UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN

FACULTY OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION

TECHNOLOGY (KAMPAR CAMPUS)

INTRODUCTION TO INVENTIVE PROBLEM SOLVING AND PROPOSAL WRITING (IIPSPW)

INFORMATION BOOKLET

Prepared by FYP Committee

*Version 14 June 2021*Note: Please always refer to the most updated version

1

Table of Contents

1 Introduction 4 1.1 Project Selection 5 1.2 General Classification of Final Year Project 5

2 Project Timescale 7 2.1 Project Milestone and Procedures 7 2.2 Pitfalls and Problems 9

3 Project Proposal Report 10 3.1 Report Contents and Arrangement 10 3.2 Report Format 13

4 Oral Presentation and Project Demonstration 15

5 FYP Guidelines for Supervisor and Moderator 16

Appendices Appendix A: Harvard Referencing Style A-1

2

Important Notice to All Students

Plagiarism is a serious offence. Copy and paste for the report content is prohibited.

You must sign the report submission declaration to confirm that your FYP report has been done by your own efforts without any plagiarism.

Please report any error found in this document to FICT DD of R&D directly or through your supervisor

3

1 Introduction

The Final Year Project (FYP) encourages students to bring together their discoveries as a single piece of work and to demonstrate their competency in applying what they have learnt throughout their studies. Students are encouraged to innovate, research and test their hypothesis, and present in their work, their knowledge and expertise in disciplines other than what they have learnt. The project work presents students the opportunity to advance their ideas, and pursue their interests to postgraduate research problem formulation, development-tool selection, research method identification, project planning, proposal writing, presentation, in order to commence their final year projects.

Every student undertaking the degree is required to complete a FYP under the supervision of a FICT academic staff or an external supervisor from the industry. In the case whereby an external supervisor is appointed, a FICT staff shall be appointed as a co-supervisor for the student. The whole FYP is divided into three parts, namely Introduction to Inventive Problem Solving and Proposal Writing (IIPSPW), Project I and Project II. Once the student accumulated 54 credit hours, the student can start to take the IIPSPW course.

The objectives and course learning outcomes of IIPSPW are listed as below.

Objectives:[1] To enable students to apply inventive problem solving techniques to generate ideas and

solutions to innovative problems;[2] To equip students with relevant skills in planning, writing, and presenting project

proposals;[3] To prepare students to develop problem statements, conduct efficient literature search,

review literature, and design research studies to address different types of problems.

Course learning outcomes: After completing this unit, students will be able to:[1] Apply relevant tools/methods to generate innovative ideas to solve the problems.[2] Write a structural proposal for an ICT research and/or development project with proper

key components.[3] Justify the proposal for a project.

4

1.1 Project Selection

In Year 2 Semester 2 or 3, students are expected to register for Introduction to Inventive Problem Solving and Proposal Writing (IIPSPW). A starting point to tackle the final year project is the identification and selection of an area of interest. Selecting a suitable project topic can seem quite daunting at first. To assist you, a list of project suggestions made by FICT lecturers is available at the faculty website at https://fict.utar.edu.my/FYP/fyp_offer_titles.php. The suggestions are provided as a guide and to help you understand the scale of the project you should be attempting. You should use the projects database to view the list of potential supervisors, request a particular project or suggest your own project to a supervisor of your choice. A FYP topic briefing session will be held in IIPSPW class during Week 4 whereby relevant lecturers are invited to present their project topics. The briefing session aims to expose students to the research areas available and the people involved. You may contact the supervisor for further information on the project. Students are also encouraged to formulate your own ideas for a project or complete a project in collaboration with firms in the industry. To do so, students must prepare a draft proposal report and discuss with the relevant lecturer to ensure that the proposed research meets required course standards and it is achievable within the required time and with the available resources.

For IIPSPW students, you should have selected your supervisor and project topic by Week 6. Once you have decided on a project title, you must fill up the Final Year Project Undertaking Form (available at FYP Website). Students must fill up the form with correct details. The form will be sent to your supervisor for acceptance. Please take note that you must get your supervisor's agreement to take you as his/her FYP student before you fill up this form. You can fill up this form once at a time. If you filled up with wrong information, your supervisor will reject the acceptance and you have to refill up this form again with the correct information. If you haven't managed to do so by this point, then the FYP Committee will assign a supervisor for you who can help you develop a project idea. After selecting a particular topic of interest to pursue research in, students may start to do background reading on the project. Students need to meet their supervisor at least once every two weeks. At the end of this course, students are required to write and present a proposal for a research and/or development project in the areas of ICT.

1.2 General Classification of Final Year Project

There are two broad categories of project:

[1] Academic research projects;[2] Application development projects.

It is important for students to recognise which category that their project might fit into so as to enable them to address the appropriate learning objectives or expected learning outcomes.

Academic Research ProjectsAcademic research projects should make a research contribution by developing a model or designing an algorithm to solve a research problem. A research project may require the collection of data in order to understand a phenomenon. However, just collecting any data

5

during your research is far from enough and it does not constitute an acceptable level of research effort by the student. Instead, some rigorous qualitative data analysis and/or development of relevant project deliverables based on the data are required. The deliverables should have the potential for further research and investigation by third parties, such as the supervisor, internal or external stakeholders. Furthermore, data analysis can be used to determine the factors that may affect the validity and generality of findings. The following deliverables should be stated in the proposal of an academic research project:

The research question to be addressed; Any research initiative or project that your project is a part of; Novelty of the project; What theories (if any) underpin the study; The research methods and tools to be used; How you will judge the validity and generality of research findings; In what ways the project may contribute to related research activities; How the complexity of the work merits it being a final year project.

Application Development ProjectsApplication development projects involve design and construction of a prototype for an application that can be in the form of hardware, software or mixed hardware/software. The design and construction must be non-trivial. The development process should follow an established hardware/software engineering method. In exceptional cases, students are permitted to do projects that involve analysis and design without construction. The project outcomes should provide sufficient information for implementation by a third party in the future. Alternatively, a formal theory may be built and its soundness and application are demonstrated. The following deliverables should be stated in the proposal of an application development project:

The purpose of the hardware/software; Novelty of the project; What theories (if any) underpin the study; Applicable hardware/software engineering methods to be used; The research tools to be used; Methods used to test and evaluate the hardware/software; How the complexity of the work merits it being a final year project.

Combining Project CategoriesFor projects that do not fit neatly into the categories of academic research projects and application development projects, the union of the respective lists of details must be clearly stated in the proposal report.

6

2 Project Timescale

2.1 Project Milestone and Procedures

Activities Deadline1

*Specific schedule will be posted in the FYP website

Action Required by

Meeting to discuss the process of the Project, TRIZ

Week 1 – 14 Student:Attend scheduled 2 hours lecture for 14 weeks.

Lecturers present their topics

Week 4 Supervisor:Present topics and area of interest to students.

Student:Select a topic of interest and look for the relevant lecturers for further discussion about the project.

Student fills up the Final Year Project Undertaking online form to undertake the proposed project title under the supervision of the chosen supervisor.

(Late submission WILL NOT be accepted)

Fill up FYP Undertaking online form

Week 6

Assignment of students (without supervisors) to supervisors

Week 6 FGO:Consolidate all Project Registration forms.

FYP Committee:Assign supervisor to students who have no projects.

Weekly log Weekly (week 6 andonwards)

Student:Student meets their supervisor on a regular/weekly basis to update their progress.

Students perform the literature search, fact findings, and discussion with their supervisors about the project scopes, objectives and planning

Submission of proposal report

Week 12 Student:Check the presentation and report submission guideline during MCO in the

7

FYP portal.

Submit ONE (1) tape-bound Preliminary Proposal Report to the IIPSPW lecturer for marking. No plastic cover and CD are required for IIPSPW. Use double sided printing.

Oral presentation (Assessed by the Supervisor)

Week 13-14 Supervisor:Supervisor arranges the presentation time and venue with their respective students.Supervisor evaluates their students’ presentation using the marking scheme provided.

Submission ofpresentation marks

Week 15 Supervisor:Supervisor submits the oral presentation marks to FGO.

Note:1 Datelines for each milestone is shorten by half if the subject is conducted during the short (7 weeks) semester

8

2.2 Pitfalls and Problems

The final year project will be a demanding, but an exciting learning experience. However, it is not without problems which, if not identified and addressed, could seriously affect the final result and ultimately reduce your marks. This section addresses some of the more common problems and provides practical advice for preventing them.

The “Overachiever” Problem: A common problem is selecting an over-ambitious project that you might not find the right resources to complete it successfully within the time allotted. Remember that you have only 12-13 weeks to finish the coding, debugging, testing and documenting of your project. Be careful not to select a topic that is unrealistically large. This can lead to frustration as well as errors caused by “cutting corners” and hurrying through the implementation. Discuss with your supervisor the scale of what you are planning. If he or she thinks it may be too large, consider implementing the project in stages, each complete in itself. When one stage is working, move on to the next stage. If you cannot complete the project, you still have a functioning system.

The “Do It Tomorrow” Problem:The project weeks allotted for completion (12-13 weeks) sounds like a long time, but it goes by quickly. You need an implementation schedule that allocates reasonable amounts of work throughout the entire semester. Then you must stick to that schedule. Don’t be tempted to postpone work on the project because Week 13 seems so far off. All that happens is that during the final few weeks you rush madly to get something working, and software implemented in a rush rarely works correctly! Note that FOUR MARKS WILL BE DEDUCTED FOR ALL LATE SUBMISSION.

The “Sleeping Member” Problem:In the ideal world, all team members have equal ability, equal interest in the problem, and work equally hard. This may not happen in the real world. You may have one or more team members who do not carry their share of the workload, not because of a lack of ability, but rather lack of interest or motivation. This is a serious problem because, although part of your grade is based on each individual’s effort, another part is based on successfully finishing the project. A non-contributing team member can slow down or prevent completion of the work. If you have a teammate who is not doing his or her share of the work, talk to them and stress the importance of everyone’s job responsibility. If this does not solve the problem, then talk to your supervisor. Do not let the failure of others prevent you from completing the work and receiving a good grade.

The “Poop Out At The End” Problem:You have worked hard for many weeks to complete the project. You have spent many late nights and caught hundreds of bugs, and the program is working, so are you done? Absolutely not! The project evaluation is not only based on the programs you developed but also on your written proposal reports and oral presentations. Even though you may be ‘burned out” from implementation, remember that there is still work to be done. Do not produce a poorly written document or give a poorly organized presentation. That will negate much of your good work. Put in the time needed to prepare both a well written, high-quality final proposal report and a well-organized, polished presentation. In fact, you should start writing at the beginning of the semester. A project document serves as a blueprint to broadly guide your project, so you should write the document before implementing your project. A

9

good job on these last steps will insure that you receive a grade that fairly represents the work you have done.

3. Project Proposal Report

A good proposal report should outline the key problem and objectives, describe the approaches and then cover the main findings and key recommendations. The level of English writing must be appropriate to the level of the Bachelor’s degree. Attention should be paid to correct spelling, grammar, punctuation, sentence structure and clarity of style. Any technical or daily language should be avoided. Proposal reports should be written in the third-person narrative style and in the past tense. Normally, there should be no first and second person references (e.g., I, we, us, you) in the proposal report.

Ideally, students should be able to defend all statements of the proposal report by referring to reliable research findings. As far as possible, all statements must be supported by facts, numbers, and data. All sources used should be acknowledged and referenced throughout. You can accompany your writing with necessary diagrams, graphs or tables of gathered data. Students should not copy large sections of text from a source without quotation marks or proper citation. Ideas and data of other researchers that you have used must be acknowledged in your proposal report by citing and listing full details of the quoted materials in the reference. Failure to do this will make you liable for plagiarism.

3.1 Report Contents and Arrangement

The proposal report should contain the items as outlined below and is to be presented in the manner and order as listed. Students are encouraged to download the IIPSPW template from the FYP website and use that template to prepare the proposal report.

Item No.

Report Arrangement

Contents

1 Title Page Refer to IIPSPW template. This page must contain information listed in the following order:

Title of the project proposal report (all in capital letters) Student’s full name (in title case) Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (in title case) Statement of degree for the project proposal Name of faculty (in title case) Month and Year of submission

2 Table of Contents Refer to IIPSPW template. This page should list all sections, chapters and sub-headings together with their page numbers. The table of contents need to be a good guide to what are contained within the proposal report.

3 List of Figures(if applicable)

Refer to IIPSPW template. This page should list all the figures found in the proposal report together with their page numbers. The figures should be arranged according to the chapters.

10

4 List of Tables (if applicable)

Refer to IIPSPW template. This page should list all the tables found in the proposal report together with their page numbers. The tables should be arranged according to the chapters.

5 List of Symbols(if applicable)

Refer to IIPSPW template. This page should list all symbols found in the proposal report according to alphabetical order, together with their meanings and units.

6 List of Abbreviations(if applicable)

Refer to IIPSPW template. This page should list all the abbreviations found in the proposal report according to alphabetical order, together with their meanings.

7 Body of the Proposal Report

A proposal report should be divided into chapters. Title must be given to each chapter and it should reflect its content. New chapter must begin on a new page. A chapter must be further divided into different sections and/or subsections with appropriate titles and numbered accordingly. Subsection is limited to 3 levels only. The body of the proposal report must be written in paragraphs. Each paragraph must describe an issue or subject. There must be continuity or logical flow between paragraphs. Long paragraphs should be avoided.

Chapter 1: Project Background (2 to 10 pages)The student should provide a general introduction or description on the field and/or sub-field of the project and past research. Discussions may include:

What is the problem/issue to be investigated in the project?

Who have the problem and need a solution? Why is the problem so important? What the study aims to establish?

Chapter 2: Literature Review (5 to 20 pages)The student should examine and comment critically on the literature relevant to the student’s area of research. The literature review should highlight the existing practice or results towards the problem. Discussions may include:

What have other researchers/developers done to resolve the problem?

What are the strengths of their solutions? What are the weaknesses/limitations of their solutions? How these weaknesses/limitations can be resolved?

Chapter 3: Project Scope and Objectives (1 to 5 pages)For project scope, describe what you are going to deliver at the end of the project. (e.g. a piece of software, a piece of hardware, an improvement plan of a system, a development framework, a research survey, a model of a system, simulation result, etc). Give a general overview of your solution of the problem.

11

Is the title clear and specific enough? What is the proposed solution to tackle the

problem/limitations? What is the project scope?

For project objectives, describe the aim and objectives of the research which give more detailed information than the project scope. Discussions may include:

What is the main objective, and how this objective can be divided into sub-objectives of the project?

What is the innovation/contribution of the project?

Chapter 4: Methods/Technologies Involved (2 to 20 pages) The student must clearly and coherently describe the method he/she has adopted in the project. It could define how the project and its outputs will be realized. Further root cause analysis and solution planning should be coupled with the methodology used in the project. Discussions may include:

What are the proposed methods/technologies involved in the solutions?

How to justify the objective/sub-objectives can be achieved with these methods/technologies?

8 References Refer to Appendix A. This page should list all the reference materials used for the project (10 to 50 references). The details of every references cited in the text, published or unpublished, must be listed alphabetically in this page. If more than one published materials by the same author are cited, these materials should be listed chronologically.

9 Appendices Appendices comprise of supplementary illustrative materials, original data, and quotations that are too lengthy and inconvenient to include in the text itself or materials that are not required implicitly to clarify matters discussed.

The following is a guideline on the arrangement of appendices and materials that may be included as part of the appendices.

Specifications, data sheets and drawings of equipment or components used.

Data used for analysis. Survey sheets. Charts and data tables. Lengthy mathematical derivations. etc.

All appendices should be titled and numbered alphabetically, e.g. Appendix A, Appendix B and so on.

All appendices must be listed in the Table of Contents page.

12

3.2 Report Format

Formatting Description

Language • The proposal report should be written in British English.

Paper • Use 80 gm, A4 size (210 x 297 mm), and white paper.

Printing • Proposal report must be computer typewritten using word processor.• Proposal report must be printed on double side of the paper.

Binding Type • Comb binding

Page Margin • Left margin: 1.5 inch (3.81 cm)• Right, Top, Bottom margin: 1 inch (2.54 cm)• Header margin: 0.5 inch (1.27 cm)• Footer margin: 0.4 inch (1.02 cm)

Typesetting • Font type: Times New Roman• Font size: 12 pt (except 10 - 11 pt for text in header, footer, footnote, figure and table)• Colour: black• Chapter title: uppercase, bold, left-aligned• Chapter sub-section: title case, bold, left-aligned • Symbol for variable: Italic

Spacing • Line spacing: 1.5 lines spacing

Header • Chapter number and title should be left-aligned.

Footer • The following statements should be left-aligned.Bachelor of Information Systems (Honours) Information Systems EngineeringFaculty of Information and Communication Technology (Kampar Campus), UTAR

Numbering theChapters andSubsections

• All chapters and their subsections must be numbered and titled. It is not recommended to have subsection more than level three. For example, CHAPTER 2: Title of the chapter (first level)2.1 Title of the subsection (second level)2.1.1 Title of the sub-subsection (third level)

Tables • All tables must be numbered according to its sequence of order within the chapter using Arabic numerals. For example, Table 2.2 is the second table that appears in Chapter 2.• All tables must be properly centred. • All tables must have a caption, which should be positioned at the top

13

of the table. The caption should be centred. • A table should be positioned after it has been cited for the first time in the text. Every table should be referred and elaborated in the text.

Figures • Figures refer to illustrations, photographs, graphs or anything other than tables and script.• All figures must be numbered according to its sequence of order within the chapter using Arabic numerals. For example, Figures 2.2 is the second figure that appears in Chapter 2.• All figures must be properly centred. • All figures must have a caption, which should be positioned at the bottom of the figure. The caption should be centred.• A figure should be positioned after it has been cited for the first time in the text. Every figure should be referred and elaborated in the text.• Coordinate units (abscissa) should be written clearly in the graph.• All the data points and lines should be clear - generally it should not be more than 2 or 3 curves in every graph. • Types of different data points must be shown in a legend. • The gridlines should be in appropriate intervals.

Equations • All equations must be typed clearly using an appropriate equation editor.• All equations must be numbered (in brackets) according to its sequence of order within the chapter using Arabic numerals. For example, the first equation that appears in Chapter 2 should be Equation 2.1. • Equation should be centred, but its numbering should align with right margin. • Equations should be followed by explanations of the symbols together with their units, if the symbol appears for the first time in the text.• Avoid ambiguous equations that may have different interpretations. For example, (y/x) = ax + b is preferred compared to: y/x = ax + b.

Symbols • All the symbols or nomenclature used should be defined. • Only International System of Units (SI) units and those units recognized for use with the SI are used to express the values of quantities. If other units are used, equivalent values in SI units should be given in parentheses.• Standard symbols or acronyms that are generally accepted in the engineering field can be used.

In-text Citation • Citation in the texts must be written according to the Harvard Referencing Style (Appendix A).• Report without proper citations is considered as plagiarism.

References • All references must be listed in the References page.• Use Harvard Referencing Style (Appendix A).

Page Numbering

• Page numbers should be right-aligned in the footer.• Preliminaries (Title Page, Table of Contents and List of

14

Tables/Figures/Symbols/Abbreviations) are numbered using small letter Roman numerals (ii, iii, etc).• The Title Page of the proposal report is considered as page (i), but the page numbering should not be printed. • Body of the proposal report (Chapters, References and Appendices) are numbered using Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, etc).• Appendices are labelled with an alphabet e.g. Appendix A with page numbering. A-1, A-2, etc for Appendix A, B-1, B-2, etc for Appendix B and etc.

4 Oral Presentation and Project Demonstration

Oral presentation is a form of assessment that evaluates the student’s ability to deliver a technical presentation as a result of their project investigation. Both the supervisor and the moderator will attend and assess the oral presentation. The presentation should describe the objectives of the project, an outline of the presentation, the results obtained and the extent to which the project ultimate objectives are attained. The time allocated for presentation session is 15 to 20 minutes and an additional 10 minutes for Question and Answer (Q&A) session.

The project demonstration session can be arranged to be the subsequent session to the oral presentation session for effective assessment. Otherwise, the demonstration session can be arranged separately. The time allocated for the demonstration session is not more than 30 minutes.

The following table shows the marking scheme for IIPSPW course:

Key Assessment Marks

Class Assessment 40%Proposal Report

Project Background (10%)Literature Review (10%)Project Scope and Objectives (10%)Methods/Technologies Involved (5%)Report Format/Grammar/References (5%)

40%

Presentation 20%Total 100%

15

5 FYP Guidelines for Supervisor and Moderator

Guidelines for Supervisor:Student conducts his/her work under the supervision of a FICT academic staff or an external supervisor from the industry. In the case whereby an external supervisor is appointed, a FICT staff shall be appointed as a co-supervisor for the student. The role of a supervisor is to stimulate discussion, provide guidance and indicate various research approaches and resources available to students. Although the supervisor may serve as a mentor for the project, it is emphasized that the ultimate responsibility for the project lies with the students. If the student could not manage to meet the supervisor in four consecutive weeks, the supervisor will have to contact the student to find out the student’s current status, and report the situation to the FYP committee.

Purchase of special components or equipment requires prior consent from the supervisor, who acts as the budget controller due to the limited funding available. The supervisor will evaluate the student’s biweekly report, project proposal, full report, oral presentation and project demonstration. The supervisor forms are available in the faculty’s shared drive.

Guidelines for Moderator:Moderator is a FICT academic staff who evaluates the student’s oral presentation and project demonstration to ensure consistency of interpretation and implementation of uniform standards in this component of the examination. The moderation forms are available in the faculty’s shared drive.

16

Appendices

Appendix A: Harvard Referencing Style

Harvard Referencing Style - Guide and Examples

1. Introduction

The Harvard Referencing Style adopted by the UTAR Library is based on the Harvard System at the Anglia Ruskin University. For more details, please go to https://library.aru.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm. This guide provides examples of in-text citations and referencing list for various information sources. However, students should check with their respective faculties for the preferred referencing style for their final year project/ thesis/ dissertation.

1.1 What is Referencing

Why is it important to provide referencing in your work?

By providing a reference to the original source, you: Acknowledge that you have read the works of others and recognize their

ideas in your own writing. It is important that you do not pass off the work of others as your own. Without proper referencing you may be guilty of plagiarism; which is tantamount to academic theft.

Enable your reader to locate the sources that you have obtained any quotation or idea.

The two aspects involved in the Harvard System are as follows: In-text citation: Identify the author(s) and publication year of the source

you are using. Reference list: Provide full details of the reference in a list at the end of

work. This list is to be arranged by author (s) in alphabetical order.

Remember to be consistent in recording all your references.

2. Citing References in the Text

In-text citations should include the name of the author and the year of publication of the work. Depending on the nature of the text being written, references to sources may be cited as in the examples found in pages 9-19 of the Anglia Ruskin University Harvard System Guide:<https://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/files/Harvard_referencing_201718.pdf>

3. Compiling the Reference List

The purpose of providing a reference list is to enable your reader to trace your sources easily. There must be consistency in referencing. All items in the reference list must be listed alphabetically by author, regardless of the format of the publication; that is, whether, books, journal articles, theses, conference proceedings, websites, etc. If there are several works by the same author or source, they should be listed together, in date order, with the earliest work listed first

4. Examples of In-text Citation and Reference List for various information sources.A-2

BOOKS WITH ONE AUTHOR

Format Author, Initials., Year. Title of book (italicized). Edition. (only include this if not the first edition) Place of publication (this must be a town or city, not a country): Publisher.

Reference List 1st Edition:Baron, D. P., 2008. Business and the organisation. Chester: Pearson.

2nd Edition, 3rd Edition, 4th edition, etc:Redman, P., 2006. Good essay writing: a social sciences guide. 3rd ed. London: Open University in assoc. with Sage.

In-Text Citation (Baron, 2008) … OR Baron (2008) …(Redman, 2006) … OR Redman (2006) …

BOOKS WITH MULTIPLE AUTHOR

Format For books with multiple authors, all* the names should all be included in the order they appear in the document. Use “and” to link the last two multiple authors.

Two to Three Authors:Authors, Initials., Authors, Initials. and Author, Initial(s)., Year. Title of book (italicized). Edition. (only include this if not the first edition) Place: Publisher.

Four Authors and more:Author, Initials., Author, Initials., Author, Initials. and Author, Initials., Year. Title of book (italicized). Edition. (only include this if not the first edition) Place: Publisher.

Reference List Two to Three Authors:Adams, R.J., Weiss, T.D. and Coatie, J.J., 2010. The World Health Organisation, its history and impact. London: Perseus.

2nd Edition, 3rd Edition, 4th edition, etc:Carter, B., James, K.L., Wood, G. and Williamson, D.H., 2018. Research methods. 4th ed rev. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

A-2

In-Text Citation (Adam, Weiss and Coatie, 2010).. OR Adam, Weiss and Coatie (2010).. (Carter, et al., 2018) … OR Carter, et al. (2018) …Note: Where there are four authors or more, only the first author be used, followed by et al. meaning and others.

CORPORATE AUTHORS

Format If the work is by a recognised organisation and has no personal author then it is usually cited under the body that commissioned the work. This applies to publications by associations, companies, government departments etc. such as Department of the Environment or Royal College of Nursing.

Corporate author, Year. Title of book (italicized). Place: Publisher.

Reference List Royal College of Nursing, 2006. Children in the Community. London: RCN.

In-Text Citation First citation:…according to the report in 2006 by Royal College of Nursing …

Subsequent citations:… Royal College of Nursing (2006) had published another …

MULTIPLE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR

Format Where there are several works by one author and published in the same year they should be differentiated by adding a lower case letter after the date.

Author, Initials., Year followed by letter. Title of book (italicized). Place: Publisher.

Reference List Soros, G., 1966a. The road to serfdom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Soros, G., 1966b. Beyond the road to serfdom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Note: Where there are several works by one author, published in different years, these should be arranged in chronological order, with the earliest date first.

In-Text Citation (Soros, 1966a; 1966b) … OR Soros (1966a; 1966b) …

A-4

A-4

BOOKS- TRANSLATIONS/ IMPRINTS/ REPRINTS

Format For works which have been translated the reference should include details of the translator.

Author, Initial(s)., Year. Title of book (italicized). Translated from (language) by (name of translator, initial(s) first, then surname). Edition (if any). Place: Publisher.

Reference List Canetti, E., 2001. The voices of Marrakesh: a record of a visit. Translated from German by J.A. Underwood. San Francisco: Arion.

In-Text Citation (Canetti, 2001) … OR Canetti (2001)…

BOOKS WHICH ARE EDITED

Format For books which are edited, give the editor(s) surname(s) and initials, followed by ed. or eds.

Author, Initials., ed., Year. Title of book (italicized). Edition. Place: Publisher.

Reference List Keene, E. ed., 1988. Natural language. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.

Silverman, D.F. and Propp, K.K. eds., 1990. The active interview. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage

Note: More than one editor, use eds.

In-Text Citation (Keene, 1998) … OR Keene (1998) …(Silverman and Propp,1990)… OR Silverman and Propp (1990) …

CHAPTERS OF EDITED BOOKS

Format Chapter author(s) surname(s) and initials., Year of chapter. Title of chapter followed by In: Book editor(s) initials first followed by surnames with ed. or eds. after the last name. Year of book. Title of book (italicized). Place of publication: Publisher. Chapter number or first and last page numbers followed by full-stop.

Reference List Samson, C., 1970. Problems of information studies in history. In: S. Stone, ed. 1980. Humanities informationresearch. Sheffield: CRUS. pp.44-68.Note: Use eds. if more than one editor.

A-5

In-Text Citation (Samson, 1990) … OR Samson (1990) …

E-BOOKS

Format E-books accessed through databases from UTAR Library:Author, Initials., Year, Title of book (italicized). [e-book] Place of publication: Publisher. Followed by Available through: Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Library website <http://library.utar.edu.my/> [Accessed date].

For an open access e-book that freely available over the internet, such as Google e-books:Author, Initials., Year. Title of book (italicized). [e-book] Place of publication (if known): Publisher. Followed by Available at: e-book source and web address or URL for the e-book [Accessed date].

For an e-book from specific e-readers and other devices such as Kindle, or Nook:Author, Initials., Year, Title of book (italicized). [e-book type] Place of publication (if available): Publisher. Followed by Available at: e-book source and web address [Accessed date].

Reference List E-books accessed through databases from UTAR Library:Fishman, R., 2005. The rise and fall of suburbia. [e-book] Chester: Castle Press. Available through: Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Library website <http://library.utar.edu.my/> [Accessed 12 May 2010].

For an open access e-book that freely available over the internet, such as Google e-books:Cookson, J. and Church, S. eds., 2007. Leisure and the tourist. [e-book] Wallingford: ABS Publishers. Available at: Google Books <https://books.google.com> [Accessed 9 June 2008].

For an e-book from specific e-readers and other devices such as Kindle, or Nook:Patterson, M. 2012. Lost places in dreams. [Kindle DX version] Transworld Media. Available at: Amazon.co.uk<https:// www.amazon.co.uk> [Accessed 9 June 2012].

In-Text Citation (Fishman,2005)… OR Fishman (2005) …(Cookson and Church, 2007) … OR Cookson and Church (2007) …(Patterson, 2012)… OR Patterson (2012) …

A-6

A-6

ARTICLES FROM PRINTED SOURCES

Format Use these guidelines for print articles, those you get through InterLibrary Loan, and online articles that have a print equivalent.

Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal (italicized), Volume number (Issue/Part number), Page number(s).

Reference List Boughton, J.M., 2002. The Bretton Woods proposal: a brief look. Political Science Quarterly, 42(6), p.564.

Note: Names are listed last name, then initials. (Same as books)

In-Text Citation (Boughton, 2002) … OR Boughton (2002) …

ELECTRONIC ARTICLES

Format Reference an e-journal article as print if it is also available in a print version of the journal. This is usually the case where you access an article in pdf format and it uses sequential journal page numbers.

Reference List Perry, C., 2001. What health care assistants know about clean hands. Nursing Times, 97(22), pp.63-64.

In-Text Citation (Perry, 2001)… OR Perry (2001) …

ARTICLES FROM A LIBRARY DATABASE

Format For articles accessed through a password protected database from the University Library. If you are not sure if there is a print equivalent, add the electronic access information as follows:

Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal (italicized), [type of medium] Volume number (Issue/Part number), Page numbers if available. Available through: Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Library website <http://library.utar.edu.my/> [Accessed date].

Reference List Boughton, J.M., 2002. The Bretton Woods proposal: an in depth look. Political Science Quarterly, [e-journal] 42(6). Available through: Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Library website <http://library.utar.edu.my/> [Accessed 12 June 2005].

In-Text Citation (Boughton,2002)… OR Boughton (2002) …

ARTICLES PUBLICALY AVAILABLE ON THE INTERNET

A-7

Format Articles from web based magazines or journals, including Open Access articles found in institutional repositories. If you are not sure if there is a print equivalent, add the electronic access information as follows:

Authors, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal or Magazine (italicized), [online] Available at: web address (quote the exact URL for the article) [Accessed date].

Reference List Kipper, D., 2008. Japan's new dawn. Popular Science and Technology, [online] Available at: <http://www.popsci.com/ popsci37b144110vgn/html> [Accessed 22 June 2009].

In-Text Citation (Kipper,2008)… OR Kipper (2008) …

ARTICLES WITH DOIs

Format You can choose to use the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) instead of the format/location/access date. The DOI is a permanent identifier and replaces a permanent web address for online articles. (These can appear with the preface http://dx.doi.org/). They are often found at the start/end of an article or on the database landing page for the article. Not all articles are assigned a DOI. If an article does not have a DOI, use one of the other e-journal article formats.

Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal (italicized), [e-journal] Volume number (Issue/Part number), Page numbers if available. DOI.

Reference List Boon, S., Johnston, B. and Webber, S., 2007. A phenomenographic study of English faculty's conceptions of information literacy. Journal of Documentation, [e- journal] 63(2), pp.204 - 228. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1108/002204107 10737187.

In-Text Citation (Boon,Johnston and Webber, 2007)… OR Boon,Johnston and Webber (2007) …

A-7

NEWSPAPER ARTICLES (PRINTED)

Format Author, Initials., Year. Title of article or column header. Full Title of Newspaper (italicized), Day and month before page numbers and column line.

Reference List Slapper, G., 2005. Corporate manslaughter: new issues for lawyers. The Times, 3 Sep. p.4b.

Note: In the page reference. p.4b - "4" indicates that the article is on the fourth page of the newspaper, columns of print on a page are labelled left to right alphabetically, so in this example "b" indicates that this is the second column of newsprint across the page from left to right.

An example of corporate authorship where the newspaper article authorship is not stated:Times, 2005. Corporate manslaughter: responses from the legal profession (Editorial comments), The Times, 8 Sep. p.4b.

In-Text Citation (Slapper, 2005) … OR Slapper (2005) …(Times, 2005) … OR Times (2005) …

NEWSPAPER ARTICLES (ONLINE)

Format Author or corporate author, Year. Title of document or page. Name of newspaper (italicized), [type of medium] additional date information. Available at: <url> [Accessed date].

Reference List Chittenden, M., Rogers, L. and Smith, D., 2003. Focus: Targetitis ails NHS. Times Online, [online] 1 June. Available at: <http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/scotland/article 1138006.ece> [Accessed 17 March 2005].

In-Text Citation (Chittenden, Rogers and Smith 2003 … OR Chittenden, Rogers and Smith (2003) …

A-9

CONFERENCE REPORT

Format Authorship, Year. Full title of conference report (italicized). Location, Date. Place of publication: Publisher.

Reference List UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs), 2005. 6th Global forum on reinventing government: towards participatory and transparent governance. Seoul, Republic of Korea, 24-27 May 2005. New York: United Nations.

In-Text Citation (UNDESA, 2005) … OR UNDESA (2005) …

CONFERENCE PAPER

Format Author, Initials., Year. Full title of conference paper (italicized). In: followed by editor or name of organisation, Full title of conference. Location, Date. Place of publication: Publisher.

Reference List Brown, J., 2005. Evaluating surveys of transparent governance. In: UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs), 6th Global forum on reinventing government: towards participatory and transparent governance. Seoul, Republic of Korea, 24-27 May 2005. New York: United Nations.

In-Text Citation (Brown, 2005) … OR Brown (2005) …

DISSERTATIONS AND THESES (PRINTED)

Format Author, Initials., Year of publication. Title of dissertation (italicized). Level. Official name of University.

Reference List Yeap, K. H. 2011. Boundary matching techniques for terahertz lossy guiding structures. PhD. Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman.

In-Text Citation (Yeap, 2011) … OR Yeap, (2011) …

DISSERTATIONS AND THESES (ONLINE)A-10

Format Author, Initials., Year of publication. Title of dissertation (italicized). Level. Official name of University. Available at <url> [Accessed on date].

Reference List Ng, S.C., 2012. Potential use of aerated lightweight concrete for energy efficient construction. PhD. Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman. Available at: <http://eprints.utar.edu.my/443/> [Accessed 27 November 2013].

In-Text Citation (Ng, 2012) … OR Ng (2012) …

REPORTS BY ORGANISATIONS (PRINTED)

Format Authorship/Organisation, Year. Full title of report (italicized). Place: Publisher.

Reference List Department of Health, 2001. National service framework for older people. London: Department of Health.

Coulter, A. and Collins, A., 2011. Making shared decision-making a reality: no decision about me, without me. London: The King's Fund.

In-Text Citation (Department of Health 2001) … OR Department of Health, (2001) (Coulter and Collins 2011) … OR Coulter and Collins, (2011) …

REPORTS BY ORGANISATIONS (ONLINE)

Format Authorship/Organisation, Year. Full title of report (italicized). [type of medium] Place: Publisher. Available at: include web address/URL [Accessed on date]

Reference List Mintel, 2019. Consumer Trends, Attitudes and Spending Habits for the Home - UK - January 2019. [online] Mintel. Available through: Anglia Ruskin University Library<http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk> [Accessed 22 February 2019].

FAME, 2019. Stock Profile for Tesco, 2009-2019. [online] Bureau Van Dijk. Available through: Anglia Ruskin University Library <http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk> [Accessed 22 February 2019].

In-Text Citation (Mintel 2019) … OR Mintel, (2019) …(FAME 2019) … OR FAME, (2019) …

A-10

PATENTS

Format Inventor name, Initials., Assignee, Year. Title (italicized). Place. Patent number (status, if an application).

Reference List Graham, C.P., Fonti, L. and Martinez, A.M., American Sugar Co. 1972. Tableting sugar and compositions containing it. U.S. Pat. 3,642,535.

Leonard, Y., Super Sports Limited. 2008. Tin can manufacture and method of sealing. Canada. Pat. 12,789,675.

In-Text Citation (Graham, Fonti and Martinez 1972) … OR Graham, Fonti and Martinez, (1972) …(Leonard 2008) … OR Leonard, (2008) …

STARNDARDS (PRINTED)

Format Corporate author, Year of Publication. Identifying letters and numbers and full title of Standard (italicized), Place of publication: Publisher.

Reference List British Standards Institution, 1990. BS 5555:1990 Recommendations for wiring identification. Milton Keynes: BSI.

In-Text Citation (British Standards Institution 1990) … OR British Standards Institution, (1990) …

STARNDARDS (ONLINE)

Format Corporate author, Year. Identifying letters and numbers and full title of Standard (italicized) [online]. Place of publication (if available): Publisher. Available through: Anglia Ruskin University Library website <http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk> [Accessed date].

Reference List British Standards Institution, 2011. BS EN 594:2011 Timber structures. Test methods. Racking strength and stiffness of timber frame wall panels. [online] British Standards Online. Available through: Anglia Ruskin University Library website<http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk> [Accessed 31 August 2011].

In-Text Citation (British Standards Institution 2011) … OR British Standards Institution, (2011) …

A-12

A-12

QUOTATIONS FROM WRITTEN PLAYS

Format When reviewing a number of different plays it is essential to cite the title of the plays. If reviewing one play (for example Twelfth Night), it is not necessary to repeat the title in your citations. Published plays may contain line numbers, particularly in classic texts such as Shakespeare. If they exist it is good practice to include the line number. Act and Scene numbers must always be included. Classic plays are available in edited editions and the editor's name should be included with your reference.

Author, Initials., Year (of edition). Title of play (italicized). Edited by (name of editor, initials first, then surname). Place of publication: Publisher.

Reference List Shakespeare, W., 1995. Twelfth Night. Edited by R. Warren and T. Wells. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

In-Text Citation (Shakespeare 1995) … OR Shakespeare, (1995) …

WEBSITES

Format Authorship or Source, Year. Title of web document or web page (italicized). [type of medium] (date of update if available) Available at: include web address/URL *[Accessed date].

Reference List NHS Evidence, 2003. National Library of Guidelines. [online] Available at: <http://www.library.nhs.uk/guidelinesFinder> [Accessed 10 October 2009].

Note: URL means Uniform Resource Locator - an address identifying the location of a file on the Internet. If a URL is exceedingly long, or the result of a personal search on a website, you can give the website's home page address with the routing or web path, showing your reader how to get from the home page to the specific page you have referenced.

In-Text Citation (NHS Evidence 2003) … OR NHS Evidence, (2003) …

A-13

BLOGS

Format Author, Initials., Year. Title of individual blog entry. Blog title (italicized), [medium] Blog posting date. Available at: include web site address/URL (Uniform Resource Locator) [Accessed date].

Reference List Whitton, F., 2009. Conservationists are not making themselves heard. Guardian.co.uk Science blog, [blog] 18 June. Available at: <http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/blog/ 2009/jun/18/conservation-extinction-open-ground>[Accessed 23 June 2009].

In-Text Citation (Whitton 2009) … OR Whitton, (2009) …

BLOG COMMENTS

Format Comment Author, Year. Title of individual blog entry. Blog title(italicized), [medium] Comment posting date. Available at: include web site address/URL (Uniform Resource Locator) [Accessed date].

Reference List DGeezer, 2009. Conservationists are not making themselves heard. Guardian.co.uk Science blog, [blog] 18 June, Availableat:<http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/blog/2009/jun/18/cons ervation-extinction-open-ground> [Accessed 23 June 2009].

In-Text Citation (DGeezer 2009) … OR DGeezer, (2009) …

DVD

Format Full title of DVD or video (italicized). Year of release. [type of medium] Director. (if relevant) Country of origin: Film studio or maker. (Other relevant details).

Reference List Great films from the 80s. 2005. [DVD] New York: Warner Brothers.

In-Text Citation (Great films from the 80s 2005)… OR Great films from the 80s, (2005)…

A-14

VIDEO

Format Full title of DVD or video (italicized). Year of release. [type of medium] Director. (if relevant) Country of origin: Film studio or maker. (Other relevant details).

Reference List Health for all children 3: the video. 2004. [video] London: Child Growth Foundation. (Narrated by D.B.M. Hall).

In-Text Citation (Health for all children 3: the video 2004) … OR Health for all children 3: the video, (2004) …

FILM

Format Title (italicized), Year of release. [type of medium] Director. Country of origin: Film studio.

Reference List Macbeth, 1948. [film] Directed by Orson Welles. USA: Republic Pictures

In-Text Citation (Macbeth 1948) … OR Macbeth, (1948) …

PICTURES, IMAGES AND PHOTOGRAPHS (PRINTED)

Format Artist/Photographer's name (if known), Year of production. Title of image (italicized). [type of medium] Collection Details as available (Collection, Document number, Geographical Town/Place: Name of Library/Archive/Repository).

Reference List Beaton, C., 1956. Marilyn Monroe. [photograph] (Marilyn Monroe's own private collection).

Beaton, C., 1944. China 1944: A mother resting her head on her sick child's pillow in the Canadian Mission Hospital in Chengtu. [photograph] (London, Imperial War Museum Collection).

In-Text Citation (Beaton 1956) … OR Beaton, (1956) …Beaton 1944) … OR Beaton, (1944) …

A-15

PICTURES, IMAGES AND PHOTOGRAPHS (ONLINE)

Format Artist/Photographer's name, Year of production. Title of image (italicized). [type of medium] Available at: include web site address/URL(Uniform Resource Locator) and additional details of access, such as the routing from the homepage of the source. [Accessed date].

Reference List Dean, R., 2008. Tales from Topographic Oceans. [electronic print] Available at: <http://rogerdean.com/store/product_ info.php?cPath=4&products_id=88> [Accessed 18 June 2008].

In-Text Citation (Dean 2008) … OR Dean, (2008) …

UNPUBLISHED WORKS

Format You may occasionally have access to a document before it is published and may therefore not be able to provide full details:

Reference List Pattison, J., (in press) A new book that I have written. London: Vanity Press.

Woolley, E. and Muncey, T., (in press) Demons or diamonds: a study to ascertain the range of attitudes present in health professionals to children with conduct disorder. Journal of Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing. (Accepted for publication December 2002).

In-Text Citation (Pattison n.d.) … OR Pattison, (n.d.) …(Woolley and Muncey n.d.) … OR Woolley and Muncey (n.d.)

PERSONAL COMMUNICATION

Format Where you refer to a more informal personal communication, e.g. letter, email, phone call or conversation, provide as much detail as possible and note the nature of the communication.

Reference List Hindle, E., 2000. Introducing Cow & Gate Omneo Comfort: an infant milk for digestive comfort. [letter] (Personal communication, 2 June 2000).

O'Sullivan, S., 2003. Discussion on citation and referencing. [letter] (Personal communication, 5 June 2003).

In-Text Citation (Hindle 2000) … OR Hindle, (2000) …(O'Sullivan 2003)… OR O'Sullivan (2003) …

A-16

5 References

1. Anglia Ruskin University, 2019. Guide to Harvard style of referencing. [pdf] Cambridge. Available at: < https://library.aru.ac.uk/referencing/files/Harvard_referencing_201920.pdf> [Accessed 14 June 2020].

A-17