future trends in concrete for ab dhabi 2030or abu … trends in concrete ... “they will use high...

Concrete Mix Design Conference Abu DhabiMay 18-19, 2010

Future trends in Concrete Future trends in Concrete FFor Ab Dhabi 2030or Ab Dhabi 2030FFor Abu Dhabi 2030or Abu Dhabi 2030

Prof. Abdul Rahim Sabouni BSc (Hons), MSc (GWU), PhD (Cornell), PEng, FASCE, FACIVice Chancellor and CEOALHOSN UNIVERSITY

1Professor A. R. Sabouni, 18th May 2010

Future trends in Concrete Future trends in Concrete Future trends in Concrete Future trends in Concrete For Abu Dhabi 2030For Abu Dhabi 2030

Prof. Abdul-Rahim SabouniBSc (Hons) MSc (GWU) PhD (Cornell) PEng FASCE FACIBSc (Hons), MSc (GWU), PhD (Cornell), PEng, FASCE, FACI

Professor Abdul Rahim Sabouni is the Vice Chancellor and CEO of ALHOSN University. He holds a PhDdegree from Cornell University in Structural Engineering, a Masters Degree from the George WashingtonUniversity, and a Bachelors degree from Damascus University, and has more than 30 years of academic andprofessional experience in the US, Canada and the Middle East.

In addition to being a Professor at ALHOSN University, he is an adjunct Professor in three CanadianUniversities, Carleton University, the University of Western Ontario and Ryerson University.

As a professional Engineer Dr. Sabouni worked as a buildings design consultant, and technical advisor in thegovernment of Abu Dhabi and was involved in many prestigious projects including the Sheikh Zayed Grandgovernment of Abu Dhabi, and was involved in many prestigious projects, including the Sheikh Zayed GrandMosque and the Emirates Palace projects.

Dr. Sabouni is a Professional Engineer in Ontario, Fellow of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Fellow ofthe American Concrete Institute, the founding president of the ACI-UAE Chapter, and the first recipient of theGeorge Winter Fellowship Award in Cornell University.

Prof. Sabouni publications include articles in reinforced concrete materials, and in expert systems for concretemixes, and deteriorated concrete structures.

http://www.sabouni.com


Future trends in Concrete Future trends in Concrete For Abu Dhabi 2030For Abu Dhabi 2030

IntroductionExpert SpeculationsGoverning FactorsTrendsAbu Dhabi 2030Conclusions


Introduction


Historical BackgroundHistorical BackgroundHistorical BackgroundHistorical BackgroundConcrete is very old in history, but reinvented by in its modern form in the 19th centuryform in the 19th century.

Early concretes were used by Syrians around 6500 BC and spread through Egypt and ancient Greece, but it was the Romans who refined the mixture's use. Even the word "concrete" is derived from the Latin "concretus," meaning "to grow together."[Keim 2005]

While lower grades were used in everyday construction, the gems of Roman engineering - the Appian Way (which linked Rome to the East), the Coliseum, the Pantheon, and aqueducts - used a high-performance concrete that derived its strength from ashes emitted by Mt. Vesuvius.


Historical BackgroundHistorical BackgroundHistorical BackgroundHistorical Background"This substance, when mixed with lime and rubble," wrote Vitruvius master engineer and architect to the Emperor Augustus Vitruvius, master engineer and architect to the Emperor Augustus, "not only lends strength to buildings of other kinds, but even when piers of it are constructed in the sea, they set hard underwater.“

As the Dark Ages descended, Roman concrete mastery was lost, for nearly 1500 years, till concrete was rediscovered in the 19th century and became so popular that it is now the most used century and became so popular that it is now the most used construction material in the world.

Modern Concrete owes much to France's Joseph-Louis Lambotwho was the first to submit a patent for "ferro-cement". This original reinforced concrete was used in various applications: boats,

t t bl k k f t t apartment blocks, works of art, etc.


IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroductionThere is just no question about it: Concrete is the world's most important material.important material.

Each year, billions of tons of concrete become the stuff of buildings, highways, dams, sidewalks, and even artworks. highways, dams, sidewalks, and even artworks.

Concrete is probably used more widely than any other substance except water. More than a ton of concrete is produced each year except water. More than a ton of concrete is produced each year for every man, woman, and child on Earth. [Keim 2005]

Yet concrete is one of the simplest materials. A typical mix of Yet concrete is one of the simplest materials. A typical mix of concrete simply consists of 60 to 75 percent sand and gravel or crushed stone, 15 to 20 percent water, and 10 to 15 percent cement, which is prepared by roasting limestone, clay, and other i di t ingredients.


Expert SpeculationsExpert SpeculationsExpert SpeculationsExpert SpeculationsConcrete Construction invited several industry leaders to speculate uponwhat might be in store for the concrete construction industry in its next 50what might be in store for the concrete construction industry in its next 50years. Here is what they say [1]:

Robert A. Garbini: “They will use high technology to adjust for raw material variationswithout slowing the process of construction Robotics in a wide variety of situations willwithout slowing the process of construction. Robotics in a wide variety of situations willspeed construction while reducing energy costs.”

William F. Baker: Nanotechnology is allowing scientists and engineers to analyze howd h l b h h d Th d d h l band why materials behave as they do....The mixing and production technology may be

similar to current practice, but the product will be quite different.

Ken Hover: The reality of global warming will settle in, and with energy costs, willy f g g gycompel more efficient cement use. Further, sustainability demands that we stop buildingexpensive temporary structures out of wood (the formwork). …Sustainability will also beenhanced as we double or triple service life by using sound design details and materialsand construction practice.


Expert SpeculationsExpert SpeculationsExpert SpeculationsExpert SpeculationsMike Shydlowski: Nanotechnology used in the research and development of chemicaladmixtures will bring new flexibility and opportunities One of the most significantadmixtures will bring new flexibility and opportunities… One of the most significantchanges for the concrete industry will be the widespread acceptance of the Prescription-to-Performance (P2P)., …The use of byproducts and recycled concrete, pervious concrete, ..(for) a “green” building product.

Bev Garnant: Green will be the flavor of the day. .. Concrete will also have a largermarket share in response to issues like global warming, terrorism, seismic concerns, and ourshrinking planet…robotic trowel machines, with pressure-sensitive devices to read theconcrete; other robotics for rebar placing and field bending and auto welding;

Peter H. Emmons: Castable materials will have sufficient tensile and compressivep p ti li i ti p t i f t C t ill b t i lproperties, eliminating separate reinforcement. .. Concrete will be a very green materialreducing effects on the environment, mostly driven by the reduced volumes needed tobuild.


Expert SpeculationsExpert SpeculationsExpert SpeculationsExpert SpeculationsJames A. Repman: The cement industry will continue to strive to meet marketdemands while using environmentally responsible practices that minimize emissionsdemands while using environmentally responsible practices that minimize emissions,waste, energy consumption, and the use of raw materials

Howard Kanare: Buildings will be smarter and will monitor themselves from right after concrete placement he most important mission is to bring all design after concrete placement… he most important mission .. is to bring all design professionals and workers to a high level of knowledge about the materials and methods they use

Ed Sauter: Durability energy performance speed of construction and aesthetics—Ed Sauter: Durability, energy performance, speed of construction, and aestheticsproperties that all of us in the industry have been promoting for years—will help fuelthe growth… SCC and its derivatives will be the norm, not the exception.

James M Shilstone Sr : Mixture designs will be recognized as different from James M. Shilstone, Sr.: Mixture designs will be recognized as different from mixture proportions following Abrams' 1918 position …Proportions of concrete mixtures will be automatically adjusted in the batch plant to replicate the mix design. Portland cement concrete made 50 years from now will be a more sophisticated product than it is today.


Expert SpeculationsExpert SpeculationsExpert SpeculationsExpert Speculations

G ld F V i t S i bili i i b ll d d ThGerald F. Voigt: Sustainability is coming, but not well understood. Thetransportation community must adopt and balance environmental stewardship,business requirements, and the needs of society. Concrete pavement provides anexcellent platform because it does not require rehabilitation or reconstruction asoften, consuming fewer raw materials. Concrete pavements also offer better lightreflectance, recyclability, use of co-generated materials, and the ability to help urbanareas stay cooler.

Michael Miller: Concrete mix design will continue to advance. Self-consolidating concrete will be more widely used. Ready-mix innovation might reduce the high form pressures that limit placing rates in tall walls and columns. ..“Smart” components will notify users if pressures or loads are approaching or exceeding design limits. Smart systems might even alert users to connections or critical components that are missing or improperly installed.


Governing FactorsGoverning FactorsGoverning FactorsGoverning FactorsConcrete the king of the Construction, materials has recently b d k f b i f i dl h h become under attack for being not friendly enough to the environment.

New factors have been introduced to drive the research and d l f l h h d b d d development of concrete material that had never been considered in the past.

After decades of concentrating almost exclusively on improving concrete strength, ductility, durability, and workability as being the objective most research and developments, factors like sustainability, carbon gas emission, greening, and other

i t l id ti ill t k th l d i f t environmental considerations will take the lead in future developments not only in use of concrete as a construction material, but in the re-evaluation of the processes of manufacturing, mixing transporting casting and maintaining of concrete mixing, transporting, casting, and maintaining of concrete.


Governing FactorsGoverning FactorsGoverning FactorsGoverning Factors

S h d d b l b ll d i Such trends are spurred by two globally dominant factors:

Newly introduced environmental regulations, due to the ew y t o uce e v o e ta egu at o s, ue to t e increasing awareness of environmental and sustainability concerns. Realization of applicability of the “high tech” advancements Realization of applicability of the high-tech advancements in science and technology to the traditional “low-tech” concreting Industry. Nanotechnology, Intelligent Strcutures, Smart Materials Bi mimicr etcSmart Materials, Biomimicry, etc..


But what are the alternatives? But what are the alternatives? But, what are the alternatives? But, what are the alternatives?

SteelSteel First: How do alternatives relate to the new growing SteelSteel

Timber Timber MasonryMasonry

relate to the new growing Environmental Concerns?◦ How friendly they are to the

Environment?

MasonryMasonry?? Second: How do they respond

to the New growing and potential Environmental potential Environmental Hazards?◦ How sustainable they are against the

not-so-friendly Environment◦ How to withstand the grave Natural

and Man-made hazards (Hurricanes, Tsunamis, Earthquakes, Terrorism, Biological and Chemical, Atomic Hazards, …) , )


Alternatives? Alternatives? Alternatives? Alternatives? So before Concrete is put on the defensive end, think about

the alternatives!the alternatives!

Photos show the only surviving home in an area that was completely destroyed by Hurricane Katrina. Foundations are all that remain of most of the neighboring home, October 4, 2005 .


Alternatives? Alternatives? Alternatives? Alternatives? So before Concrete is put on the defensive end, think about

the alternatives!the alternatives!

The Greenville KS tornado, despite being the biggest target in the town, the reinforced concrete farm supply silo survived the tornado.


Alternatives? Alternatives? Alternatives? Alternatives?

Beichuan Qiang County, in Sichuan, China was one of the worst-affected regions during h G S h E h k the Great Sichuan Earthquake

of May 12, 2008. The townships of Qushan and Leigu were hit particularly Leigu were hit particularly hard, concrete structures crumbling to rubble under their own weight or being their own weight, or being crushed by landslides.



Although concrete collapses under sever earthquakes, if it well-designed and

d l l constructed it is relatively earthquake resistant to moderate quakes.



Chernobyl Disaster 26 April Chernobyl Disaster 26 April 1986: 1986:

Engineers finally poured g y p20,000 tons of concrete and lead onto the reactor to contain the radiation in December 1986.

The resulting concrete sarcophagus exists to this day, but questions of its stability and lifespan remain.


Alternatives? Alternatives? Alternatives? Alternatives? Although Concrete Industry shall be responsive positively to

the new Environmental trends the new Environmental trends,

Shall not accept the Shall not accept the KingKing of materials, Concrete to become the of materials, Concrete to become the CriminalCriminal of Materials! of Materials!


What is the common factor among those What is the common factor among those structures throughout history?structures throughout history?structures throughout history?structures throughout history?

The Coliseum The Coliseum

It is Concrete!It is Concrete!It is Concrete!It is Concrete!


What is the common factor among those What is the common factor among those structures throughout history?structures throughout history?

The Pantheon The Pantheon

structures throughout history?structures throughout history?



What is the common factor among those What is the common factor among those t t th h t hi t ?t t th h t hi t ?structures throughout history?structures throughout history?

The Aqueducts The Aqueducts qq




Sydney Opera HouseSydney Opera Housey y py y p

It is Concrete!It is Concrete!



Abu Dhabi Exhibition Center TowerAbu Dhabi Exhibition Center TowerADNECADNEC

It is Concrete!It is Concrete!



BurjBurj KhalifaKhalifa

It is Concrete!It is Concrete!26Professor A. R. Sabouni, 18th May 2010

Concrete is the …..Concrete is the …..

But which Concrete? But which Concrete? FUTURE!FUTURE!

But which Concrete? But which Concrete? Concrete that is:Concrete that is:◦ More responsive to environmental concernsp◦ More Sustainable◦ More efficient◦ More Economical◦ More Economical◦ Adaptable to modern technological advances◦ Modern and Innovative◦ Shifting from rules-of-thumb to rules of science◦ Relying on more theories than empirical findings ◦ Building Expert Systems from Human Experts◦ Building Expert Systems from Human Experts


Which Concrete?Which Concrete?Which Concrete?Which Concrete?◦Giving up the Traditional Low-T h i b h Tech image to become at the for-front of material High-Tech

◦More responsive to l environmental concerns

◦More Economical, to meet the new challenges of the societal changes.


Which Concrete?Which Concrete?Which Concrete?Which Concrete?Giving up the slum test to

i d computerized smart monitoring of mixes.


Shifting from rulesShifting from rules‐‐ofof‐‐thumb to rules of sciencethumb to rules of scienceCONCRETE MIX RULES OF THUMB

Rule 1: Rule 1: ADDING ONE GALLON OF WATER TO ONE CUBIC YARD OF FRESHLY MIXED CONCRETE WILL:MIXED CONCRETE WILL:◦ Increase slump about one

inch◦ Decrease compressive Decrease compressive

strength about 200 to 300 psi

◦ Increase shrinkage potential about 10%

◦ Waste as much as 1/4 bag of cement



Rule 2: Rule 2: IF FRESHLY MIXED CONCRETE TEMPERATURE INCREASES 10 DEGREES FARENHEIT:◦ About 1 gallon of water per About 1 gallon of water per

cubic yard maintains equal slump

◦ Air content decreases about 1%

◦ Compressive strength decreases about 150 to 200

ipsi



Rule 3:Rule 3:

If air content of fresh concrete ...INCREASES 1%:

then compressive strength decreases about 3%

DECREASES 1%

then yield decreases about 1/4 cubic foot per cubic yard

DECREASES 1%

then slump decreases about 1 inch

DECREASES 1%

then durability decreases about 10%then durability decreases about 10%


Sustainability


SustainabilitySustainabilitySustainabilitySustainabilityThe US Green Building Council has developed a rating system for the Federal Government as a guide for green and sustainable design. This system called “Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design”(LEED) system, called Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design (LEED), has become a standard adopted by several governmental agencies in its original form or some modified versions of it.

It assigns points in five different categories:1 S bl S 14 bl 1. Sustainable Sites, 14 possible points2. Water Efficiency, 5 possible points3. Energy & Atmosphere, 17 possible points4. Materials & Resources, 13 possible points5 I d E l Q l 15 bl 5. Indoor Environmental Quality, 15 possible points6. Innovation & Design Process, 5 possible points

Project Rating: j g1. Projects require at least 26 out of the total of 69 points to become “Certified” 2. Projects with 33 points are “Silver”-rated3. Projects with 39 points are “Gold”-rated4. Projects with 52 points are “Platinum”-rated, which is the highest rating.j p , g g


SustainabilitySustainabilitySustainabilitySustainability

Four Challenges: Four Challenges:

Concrete industry has become a victim of its d h f i f d i h own success and therefore is now faced with

the following tremendous challenges:

1. Reduction of required natural resources;

2. Reduction of energy consumption;

3. Reduction of CO2 emissions;

4. Reduction of water consumption.


SustainabilitySustainabilitySustainabilitySustainability

Five Strategies: Five Strategies: 1. Increased reliance on recycled materials.

2 Impro ed d rabilit b do blin the ser ice life of o r str ct res2. Improved durability., by doubling the service life of our structures.

3. Improved mechanical properties which leads to a reduction of materials needed.

4. Increased use of supplementary cementitious material, especially those that f pp y , p yare byproducts of industrial processes, such as fly ash and slag..

5. Reuse of wash water.


I iI iInnovationInnovation


InnovationInnovationMore Innovative, More Innovative, t thi k t f th t diti l t bt thi k t f th t diti l t b

InnovationInnovation

to think out of the traditional concrete box.to think out of the traditional concrete box.


SelfSelf--Healing ConcreteHealing ConcreteSelfSelf Healing ConcreteHealing ConcreteCivil engineer Prof. Victor Li designed a bendable concrete designed a bendable concrete that repairs its own cracks..

Li's self-healing concrete is based on a material he came up with in 1990 ll d i d 1990 called engineered cementitious composite. It has some of the same ingredients as portland cement, except the

bi f h i coarser bits of the mix are replaced by microfibers. When the composite is stressed, it bends without fracturing. If it d k h k d b does crack, the cracks tend to be less than 50 microns wide--thinner than a human hair. These tiny cracks have the ability to heal themselves.


SelfSelf--Healing ConcreteHealing ConcreteSelfSelf Healing ConcreteHealing ConcreteWhen Li's concrete develops hairline

k h d i i d “It’s like if you get a small cut on

h d b d h l i lf cracks, the dry composite is exposed to the moisture in the air, which it absorbs. As it does, it "grows" new concrete, filling in the cracks.

your hand, your body can heal itself. But if you have a large wound, your body needs help. You might need stitches We’ve created a material concrete, filling in the cracks.

Meanwhile, calcium ions inside the cracked concrete mix with moisture and carbon dioxide from the air,

stitches. We ve created a material with such tiny crack widths that it takes care of the healing by itself. Even if you overload it, the cracks

creating a calcium carbonate material, which enables the concrete to regain its initial degree of strength.

f y ,stay small,”

Victor Li .


SelfSelf--Healing ConcreteHealing ConcreteSelfSelf Healing ConcreteHealing ConcreteCivil Engineer: Henk Jonkers. 2009. DELFT University Bio Concrete:DELFT University Bio-Concrete:

It possible with help of special bacteria(called extremophiles) to live in extremeconditions In dry concrete for example theyconditions. In dry concrete for example theywill not only live, but they will activelyproduce copious amounts of limestone. Withthis calcium carbonate-based material theli l i k i llittle construction workers can activelyrepair occurring cracks in a concretestructure.

Instead of building against nature biologicalInstead of building against nature, biologicalmaterials and processes will be integratedinto traditional engineering materials andprocesses.

Type of Bio-mimicry.


SelfSelf--Cleaning ConcreteCleaning ConcretePhotocatalyzingPhotocatalyzing Cement Cement

Titanium dioxideTitanium dioxide--based additive based additive

SelfSelf Cleaning ConcreteCleaning Concrete

SmogSmog--eating Cementeating Cement

In laboratory conditions, the additive, under the fl f l h b d h d influence of sunlight, binds the nitrogen oxide

particles emitted by car exhausts and turns them into harmless nitrates.Nitrogen oxides, produced by industry and motor vehicles, are among the main air pollutants that lead t id i d to acid rain and smog. With one rain shower everything is washed clean.


SelfSelf--Cleaning Cleaning ConcreteConcretePhotocatalyzingPhotocatalyzing Cement Cement


SelfSelf Cleaning Cleaning ConcreteConcrete


Parts of the concrete walls d d b il i h

Rome: Meier's Dives in MisericordiaChurch in includes three concrete self-

and grounds built with cement containing an active agent that, in presence of light, breaks air pollutants such as

bearing white sails, topping out at 26 meters. The whiteness of the sails is durable through the application of the active principle, which basically "self-cleans" the surfaces breaks air pollutants such as

carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, benzene, and others through a natural chemical

cleans the surfaces.

Paris: The new Air France headquarters inside the Charles de Gaulle airport in, a place with high concentrations of hydrocarbons and through a natural chemical

process called photocatalysis. concentrations of hydrocarbons and where, needless to say, a standard white facade would not remain white for long.


SelfSelf--CleaningCleaning ConcreteConcretePhotocatalyzingPhotocatalyzing Cement Cement


SelfSelf CleaningCleaning ConcreteConcrete



SelfSelf--CleaningCleaning ConcreteConcretePhotocatalyzingPhotocatalyzing Cement Cement


SelfSelf CleaningCleaning ConcreteConcrete

SmogSmog--eating Cementeating CementRichard Meier

Richard Meier , 1934-, American architect, b. Newark, N.J., educated at Cornell Univ. During the 1960s, he was a member of the New York "Five" or "white" architects, a group that emulated the early International style . In such projects as the Smith House in Darien, Conn. (1965-67), Meier paid homage to the villas of Le Corbusier while at the same time carefully integrating his buildings into their the same time carefully integrating his buildings into their natural environments. He has successfully adapted his characteristic design aesthetic to the larger scale of public buildings in such works as the extremely sculptural High Museum of Art, Atlanta, Ga. (1983). The international and

bli h t f hi k i id t i f hi l t public character of his work is evident in many of his later commissions: the Canal Plus building, Paris (1993); the Museum of Contemporary Art, Barcelona (1995); the Paley Center for Media, Beverly Hills (1996); the Getty Center , Brentwood, Calif. (1997), a six-building arts complex often ( ) g pcalled his masterpiece; the Courthouse and Federal Building, Central Islip, N.Y. (2000); and the "Jubilee" Church, Rome (2003). Meier is also a sculptor and has created works of cast and welded metal. 45Professor A. R. Sabouni, 18th May 2010

Translucent ConcreteTranslucent ConcreteTranslucent ConcreteTranslucent Concrete

Invented by Hungarian architect Invented by Hungarian architect AronAron LosoncziLosonczi in 2001in 2001

When someone stands in front of it and light is shone from behind the person's light is shone from behind, the person s shadow can be seen clearly on the other side.

The translucent blocks are made by mixing The translucent blocks are made by mixing glass fibers into the combination of crushed stone, cement and water.

Is being used now in projects like the Is being used now in projects like the Japanese Embassy in Washington, DC


Translucent ConcreteTranslucent ConcreteTranslucent ConcreteTranslucent ConcreteLight-transmitting concrete, known also as translucent concrete is literally the translucent concrete, is literally the brightest concrete development in recent years. Strands of optical fibers are cast by the thousands into concrete to transmit light either natural or artificial into all light, either natural or artificial, into all spaces surrounding the resulting translucent panels.

The material can be used in a variety of hi l d i i d i architectural and interior design

applications, such as wall cladding and dividers.

light-transmitting concrete is produced by adding 4% to 5% optical fibers (by volume) into the concrete mixture


Nanotechnology


NanotechnologyNanotechnologyNanotechnologyNanotechnology

Th NANO h d i ?The NANO , what does it mean?Nano is Greek for “dwarf”It refers ro manipulation of matter

100 S lon <100nm Scale:

1 nanometer = 10-9 meter

1 nanometer = a row of 10 hydrogen atoms

Much smaller than a living cell

1/10,000th the size of a bacterium

A human hair is 80,000 nanometers wide.

Ref: Perumalsamy Balaguru and Ken Chong, National Science Foundation, USA, Proceedings of ACI Session on “Nanotechnology of Concrete: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives”, November 7, 2006, Denver, USA.,http://www.edocfind.com/download/ebook/NANOTECHNOLOGY%20AND%20CONCRETE:%20RESEARCH%20OPPORTUNITIES/aHR0cHM6Ly9wYW50aGVyZmlsZS51d20uZWR1L3NvY

9 ZXY d3d3L0FDSS8 LUJhbGF dXJ1LUFDSS1GL BkZm9sZXYvd3d3L0FDSS8yLUJhbGFndXJ1LUFDSS1GLnBkZg


Nanotechnology, Why?Nanotechnology, Why?Nanotechnology, Why?Nanotechnology, Why?Makes it possible to study the properties of cementitious materials properties of cementitious materials at micro/nano-scale.

Study the hydration process, alkali-silicate reaction (ASR), and fly ash

i i i h l reactivity using nanotechnology

The better understanding of the structure and behavior of concrete at micro/nano-scale could help to improve concrete properties and prevent the illness.

Addition of nanoscale materials into cement could improve its cement could improve its performance.

Adding even a small amount of carbon nanotube (1%) by weight

ld i b th i d could increase both compressive and flexural strength.


Nanotechnology, Nanotechnology, NanoconcreteNanoconcretegy,gy,

DEFINITION OF NANO-CONCRETE

Nano-concrete is defined as a concrete made with Portland cement particles that are less than 500 nano meters as the than 500 nano-meters as the cementing agent.Currently cement particle sizes range from a few nano-meters to ga maximum of about100 micro meters. In the case of micro-cement the

ti l i i d d average particle size is reduced to 5 micro meters. An order of magnitude reduction is needed to produce

Ref: Perumalsamy Balaguru and Ken Chong, National Science Foundation, USA, Proceedings of ACI Session on “Nanotechnology of Concrete: reduction is needed to produce

nano-cement.Recent Developments and Future Perspectives”, November 7, 2006, Denver, USA.,http://www.edocfind.com/download/ebook/NANOTECHNOLOGY%20AND%20CONCRETE:%20RESEARCH%20OPPORTUNITIES/aHR0cHM6Ly9wYW50aGVyZmlsZS51d20uZWR1L3NvYm9sZXYvd3d3L0FDSS8yLUJhbGFndXJ1LUFDSS1GLnBkZg


NanotechnologyNanotechnology, State, State--ofof--thethe--ArtArt

One can claim that concrete utilizes nanotechnology utilizes nanotechnology because it contains nano-particles as ingredients including nano-water particles and nano-air voids. However, we should be able to control the amount and the locations of these nano-ingredients inside the final gproducts. The scales of various constituent materials of concrete are shown in Figure. We need to create chemical or We need to create chemical or mechanical tools to control nano-scale pores and the placement of calcium-silicate hydration products. .

Ref: Perumalsamy Balaguru and Ken Chong, National Science Foundation, USA, Proceedings of ACI Session on “Nanotechnology of Concrete: y pRecent Developments and Future Perspectives”, November 7, 2006, Denver, USA.,http://www.edocfind.com/download/ebook/NANOTECHNOLOGY%20AND%20CONCRETE:%20RESEARCH%20OPPORTUNITIES/aHR0cHM6Ly9wYW50aGVyZmlsZS51d20uZWR1L3NvYm9sZXYvd3d3L0FDSS8yLUJhbGFndXJ1LUFDSS1GLnBkZg


Nanotechnology, Active Research Trends Nanotechnology, Active Research Trends Nanotechnology, Active Research Trends Nanotechnology, Active Research Trends Nano-Scale Silica Fume◦ Ultra-fine amorphous colloidal silica was found to be much more efficient than micron sized

silica for improving the performance such as permeability, and subsequently, durability.p g p p y, q y, y

Cement Hydration Kinetics◦ Conventional analytical methods are unable to provide an accurate model for the rate of

cement's reaction with water as a function of temperature, water/cement ratio, and grain size b h h l f h l R h because the reactions occur in the nano-scale pores of the cement gel. Research using neutron scattering methods to measure motions and reactions of water at a nano-scale.

Carbon Nano-Tubes◦ Carbon nano-tubes have excellent potential for use in cement composites. Carbon nano tubes have excellent potential for use in cement composites.

Nano Sensors for Concrete Structures◦ The feasibility of Cyberliths, or Smart Aggregates, as wireless sensors embedded in concrete is

being evaluated. In the future these micro sensors might be reduced to dust-particle size, with the ability to coat an entire bridge with Smart Dust for optimum monitoring capabilities via a smart sensor net. These sensors can be used to remotely monitor the condition of the concrete and reinforcement without damaging the structures.

Ref: Perumalsamy Balaguru and Ken Chong National Science Foundation USA Proceedings of ACI Session on Ref: Perumalsamy Balaguru and Ken Chong, National Science Foundation, USA, Proceedings of ACI Session on “Nanotechnology of Concrete: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives”, November 7, 2006, Denver, USA.,http://www.edocfind.com/download/ebook/NANOTECHNOLOGY%20AND%20CONCRETE:%20RESEARCH%20OPPORTUNITIES/aHR0cHM6Ly9wYW50aGVyZmlsZS51d20uZWR1L3NvYm9sZXYvd3d3L0FDSS8yLUJhbGFndXJ1LUFDSS1GLnBkZg


Nanotechnology, Nanotechnology, NanoNano--tubestubesNanotechnology, Nanotechnology, NanoNano tubestubesGeneral Description

Th t l t b The most popular nano-tubes are carbon nano-tubes, discovered by the Japanese Scientist Sumio Iijima in 1991. The equivalent diameter of the tubes i i h f 10 50 Th is in the range of 10 to 50 nm. The typical length varies from 100 to 1000nm.The elastic modulus values range from 2 0 3600 G 270 to 3600 GPa. Theoretical predictions indicate that the modulus can be as high as 5000 GPa.In tension mode, the reported strainpat failure is as high as 12% and the strengths vary from 10 to 63 GPa.

Ref: Perumalsamy Balaguru and Ken Chong, National Science Foundation, USA, Proceedings of ACI Session on “Nanotechnology of Concrete: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives”, November 7, 2006, Denver, USA.,http://www.edocfind.com/download/ebook/NANOTECHNOLOGY%20AND%20CONCRETE:%20RESEARCH%20OPPORTUNITIES/aHR0cHM6Ly9wYW50aGVyZmlsZS51d20uZWR1L3NvYm9sZXYvd3d3L0FDSS8yLUJhbGFndXJ1LUFDSS1GLnBkZg


Nanotechnology, Nanotechnology, NanoNano--tubestubesNanotechnology, Nanotechnology, NanoNano tubestubesNono-tubes◦ Lead to a new generation of concrete

that is stronger, more durable and attractive as well smarter.

◦ CNT’s could potentially be 100 times p ystronger than structural steel whilst being much lighter and adaptable to varying structural and architectural applications (Gasman 2006; Poole et al. pp ( ;2003).

◦ Possible development of sensors that act as part of the substrate, thereby providing feedback about internal providing feedback about internal stresses and early warnings of potential problems in concrete structures


Nanotechnology, Nanotechnology, NonoNono--tubestubesNanotechnology, Nanotechnology, NonoNono tubestubesMixing Nanomaterials In Concrete ◦ A major disadvantage of nanosize

powder and materials, though, is the tendency to form agglomerates during wetting and mixing Unless during wetting and mixing. Unless the individual particles are well dispersed, agglomeration reduces the exposed particle surface leading to inferior concrete propertiesinferior concrete properties.

Ultrasonic Mixing Of Nanomaterials◦ Ultrasonication is a very effective

means for the mixing, dispersing and deagglomeration. The picture below shows a typical result of ultrasonic shows a typical result of ultrasonic dispersing of fumed silica in water.


Nanotechnology, Nanotechnology, NanoNano--tubestubesNanotechnology, Nanotechnology, NanoNano tubestubesUltrasonic Mixing At Any Scale ◦ Hielscher offers ultrasonic mixing ◦ Hielscher offers ultrasonic mixing

devices for use in research and full scale processing.

Laboratory Research And Laboratory Research And Development ◦ Hielscher ultrasonic laboratory

devices produce lab devices athatre typically used for the ultrasonic

i i f ll b h mixing of small batches. ◦ This makes it easy to mix

different formulations and determine the impact of ultrasonication intensity and ultrasonication intensity and duration of sonication.


Nanotechnology, Nanotechnology, NanoNano--tubestubesNanotechnology, Nanotechnology, NanoNano tubestubesUltrasonic Mixing In Production Production

The ultrasonic mixing equipment needed for scale up can be determined exactly based on the laboratory test exactly based on the laboratory test.


Concrete in Abu Dhabi 2030Concrete in Abu Dhabi 2030Concrete in Abu Dhabi 2030Concrete in Abu Dhabi 2030


Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council Planning Council (ADUPC):- Urban Structure Framework Plan, Abu Dhabu 2030Plan, Abu Dhabu 2030- “ESTIDAMA, Sustainable Buildings and Communities and Buildings Program for the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. Design Guidelines of Abu Dhabi. Design Guidelines for New Residential and Commercial Buildings”, Working Documents, 133 pp.

Concrete is a key player in the Abu Dhabi 2030, but …… which Concrete?


Concrete in Abu Dhabi 2030Concrete in Abu Dhabi 2030

Concrete is a key player in the Abu Dhabi 2030, but …… which Concrete?


Concrete in Abu Dhabi 2030Concrete in Abu Dhabi 2030(It t ti t t t f t )(It t ti t t t f t )(Items most pertinent to concrete future)(Items most pertinent to concrete future)

E–6 Pursue green building standards for design and construction that

responds to the local climate and is based on sustainable building

EE––6 Pursue green building standards for design and 6 Pursue green building standards for design and construction thatconstruction that◦ Concrete life cycle materialsp g

practices (e.g. solar orientation, xeriscaping, life cycle materials)

and create an Abu Dhabi Green Building Council to this end, in

cooperation with the Environmental Agency.

E–7 Pursue sustainable infrastructure technologies for managing

energy waste and water Develop a Sustainable Waste and Resources

y◦ Concrete Production◦ Concrete Mix ◦ Nonotechology

EE––7 7 PursuePursue sustainablesustainable infrastructure technologies for infrastructure technologies for managingmanaging◦ From Low-tech to high-tech concreting

R l d l d d tenergy, waste, and water. Develop a Sustainable Waste and Resources

Strategy.

E–8 Pursue green practices in all industrial activities.

E–9 Promote Abu Dhabi as a model environmentally responsible

community, including its research, application of evolving best

◦ Recycled gravel, sand and concrete

EE––8 Pursue green practices in all industrial activities.8 Pursue green practices in all industrial activities.

EE––9 Promote Abu Dhabi as a model environmentally 9 Promote Abu Dhabi as a model environmentally responsibleresponsible◦ Innovative Concrete ◦ Translucent concrete ◦ Self healing Concrete practices, eco-tourism, eco-business and education, and to this

end, support and expand the Masdar Initiative.

E–10 Create and enforce a Smog Certification program for all boat

traffic traveling in waterways around Abu Dhabi Islands and the

◦ Self-healing Concrete

EE––10 Create and enforce a Smog Certification program for all 10 Create and enforce a Smog Certification program for all boatboat◦ Nanotechnology ◦ Self-cleaning Concrete

g y

National Park System.

E–11 Establish a network of environmental education programs and

facilities throughout Abu Dhabi (e.g. education centers, school

programs, island and desert eco-adventure activities, sustainable

building and living demonstrations incentives for green living

EE––11 Establish a network of environmental education 11 Establish a network of environmental education programs andprograms and◦ Sustainable concrete ◦ Concrete Research

building and living demonstrations, incentives for green living

choices such as public transit or photovoltaic installation).


ESTIDAMAESTIDAMAEstidama Guidelines Credit System

Chapter Criterion Credits attainable

ESTIDAMAESTIDAMA

Chapter Criterion Credits attainable

3. Water 304. Energy 205. Indoor Environmental Quality 155. Indoor Environmental Quality 156. Ecology 7.57. Management 58. Transport 58. Transport 59. Pollution 510. Materials 511 W t M t 511. Waste Management 512. Land Use 2.5

Total 100

Professor A. R. Sabouni, 18th May 2010 65

ESTIDAMAESTIDAMA Concrete in Abu Dhabi 2030Concrete in Abu Dhabi 2030


Concrete in Abu Dhabi 2030Concrete in Abu Dhabi 2030ESTIDAMAESTIDAMA


ConclusionsConclusionsConclusionsConclusionsConcrete Industry is still largely working with 19th

“Because of nanotechnology we will see more change in largely working with 19th-

century methods. It has to find alternatives to reduce the weight and energy

we will see more change in our civilization in the next thirty years than we did during all of the 20t century”g gy

consumption and improve efficiency of large structures of the Future.

g yNational Science Foundation

“Nanotechnology has given us

The future is with Nanotechnology!

gy gthe tools to play with, the ultimate toy box of nature --atoms and molecules. The possibilities to create new possibilities to create new things appear limitless.”

Horst Stormer,

Nobel laureate in physicsNobel laureate in physics


Concrete Mix Design Conference Abu DhabiMay 18-19, 2010

Future trends in Concrete Future trends in Concrete FFor Ab Dhabi 2030or Ab Dhabi 2030FFor Abu Dhabi 2030or Abu Dhabi 2030

Prof. Abdul Rahim Sabouni BSc (Hons), MSc (GWU), PhD (Cornell), PEng, FASCE, FACIVice Chancellor and CEOALHOSN UNIVERSITY

Th k Y ! Th k Y !….. Thank You!….. Thank You!70Professor A. R. Sabouni, 18th May 2010