h, m

, g h (

, .. ,

).

.

,

, .

, ,

,

.

(, ,

). ,

()

.

,

.

.

.

. ,


60/64

60

. ,

, .

.

= m 2

m .

J (joule).

5.3

3= 0

2

h

1

.

( ) .

, , ,

, .

. ( )

, .

. (

) ( ).

.

.


61/64

61

.

:

,

, .

.

,

, .

5.4

.

, .

. .

,

.

, , ,

.

.

.


62/64

62

5.5

.

.

,

.

,

,

.

. .

:

. , .

.

5.6

,

.

.

,

.

, ,

,

.

( )

, , .

,

. .


63/64

63

, .

.

.

.

( )

.

( )

.

,

.

.

.

5.7

() ().

, , , ,

. ,

.

.

(n)

. %

100%.

n =


64/64

5.8

2m. ,

, .

, , .

.

.

(P) (W) (E)

(t), .

P =

t

W=

t

E

.

Watt (), 1W = 1J/s

1HP = kW.

, F.

W = F x. x = t, W = F t.

P=W/ t = F t/ t = F

H F , ,

.

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