futurism wiki

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Futurism 1

Futurism

Giacomo Balla,Abstract Speed + Sound, 19131914

Futurism was an artistic and social

movement that originated in Italy in the

early 20th century. It emphasized and

glorified themes associated with

contemporary concepts of the future,

including speed, technology, youth and

violence, and objects such as the car, the

airplane and the industrial city. It was

largely an Italian phenomenon, though there

were parallel movements in Russia, England

and elsewhere. The Futurists practiced in

every medium of art, including painting,

sculpture, ceramics, graphic design,

industrial design, interior design, theatre,

film, fashion, textiles, literature, music,

architecture and even gastronomy. Key figures of the movement include the Italians Filippo Tommaso Marinetti,

Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carr, Gino Severini, Giacomo Balla, Antonio Sant'Elia, Tullio Crali and Luigi Russolo,

and the Russians Natalia Goncharova, Velimir Khlebnikov, and Vladimir Mayakovsky. Important works include its

seminal piece of the literature, Marinetti'sManifesto of Futurism, as well as Boccioni's sculpture, Unique Forms of

Continuity in Space, and Balla's painting, Abstract Speed + Sound (pictured). Futurism influenced art movements

such as Art Deco, Constructivism, Surrealism, Dada, and to a greater degree, Rayonism and Vorticism.

Futurism in Italy 1909

1916

Art of Italy

Periods

Etruscan

Ancient Roman

Gothic

Renaissance

Mannerism

Baroque

Rococo

Neoclassical and 19th century

Modern and contemporary

Centennial divisions
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_modern_and_contemporary_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_modern_and_contemporary_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th_century_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_Rococo_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_Baroque_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mannerismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_Renaissance_paintinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gothic_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Etruscan_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Collage_arte_italiana.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vorticismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rayonismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surrealismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constructivism_%28art%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Art_Decohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unique_Forms_of_Continuity_in_Spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unique_Forms_of_Continuity_in_Spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manifesto_of_Futurismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Mayakovskyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Velimir_Khlebnikovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natalia_Goncharovahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Russolohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tullio_Cralihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Sant%27Eliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giacomo_Ballahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gino_Severinihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlo_Carr%C3%A0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Umberto_Boccionihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filippo_Tommaso_Marinettihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Futurist_mealshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Textileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fashionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interior_designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Industrial_designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Graphic_designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ceramic_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sculpturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paintinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Art_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AGBallaArt.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giacomo_Balla


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Trecento - Quattrocento - Cinquecento - Seicento

Important art museums

Uffizi - Pinacoteca di Brera - Vatican Museums - Villa Borghese - Sabauda Gallery - Accademia - Pitti Palace - Accademia di Belle

Arti Firenze - Bargello

Important art festivals

Venice Biennale - Rome Quadriennale

Major works

Tribute Money - Botticelli's Venus - Primavera - Mona Lisa - The Last Supper - Annunciation (Leonardo) - Sistine Chapel ceiling -

Sistine Madonna - Piet - The Last Judgment - The Creation of Adam - David (Michelangelo) - The School of Athens - The Battle

of San Romano - Venus of Urbino - David (Donatello) - The Calling of St. Matthew - Unique Forms of Continuity in Space

Italian artists

Painters - Sculptors - Architects - Photographers - Illustrators

Italian art schools

Bolognese school - Ferrarese school - Forlivese school - Florentine school - Lucchese and Pisan School - Sienese school - Venetian

school

Art movements

Renaissance - Mannerism - Baroque - I Macchiaioli - Metaphysical art - Futurism - Arte Povera - Novecento Italiano - Pittura

infamante - Purismo - Transavantgarde - Scuola Romana

Other topics

Italian architecture - Sculpture of Italy - Timeline of Italian artists to 1800 - Raphael Rooms

The founder of Futurism and its most influential personality was the Italian writer Filippo Tommaso Marinetti.

Marinetti launched the movement in hisFuturist Manifesto, which he published for the first time on 5 February 1909

inLa gazzetta dell'Emilia, an article then reproduced in the French daily newspaper Le Figaro on 20 February 1909.He was soon joined by the painters Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carr, Giacomo Balla, Gino Severini and the composer

Luigi Russolo.

Marinetti expressed a passionate loathing of everything old, especially political and artistic tradition. "We want no

part of it, the past", he wrote, "we the young and strongFuturists!" The Futurists admired speed, technology, youth

and violence, the car, the airplane and the industrial city, all that represented the technological triumph of humanity

over nature, and they were passionate nationalists. They repudiated the cult of the past and all imitation, praised

originality, "however daring, however violent", bore proudly "the smear of madness", dismissed art critics as useless,

rebelled against harmony and good taste, swept away all the themes and subjects of all previous art, and gloried in

science.

Publishing manifestos was a feature of Futurism, and the Futurists (usually led or prompted by Marinetti) wrote them

on many topics, including painting, architecture, religion, clothing and cooking.[1]

The founding manifesto did not contain a positive artistic programme, which the Futurists attempted to create in their

subsequent Technical Manifesto of Futurist Painting. This committed them to a "universal dynamism", which was to

be directly represented in painting. Objects in reality were not separate from one another or from their surroundings:

"The sixteen people around you in a rolling motor bus are in turn and at the same time one, ten four three; they are

motionless and they change places. ... The motor bus rushes into the houses which it passes, and in their turn the

houses throw themselves upon the motor bus and are blended with it."[2]

The Futurist painters were slow to develop a distinctive style and subject matter. In 1910 and 1911 they used the

techniques of Divisionism, breaking light and color down into a field of stippled dots and stripes, which had beenoriginally created by Giovanni Segantini and others. Later, Severini, who lived in Paris, attributed their
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divisionismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Segantinihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Segantinihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Segantinihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Segantinihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divisionismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Violencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Russolohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gino_Severinihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giacomo_Ballahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlo_Carr%C3%A0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Umberto_Boccionihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_Figarohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Futurist_Manifestohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filippo_Tommaso_Marinettihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Roomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Italian_artists_to_1800http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sculpture_of_Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scuola_Romanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transavantgardehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Purismohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pittura_infamantehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pittura_infamantehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Novecento_Italianohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arte_Poverahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metaphysical_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Macchiaiolihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baroque_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mannerismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venetian_School_%28art%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venetian_School_%28art%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sienese_schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucchese_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Florentine_schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forlivese_school_of_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=School_of_Ferrara_%28painting%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bolognese_School_%28painting%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Italian_illustratorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Italian_photographershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Italian_architectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Italian_sculptorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Italian_paintershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Italian_artistshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unique_Forms_of_Continuity_in_Spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Calling_of_St_Matthew_%28Caravaggio%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_%28Donatello%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venus_of_Urbinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Battle_of_San_Romanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Battle_of_San_Romanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_School_of_Athenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_%28Michelangelo%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Creation_of_Adamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_Judgement_%28Michelangelo%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piet%C3%A0_%28Michelangelo%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sistine_Madonnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sistine_Chapel_ceilinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annunciation_%28Leonardo%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_Supper_%28Leonardo%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mona_Lisahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primavera_%28painting%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Botticelli%27s_Venushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tribute_Moneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rome_Quadriennalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venice_Biennalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bargellohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Accademia_di_Belle_Arti_Firenzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Accademia_di_Belle_Arti_Firenzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pitti_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Accademiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabauda_Galleryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Villa_Borghesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vatican_Museumshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinacoteca_di_Brerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uffizihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seicentohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinquecentohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quattrocentohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trecento


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backwardness in style and method at this time to their distance from Paris, the centre of avant garde art.[3]

Severini

was the first to come into contact with Cubism and following a visit to Paris in 1911 the Futurist painters adopted the

methods of the Cubists. Cubism offered them a means of analysing energy in paintings and expressing dynamism.

Umberto Boccioni, The City Rises (1910)

They often painted modern urban scenes.

Carr's Funeral of the Anarchist Galli

(1910

11) is a large canvas representingevents that the artist had himself been

involved in, in 1904. The action of a police

attack and riot is rendered energetically with

diagonals and broken planes. His Leaving

the Theatre (191011) uses a Divisionist

technique to render isolated and faceless

figures trudging home at night under street

lights.

Boccioni's The City Rises (1910) represents

scenes of construction and manual labour

with a huge, rearing red horse in the centre foreground, which workmen struggle to control. His States of Mind, in

three large panels, The Farewell, Those who Go, and Those Who Stay, "made his first great statement of Futurist

painting, bringing his interests in Bergson, Cubism and the individual's complex experience of the modern world

together in what has been described as one of the 'minor masterpieces' of early twentieth century painting."[4]

The

work attempts to convey feelings and sensations experienced in time, using new means of expression, including

"lines of force", which were intended to convey the directional tendencies of objects through space, "simultaneity",

which combined memories, present impressions and anticipation of future events, and "emotional ambience" in

which the artist seeks by intuition to link sympathies between the exterior scene and interior emotion.[4]

Boccioni's intentions in art were strongly influenced by the ideas of Bergson, including the idea of intuition, whichBergson defined as a simple, indivisible experience of sympathy through which one is moved into the inner being of

an object to grasp what is unique and ineffable within it. The Futurists aimed through their art thus to enable the

viewer to apprehend the inner being of what they depicted. Boccioni developed these ideas at length in his book,

Pittura scultura Futuriste: Dinamismo plastico (Futurist Painting Sculpture: Plastic Dynamism) (1914).[5]

Umberto Boccioni, Unique Forms of Continuity

in Space (1913)

Balla's [Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash] (1912) exemplifies the

Futurists' insistence that the perceived world is in constant movement.

The painting depicts a dog whose legs, tail and leash and the feet of

the person walking it have been multiplied to a blur of movement. It

illustrates the precepts of the Technical Manifesto of Futurist Painting

that, "On account of the persistency of an image upon the retina,

moving objects constantly multiply themselves; their form changes like

rapid vibrations, in their mad career. Thus a running horse has not four

legs, but twenty, and their movements are triangular."[2]

HisRhythm of

the Bow (1912) similarly depicts the movements of a violinist's hand

and instrument, rendered in rapid strokes within a triangular frame.

The adoption of Cubism determined the style of much subsequent

Futurist painting, which Boccioni and Severini in particular continued

to render in the broken colors and short brush-strokes of divisionism.
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Futurism 4

But Futurist painting differed in both subject matter and treatment from the quiet and static Cubism of Picasso,

Braque and Gris. Although there were Futurist portraits (e.g. Carr's Woman with Absinthe (1911), Severini's

Self-Portrait (1912), and Boccioni's Matter (1912)), it was the urban scene and vehicles in motion that typified

Futurist paintinge.g. Boccioni's The Street Enters the House (1911), Severini's Dynamic Hieroglyph of the Bal

Tabarin (1912), and Russolo'sAutomobile at Speed(1913)

In 1912 and 1913, Boccioni turned to sculpture to translate into three dimensions his Futurist ideas. In Unique Formsof Continuity in Space (1913) he attempted to realise the relationship between the object and its environment, which

was central to his theory of "dynamism". The sculpture represents a striding figure, cast in bronze posthumously and

exhibited in the Tate Modern. (It now appears on the national side of Italian 20 eurocent coins). He explored the

theme further in Synthesis of Human Dynamism (1912), Speeding Muscles (1913) and Spiral Expansion of Speeding

Muscles (1913). His ideas on sculpture were published in the Technical Manifesto of Futurist Sculpture[6]

In 1915

Balla also turned to sculpture making abstract "reconstructions", which were created out of various materials, were

apparently moveable and even made noises. He said that, after making twenty pictures in which he had studied the

velocity of automobiles, he understood that "the single plane of the canvas did not permit the suggestion of the

dynamic volume of speed in depth ... I felt the need to construct the first dynamic plastic complex with iron wires,

cardboard planes, cloth and tissue paper, etc."[7]

In 1914, personal quarrels and artistic differences between the Milan group, around Marinetti, Boccioni, and Balla,

and the Florence group, around Carr, Ardengo Soffici (18791964) and Giovanni Papini (18811956), created a rift

in Italian Futurism. The Florence group resented the dominance of Marinetti and Boccioni, whom they accused of

trying to establish "an immobile church with an infallible creed", and each group dismissed the other aspassiste.

Futurism had from the outset admired violence and was intensely patriotic. The Futurist Manifesto had declared,

"We will glorify war the world's only hygiene militarism, patriotism, the destructive gesture of

freedom-bringers, beautiful ideas worth dying for, and scorn for woman."[8]

Although it owed much of its character

and some of its ideas to radical political movements, it was not much involved in politics until the autumn of 1913.[7]

Then, fearing the re-election of Giolitti, Marinetti published a political manifesto. In 1914 the Futurists began to

campaign actively against the Austro-Hungarian empire, which still controlled some Italian territories, and Italian

neutrality between the major powers. In September, Boccioni, seated in the balcony of the Teatro dal Verme in

Milan, tore up an Austrian flag and threw it into the audience, while Marinetti waved an Italian flag. When Italy

entered the First World War in 1915, many Futurists enlisted.[9]

The outbreak of war disguised the fact that Italian Futurism had come to an end. The Florence group had formally

acknowledged their withdrawal from the movement by the end of 1914. Boccioni produced only one war picture and

was killed in 1916. Severini painted some significant war pictures in 1915 (e.g. War,Armored Train, andRed Cross

Train), but in Paris turned towards Cubism and post-war was associated with the Return to Order.

After the war, Marinetti revived the movement. This revival was called il secondo Futurismo (Second Futurism) by

writers in the 1960s. The art historian Giovanni Lista has classified Futurism by decades:Plastic Dynamism

for the

first decade, Mechanical Art for the 1920s, Aeroaesthetics for the 1930s.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Listahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Return_to_Orderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_World_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austro-Hungarian_empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Giolittihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Papinihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ardengo_Sofficihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_euro_coinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tate_Modernhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unique_Forms_of_Continuity_in_Spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unique_Forms_of_Continuity_in_Spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Street_Enters_the_Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Grishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Braquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Picasso


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Futurism 5

An example of Futurist architecture by Antonio

Sant'Elia

Futurist architecture

Further information: Futurist architecture

The Futurist architect Antonio Sant'Elia expressed his ideas of

modernity in his drawings for La Citt Nuova (The New City)

(19121914). This project was never built and Sant'Elia was killed in

the First World War, but his ideas influenced later generations of

architects and artists. The city was a backdrop onto which the

dynamism of Futurist life is projected. The city had replaced the

landscape as the setting for the exciting modern life. They wanted to

see the bare bones, the structure behind things as part of the aesthetic

quality. Sant'Elia aimed to create a city as an efficient, fast-paced

machine. He manipulates light and shape to emphasize the sculptural

quality of his projects. Baroque curves and encrustations had been

stripped away to reveal the essential lines of forms unprecedented from their simplicity. In the new city, every aspectof life was to be rationalized and centralised into one great powerhouse of energy. The city was not meant to last,

and each subsequent generation was expected to build their own city rather than inheriting the architecture of the

past.

Futurist architects were sometimes at odds with the Fascist state's tendency towards Roman imperial-classical

aesthetic patterns. Nevertheless, several Futurist buildings were built in the years 19201940, including public

buildings such as railway stations, maritime resorts and post offices. Examples of Futurist buildings still in use today

are Trento's railway station, built by Angiolo Mazzoni, and the Santa Maria Novella station in Florence. The

Florence station was designed in 1932 by the Gruppo Toscano (Tuscan Group) of architects, which included

Giovanni Michelucci and Italo Gamberini, with contributions by Mazzoni.

Russian Futurism

Natalia Goncharova, Cyclist, 1913

Russian Futurism was a movement of literature and the visual arts. The

poet Vladimir Mayakovsky was a prominent member of the

movement. Visual artists such as David Burlyuk, Mikhail Larionov,

Natalia Goncharova and Kazimir Malevich found inspiration in the

imagery of Futurist writings and were poets themselves. Other painters

adopting Futurism included Velimir Khlebnikov and Aleksey

Kruchenykh. Poets and painters collaborated on theatre production

such as the Futurist opera Victory Over the Sun, with texts by

Kruchenykh and sets by Malevich.

The main style of painting was Cubo-Futurism, adopted in 1913 when

Aristarkh Lentulov returned from Paris and exhibited his paintings in Moscow. Cubo-Futurism combines the forms

of Cubism with the representation of movement. Like their Italian predecessors the Russian Futurists were fascinated

with dynamism, speed and the restlessness of modern urban life.

The Russian Futurists sought controversy by repudiating the art of the past, saying that Pushkin and Dostoevsky

should be "heaved overboard from the steamship of modernity". They acknowledged no authority and professed not

to owe anything even to Marinetti, whose principles they had earlier adopted, obstructing him when he came to

Russia to proselytize in 1914.
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Futurism 6

The movement began to decline after the revolution of 1917. Some Futurists died, others emigrated. Mayakovsky

and Malevich became part of the Soviet establishment and the Agitprop movement of the 1920s. Khlebnikov and

others were persecuted.

Futurism in music

Futurist music rejected tradition and introduced experimental sounds inspired by machinery, and would influence

several 20th century composers.

Francesco Balilla Pratella joined the Futurist movement in 1910 and wrote a Manifesto of Futurist Musicians in

which he appealed to the young (as had Marinetti), because only they could understand what he had to say.

According to Pratella, Italian music was inferior to music abroad. He praised the "sublime genius" of Wagner and

saw some value in the work of other contemporary composers, for example Richard Strauss, Elgar, Mussorgsky, and

Sibelius. By contrast, the Italian symphony was dominated by opera in an "absurd and anti-musical form". The

conservatories was said to encourage backwardness and mediocrity. The publishers perpetuated mediocrity and the

domination of music by the "rickety and vulgar" operas of Puccini and Umberto Giordano. The only Italian Pratella

could praise was his teacher Pietro Mascagni, because he had rebelled against the publishers and attempted

innovation in opera, but even Mascagni was too traditional for Pratella's tastes. In the face of this mediocrity and

conservatism, Pratella unfurled "the red flag of Futurism, calling to its flaming symbol such young composers as

have hearts to love and fight, minds to conceive, and brows free of cowardice."

Luigi Russolo (18851947) wrote The Art of Noises (1913),[10][11]

an influential text in 20th century musical

aesthetics. Russolo used instruments he called intonarumori, which were acoustic noise generators that permitted the

performer to create and control the dynamics and pitch of several different types of noises. Russolo and Marinetti

gave the first concert of Futurist music, complete with intonarumori, in 1914. However they were prevented from

performing in many major European cities by the outbreak of war.

Futurism was one of several 20th century movements in art music that paid homage to, included or imitated

machines. Feruccio Busoni has been seen as anticipating some Futurist ideas, though he remained wedded totradition.

[12]Russolo's intonarumori influenced Stravinsky, Arthur Honegger, George Antheil, Edgar Varse,

[4]

Stockhausen and John Cage. In Pacific 231, Honegger imitated the sound of a steam locomotive. There are also

Futurist elements in Prokofiev's The Steel Step.

Most notable in this respect, however, is the American George Antheil. His fascination with machinery is evident in

his Airplane Sonata, Death of the Machines, and the 30-minute Ballet Mcanique. The Ballet Mcanique was

originally intended to accompany an experimental film by Fernand Lger, but the musical score is twice the length of

the film and now stands alone. The score calls for a percussion ensemble consisting of three xylophones, four bass

drums, a tam-tam, three airplane propellers, seven electric bells, a siren, two "live pianists", and sixteen synchronized

player pianos. Antheil's piece was the first to synchronize machines with human players and to exploit the difference

between what machines and humans can play.

Other composers offered more melodic variants of Futurist music, notably Franco Casavola, who was active with the

movement at the invitation of Marinetti between 1924 and 1927, and Arthur-Vincent Louri, the first Russian

Futurist musician, and a signatory of the St Petersburg Futurist Manifesto in 1914. His five Synthses offer a form of

dodecaphony, while Formes en l'airwas dedicated to Picasso and is a Cubo-Futurist concept. Born in the Ukraine

and raised in New York, Leo Ornstein gave his first recital of 'Futurist Music' at the Steinway Hall in London on 27

March 1914. According to the Daily Sketch newspaper "one listened with considerable distress. Nothing so horrible

as Mr Ornstein's music has been heard so far. Sufferers from complete deafness should attend the next recital."
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daily_Sketchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daily_Sketchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo_Ornsteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur-Vincent_Louri%C3%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franco_Casavolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fernand_L%C3%A9gerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ballet_M%C3%A9caniquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Antheilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prokofievhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific_231http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Cagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stockhausenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edgar_Var%C3%A8sehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Antheilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Honeggerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stravinskyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feruccio_Busonihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pitch_%28music%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dynamics_%28music%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical_acousticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intonarumorihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Art_of_Noiseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Russolohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pietro_Mascagnihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Umberto_Giordanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puccinihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=College_or_university_school_of_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Symphonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sibeliushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mussorgskyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elgarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Strausshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wagnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Balilla_Pratellahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agitprophttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soviethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_%281917%29


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Futurism 7

Futurism in literature

Futurism as a literary movement made its official debut with F.T. Marinetti's Manifesto of Futurism (1909), as it

delineated the various ideals Futurist poetry should strive for. Poetry, the predominate medium of Futurist literature,

can be characterized by its unexpected combinations of images and hyper-conciseness (not to be confused with the

actual length of the poem). The Futurists called their style of poetryparole in libert (word autonomy) in which all

ideas of meter were rejected and the word became the main unit of concern. In this way, the Futurists managed to

create a new language free of syntax punctuation, and metrics that allowed for free expression.

Theater also has an important place within the Futurist universe. Works in this genre have scenes that are few

sentences long, have an emphasis on nonsensical humor, and attempt to discredit the deep rooted traditions via

parody and other devaluation techniques.

Futurism in film

When interviewed about her favorite film of all times,[13]

famed movie critic Pauline Kael stated that the director

Dimitri Kirsanoff, in his silent experimental filmMnilmontant"developed a technique that suggests the movement

known in painting as Futurism".[14]

Futurism in the 1920s and 1930s

Many Italian Futurists supported Fascism in the hope of modernizing a country divided between the industrialising

north and the rural, archaic South. Like the Fascists, the Futurists were Italian nationalists, radicals, admirers of

violence, and were opposed to parliamentary democracy. Marinetti founded the Futurist Political Party (Partito

Politico Futurista) in early 1918, which was absorbed into Benito Mussolini'sFasci di combattimento in 1919,

making Marinetti one of the first members of the National Fascist Party. He opposed Fascism's later exaltation of

existing institutions, calling them "reactionary", and walked out of the 1920 Fascist party congress in disgust,

withdrawing from politics for three years; but he supported Italian Fascism until his death in 1944. The Futurists'

association with Fascism after its triumph in 1922 brought them official acceptance in Italy and the ability to carry

out important work, especially in architecture. After the Second World War, many Futurist artists had difficulty in

their careers because of their association with a defeated and discredited regime.

Marinetti sought to make Futurism the official state art of Fascist Italy but failed to do so. Mussolini was personally

uninterested in art and chose to give patronage to numerous styles and movements in order to keep artists loyal to the

regime. Opening the exhibition ofart by the Novecento Italiano group in 1923 he said, "I declare that it is far from

my idea to encourage anything like a state art. Art belongs to the domain of the individual. The state has only one

duty: not to undermine art, to provide humane conditions for artists, to encourage them from the artistic and national

point of view."[15]

Mussolini's mistress, Margherita Sarfatti, who was as able a cultural entrepreneur as Marinetti,

successfully promoted the rival Novecento group, and even persuaded Marinetti to sit on its board. Although in theearly years of Italian Fascism modern art was tolerated and even embraced, towards the end of the 1930s, right-wing

Fascists introduced the concept of "degenerate art" from Germany to Italy and condemned Futurism.

Marinetti made numerous moves to ingratiate himself with the regime, becoming less radical and avant garde with

each. He moved from Milan to Rome to be nearer the centre of things. He became an academician despite his

condemnation of academies, married despite his condemnation of marriage, promoted religious art after the Lateran

Treaty of 1929 and even reconciled himself to the Catholic Church, declaring that Jesus was a Futurist.

Although Futurism became identified with Fascism, it had leftist and anti-Fascist supporters. They tended to oppose

Marinetti's artistic and political direction of the movement, and in 1924 the socialists, communists and anarchists

walked out of the Milan Futurist Congress. The anti-Fascist voices in Futurism were not completely silenced until

the annexation of Abyssinia and the Italo-German Pact of Steel in 1939.[16] This association of Fascists, socialists

and anarchists in the Futurist movement, which may seem odd today, can be understood in terms of the influence of
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Futurism 8

George Sorel, whose ideas about the regenerative effect of political violence had adherents right across the political

spectrum.

Futurism expanded to encompass many artistic domains and ultimately included painting, sculpture, ceramics,

graphic design, industrial design, interior design, theatre design, textiles, drama, literature, music and architecture.

AeropaintingAeropainting (aeropittura) was a major expression of the second generation of Futurism beginning in 1926. The

technology and excitement of flight, directly experienced by most aeropainters,[17]

offered aeroplanes and aerial

landscape as new subject matter. Aeropainting was varied in subject matter and treatment, including realism

(especially in works of propaganda), abstraction, dynamism, quiet Umbrian landscapes,[18]

portraits of Mussolini

(e.g. Dottori'sPortrait of il Duce), devotional religious paintings and decorative art.

Aeropainting was launched in a manifesto of 1929, Perspectives of Flight, signed by Benedetta, Depero, Dottori,

Filla, Marinetti, Prampolini, Somenzi and Tato (Guglielmo Sansoni). The artists stated that "The changing

perspectives of flight constitute an absolutely new reality that has nothing in common with the reality traditionally

constituted by a terrestrial perspective" and that "Painting from this new reality requires a profound contempt for

detail and a need to synthesise and transfigure everything." Crispolti identifies three main "positions" in

aeropainting: "a vision of cosmic projection, at its most typical in Prampolini's 'cosmic idealism' ... ; a 'reverie' of

aerial fantasies sometimes verging on fairy-tale (for example in Dottori ...); and a kind of aeronautical

documentarism that comes dizzyingly close to direct celebration of machinery (particularly in Crali, but also in Tato

and Ambrosi)."[19]

Eventually there were over a hundred aeropainters. Major figures include Fortunato Depero, Enrico Prampolini, and

Gerardo Dottori. Tullio Crali, who continued to produce aeropittura through the 1980s.

The legacy of Futurism

The cover of the last edition ofBLAST, the

literary magazine of the British Vorticist

movement, a movement heavily influenced by

Futurism

Futurism influenced many other twentieth century art movements,

including Art Deco, Vorticism, Constructivism, Surrealism and Dada.

Futurism as a coherent and organized artistic movement is now

regarded as extinct, having died out in 1944 with the death of its leader

Marinetti, and Futurism was, like science fiction, in part overtaken by

'the future'.

Nonetheless the ideals of Futurism remain as significant components of

modern Western culture; the emphasis on youth, speed, power and

technology finding expression in much of modern commercial cinema

and culture. Ridley Scott consciously evoked the designs of Sant'Eliain Blade Runner. Echoes of Marinetti's thought, especially his

"dreamt-of metallization of the human body", are still strongly

prevalent in Japanese culture, and surface in manga/anime and the

works of artists such as Shinya Tsukamoto, director of the "Tetsuo"

(lit. "Ironman") films; Marinetti's legacy is also obvious in

philosophical ingredients of transhumanism, especially in Europe.

Futurism has produced several reactions, including the literary genre of

cyberpunkin which technology was often treated with a critical

eyewhilst artists who came to prominence during the first flush of the Internet, such as Stelarc and Mariko Mori,

produce work which comments on Futurist ideals.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyberpunkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stelarchttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariko_Morihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stelarchttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyberpunkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transhumanismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shinya_Tsukamotohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mangahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blade_Runnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Sant%27Eliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ridley_Scotthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Science_fictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surrealismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constructivism_%28art%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vorticismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Art_Decohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ABlast2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vorticisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Literary_magazinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BLAST_%28magazine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tullio_Cralihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerardo_Dottorihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enrico_Prampolinihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fortunato_Deperohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tullio_Cralihttp://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tato_(Guglielmo_Sansoni)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somenzihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enrico_Prampolinihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fill%C3%ACahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerardo_Dottorihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deperohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benedettahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aerial_landscape_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aerial_landscape_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Sorel


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Futurism 9

A revival of sorts of the Futurist movement began in 1988 with the creation of the Neo-Futurist style of theatre in

Chicago, which utilizes Futurism's focus on speed and brevity to create a new form of immediate theatre. Currently,

there are active Neo-Futurist troupes in Chicago, New York, and Montreal.

Futurist artists

Giacomo Balla, Italian painter Bruno Jasieski, Polish poet

Umberto Boccioni, Italian painter, sculptor Vasily Kamensky, Russian poet

Anton Giulio Bragaglia Italian Pyotr Konchalovsky, Russian painter

Baldo Savonari, Italian painter Aleksei Kruchenykh, Russian poet

David Burliuk, Russian painter Mikhail Larionov, Russian painter

Vladimir Burliuk, Russian book illustrator Aristarkh Lentulov, Russian painter

Mario Carli Italian poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Italian poet, playwright, novelist, journalist &

theorist

Carlo Carr, Italian painter Mikhail Matyushin, Russian painter and composer

Ambrogio Casati, Italian painter Vladimir Mayakovsky, Russian poet & designer

Primo Conti, Italian artist Angiolo Mazzoni, Italian architect

Tullio Crali Italian artist Alexander Mosolov, Russian composer

Luigi De Giudici, Italian painter Alexander Osmerkin, Russian painter, graphic artist & stage designer

Mikhail Gnesin, Russian composer Aldo Palazzeschi, Italian writer

Alexander Goedicke, Russian composer Giovanni Papini, Italian writer

Natalia Goncharova, Russian painter Lyubov Popova, Russian painter

Fortunato Depero, Italian painter Luigi Russolo, Italian painter, musician, instrument builder

Nikolay Diulgheroff, Bulgarian painter, designer and

architect

Valentine de Saint-Point, French performer, theoretician, writer

Gerardo Dottori, Italian painter, poet and art critic Antonio Sant'Elia, Italian architect

Robert Falk, Russian painter Mario Chiattone, Italian architect

Filla, Italian artist Jules Schmalzigaug, Belgian painter

Gino Severini, Italian painter

Igor Severyanin, Russian poet

Mario Sironi, Italian painter

Giulio D'Anna, Italian painter

Sante Monachesi, Italian painter

Ivo Pannaggi, Italian painter

Ardengo Soffici, Italian painter and writer

Anatol Stern, Polish poet

Aleksander Wat, Polish poet

Hugo Scheiber, Hungarian artist

Sebastiano Carta, Italian poet & painter

Further reading

Conversi, Daniele 2009 Art, Nationalism and War: Political Futurism in Italy (19091944)[20]

, Sociology

Compass, 3/1 (2009): 92117[21]

D'Orsi Angelo 2009 'Il Futurismo tra cultura e politica. Reazione o rivoluzione?'. Editore: Salerno

Gentile, Emilo. 2003. The Struggle for Modernity: Nationalism, Futurism, and Fascism. Praeger Publishers.

ISBN 0-275-97692-0

I poeti futuristi, dir. by M. Albertazzi, w. essay of G. Wallace and M. Pieri, Trento, La Finestra editrice, 2004.

ISBN 88-88097-82-1

John Rodker (1927). The future of futurism. New York: E.P. Dutton & company.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Rodkerhttp://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121673565/abstracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sebastiano_Cartahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Scheiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Wathttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anatol_Sternhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ardengo_Sofficihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivo_Pannaggihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sante_Monachesihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giulio_D%27Annahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mario_Sironihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Igor_Severyaninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gino_Severinihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jules_Schmalzigaughttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fill%C3%ACahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mario_Chiattonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Falkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Sant%27Eliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerardo_Dottorihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentine_de_Saint-Pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_Diulgheroffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical_instrumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Russolohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fortunato_Deperohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyubov_Popovahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natalia_Goncharovahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Papinihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Goedickehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldo_Palazzeschihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Gnesinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Osmerkinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luigi_De_Giudicihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Mosolovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tullio_Cralihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angiolo_Mazzonihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primo_Contihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Mayakovskyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ambrogio_Casatihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Matyushinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlo_Carr%C3%A0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filippo_Tommaso_Marinettihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mario_Carlihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aristarkh_Lentulovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Burliukhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Larionovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Burliukhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksei_Kruchenykhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baldo_Savonarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Konchalovskyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anton_Giulio_Bragagliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vasily_Kamenskyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Umberto_Boccionihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Jasie%C5%84skihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giacomo_Ballahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montrealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neo-Futurism


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Futurism 10

Lawrence Rainey, Christine Poggi, and Laura Wittman, eds.,Futurism: An Anthology[22]

(Yale, 2009).

Futurism & Sport Design, edited by M. Mancin, Montebelluna-Cornuda, Antiga Edizioni, 2006. ISBN

88-88997-29-6

[23]Manifesto of Futurist Musicians by Francesco Balilla Pratella

Donatella Chiancone-Schneider (editor) "Zukunftsmusik oder Schnee von gestern? Interdisziplinaritt,

Internationalitt und Aktualitt des Futurismus", Cologne 2010[24]

Congress papers

References

[1] Umbro Apollonio (ed.),Futurist Manifestos, MFA Publications, 2001 ISBN 978-0-87846-627-6

[2] "Technical Manifesto of Futurist Painting" (http://www.unknown. nu/futurism/techpaint.html). Unknown.nu. . Retrieved 2011-06-11.

[3] Severini, G., The Life of a Painter, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-691-04419-8

[4] Humphreys, R.Futurism, Tate Gallery, 1999

[5] For detailed discussions of Boccioni's debt to Bergson, see Petrie, Brian, "Boccioni and Bergson", The Burlington Magazine, Vol. 116,

No.852, March 1974, pp.140-147, and Antliff, Mark "The Fourth Dimension and Futurism: A Politicized Space", The Art Bulletin, December

2000, pp.720-733.

[6] "Technical Manifesto of Futurist Sculpture" (http://www.unknown. nu/futurism/techsculpt.html). Unknown.nu. 1910-04-11. . Retrieved

2011-06-11.

[7] Martin, Marianne W.Futurist Art and Theory, Hacker Art Books, New York, 1978

[8] "The Founding and Manifesto of Futurism" (http://www.unknown. nu/futurism/manifesto.html). Unknown.nu. . Retrieved 2011-06-11.

[9][9] Adler, Jerry, "Back to the Future", The New Yorker, September 6, 2004, p.103

[10] Russolo, Luigi (2004-02-22). "The Art of Noises on Theremin Vox" (http://www.thereminvox. com/article/articleview/117).

Thereminvox.com. . Retrieved 2011-06-11.

[11] The Art of Noises (http://www.obsolete.com/120_years/machines/futurist/art_of_noise. html)

[12] "Daniele Lombardi in ''Futurism and Musical Notes''" (http://www.ubu. com/papers/lombardi. html). Ubu.com. . Retrieved 2011-06-11.

[13] Barra, Allen (20 November 2002). "Afterglow: A Last Conversation With Pauline Kael" by Francis Davis (http://dir. salon.com/story/

books/review/2002/11/20/kael/index1. html), Salon.com. Retrieved on 2008-10-19

[14] "Pauline Kael: Reviews A-Z" (http://web.archive.org/web/20091026191205/http://geocities.com/paulinekaelreviews/m5. html).

Web.archive.org. 2009-10-26. . Retrieved 2011-06-11.

[15] Quoted in Braun, Emily,Mario Sironi and Italian Modernism: Art and Politics under Fascism, Cambridge University Press, 2000

[16] Berghaus, Gnther, "New Research on Futurism and its Relations with the Fascist Regime",Journal of Contemporary History, 2007, Vol.

42, p.152

[17] "Osborn, Bob, ''Tullio Crali: the Ultimate Futurist Aeropainter''" (http://simultaneita.net/tulliocrali.html). Simultaneita.net. . Retrieved

2011-06-11.

[18] " ... dal realismo esasperato e compiatciuto (in particolare delle opere propagandistico) alle forme asatratte (come in Dottori: Trittico della

velocit), dal dinamismo alle quieti lontane dei paesaggi umbri di Dottori ... ." L'aeropittura futurista http://users.libero. it/macbusc/id22.

htm

[19] Crispolti, E., "Aeropainting", in Hulten, P.,Futurism and Futurisms, Thames and Hudson, 1986, p.413

[20] http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121673565/abstract

[21] Daniele Conversi. "Daniele Conversi 's selected publications" (http://easyweb.easynet.co.uk/conversi/CV. html).

Easyweb.easynet.co.uk. doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2010.05.004. . Retrieved 2011-06-11.

[22] Bohn, Willard. "Futurism: An Anthology (9780300088755): Lawrence Rainey, Ms. Christine Poggi, Laura Wittman: Books" (http://www.

amazon.

com/

dp/

0300088752). Amazon.com. . Retrieved 2011-06-11.[23] http://www.unknown. nu/futurism/musicians.html

[24] http://www.kulturserver-nrw. de/home/futurismus/doc/zukunftsmusik_tagungsakte. pdf
http://www.kulturserver-nrw.de/home/futurismus/doc/zukunftsmusik_tagungsakte.pdfhttp://www.unknown.nu/futurism/musicians.htmlhttp://www.amazon.com/dp/0300088752http://www.amazon.com/dp/0300088752http://easyweb.easynet.co.uk/conversi/CV.htmlhttp://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121673565/abstracthttp://users.libero.it/macbusc/id22.htmhttp://users.libero.it/macbusc/id22.htmhttp://simultaneita.net/tulliocrali.htmlhttp://web.archive.org/web/20091026191205/http://geocities.com/paulinekaelreviews/m5.htmlhttp://dir.salon.com/story/books/review/2002/11/20/kael/index1.htmlhttp://dir.salon.com/story/books/review/2002/11/20/kael/index1.htmlhttp://www.ubu.com/papers/lombardi.htmlhttp://www.obsolete.com/120_years/machines/futurist/art_of_noise.htmlhttp://www.thereminvox.com/article/articleview/117http://www.unknown.nu/futurism/manifesto.htmlhttp://www.unknown.nu/futurism/techsculpt.htmlhttp://www.unknown.nu/futurism/techpaint.htmlhttp://www.kulturserver-nrw.de/home/futurismus/doc/zukunftsmusik_tagungsakte.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Balilla_Pratellahttp://www.unknown.nu/futurism/musicians.html


11/12

Futurism 11

External links

ItalianFuturism.org: Events, Exhibitions, and Scholarship (http://www.italianfuturism.org)

Exhibition Futurism and After: David Burliuk, 1882-1967 The Ukrainian Museum in New York, USA.

October 31, 2008 - March 1, 2009 (http://www.ukrainianmuseum.org/burliuk/)

Centenary exhibition at the Quirinale, Rome, opening 20 February 2009 (http://english.scuderiequirinale.it/

canale.asp?id=765)

Futurism: Manifestos and Other Resources (http://www.unknown.nu/futurism)

The Futurist Moment: Howlers, Exploders, Crumplers, Hissers, and Scrapers (http://www.newmusicbox.org/

page.nmbx?id=59tp01) by Kenneth Goldsmith

Futurism: archive audio recordings at LTM (http://www.ltmrecordings.com/futcat.html)

1910 Futurist Movement Manifesto (http://serdar-hizli-art.com/modern_painting/futurism.htm)

Encyclopdia Britannica Futurism entry (http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9035727/Futurism)

The influence of Futurism on sport design (http://www.montebellunadistrict.com/notizie_MS/futurism/)

The Chicago Neo-Futurists (http://www.neofuturists.org/)

The New York Neo-Futurists (http://www.nynf.org/)

VIVA IL FUTURISMO! Scientific, artistic and multimedial contributions about Futurism (http://www.

kulturserver-nrw.de/home/futurismus)

Artyfacts (http://artyfacts.info/Futurism.htm)
http://artyfacts.info/Futurism.htmhttp://www.kulturserver-nrw.de/home/futurismushttp://www.kulturserver-nrw.de/home/futurismushttp://www.nynf.org/http://www.neofuturists.org/http://www.montebellunadistrict.com/notizie_MS/futurism/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9035727/Futurismhttp://serdar-hizli-art.com/modern_painting/futurism.htmhttp://www.ltmrecordings.com/futcat.htmlhttp://www.newmusicbox.org/page.nmbx?id=59tp01http://www.newmusicbox.org/page.nmbx?id=59tp01http://www.unknown.nu/futurismhttp://english.scuderiequirinale.it/canale.asp?id=765http://english.scuderiequirinale.it/canale.asp?id=765http://www.ukrainianmuseum.org/burliuk/http://www.italianfuturism.org/


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Article Sources and Contributors 12

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Delldot, Deltabeignet, DerHexer, Dina, Doughouse, Dougofborg, Ducttapeandzipties, Dugwiki, E Wing, EWS23, Edward, Efilsgod, Ehusman, ElKevbo, Epbr123, Eptin, Et lux perpetua luceat

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Romanm, Sadalmelik, Sailko, Salt Yeung, Samsathebug, SchfiftyThree, SchuminWeb, Scott.graham, Sethmahoney, Shaggy9872004, Shyam, Sicilianmandolin, SiobhanHansa, SirEpicAssassin,

Slinto, Sluzzelin, Smackmonkey, Snowdog, Sparkit, Specs112, Spinster, SquidSK, StaticGull, Super Ted, Tail, Tazmaniacs, TheLetterM, Theologiae, Thingg, Time for action, Tmopkisn,

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File:'Unique Forms of Continuity in Space', 1913 bronze by Umberto Boccioni.jpg Source:

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