future precision neutrino experiments and their theoretical madrid, spain november 22, 2007 walter...
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Neutrino oscillation phenomenologyTRANSCRIPT
Future precision neutrino experiments Future precision neutrino experiments and their theoretical motivationand their theoretical motivation
@UAM@UAMMadrid, SpainMadrid, Spain
November 22, 2007November 22, 2007
Walter WinterWalter WinterUniversität WürzburgUniversität Würzburg
Nov. 22, 2007 UAM 2007 - Walter Winter 2
ContentsContents
Introduction: Introduction: Neutrino oscillation phenomenologyNeutrino oscillation phenomenology
Future neutrino oscillation experiments Future neutrino oscillation experiments Why these measurements?Why these measurements? Testing the theory space: One exampleTesting the theory space: One example SummarySummary
Neutrino oscillation phenomenologyNeutrino oscillation phenomenology
Nov. 22, 2007 UAM 2007 - Walter Winter 4
Neutrino oscillations with two flavorsNeutrino oscillations with two flavorsMixing and mass squared difference:Mixing and mass squared difference:
“disappearance”: “disappearance”:
“appearance”: “appearance”:
Amplitude~Frequency
Baseline: Source - Detector
Energy
Nov. 22, 2007 UAM 2007 - Walter Winter 5
Three flavor neutrino oscillationsThree flavor neutrino oscillations(the “standard” picture)(the “standard” picture)
Coupling strength: 13
Atmosphericoscillations:Amplitude: 23
Frequency: m312
Solaroscillations:Amplitude: 12
Frequency: m212
Suppressed effect: CP
Does this parameter explain the baryon
asymmetry?
Only upper bound so far!Key to CP violationin the lepton sector!
(Super-K, 1998;Chooz, 1999; SNO 2001+2002; KamLAND 2002)
Two large mixing angles!m21
2 << m312
Nov. 22, 2007 UAM 2007 - Walter Winter 6
Neutrino oscillations: current knowledgeNeutrino oscillations: current knowledge
(Maltoni, Schwetz, Tortola, Valle, 2004-2007)
Nov. 22, 2007 UAM 2007 - Walter Winter 7
Matter effects in Matter effects in -oscillations (MSW)-oscillations (MSW) Ordinary matter Ordinary matter
contains electrons, contains electrons, but no but no ,,
Coherent forward Coherent forward scattering in matter scattering in matter has net effect on electron flavor because of CC (rel. phase shift)has net effect on electron flavor because of CC (rel. phase shift)
Matter effects proportional to electron density and Matter effects proportional to electron density and baselinebaseline Hamiltonian in matter:Hamiltonian in matter:
Y: electron fraction ~ 0.5
(electrons per nucleon)
(Wolfenstein, 1978; Mikheyev, Smirnov, 1985)
Matter potential not CP-/CPT-invariant!
Future neutrino oscillationFuture neutrino oscillationexperimentsexperiments
Nov. 22, 2007 UAM 2007 - Walter Winter 9
A multi-detector reactor experimentA multi-detector reactor experiment… for a “clean” measurement of … for a “clean” measurement of 1313
Double Choozsize
Daya Baysize
(Minakata et al, 2002; Huber, Lindner, Schwetz, Winter, 2003)
Identical detectors, L ~ 1.1-1.7 km
Unknownsystematics
important for large
luminosity
NB: No sensitivity to CP and
mass hierarchy!
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On the way to precision:On the way to precision:Neutrino BeamsNeutrino Beams
Accelerator-based neutrino
source
Often: near detector (measures flux times
cross sections)
Far detector
Baseline: L ~ E/m2
(Osc. length)
?
Nov. 22, 2007 UAM 2007 - Walter Winter 11
Example: MINOSExample: MINOS Measurement of atmosphericMeasurement of atmospheric
parameters with high precisionparameters with high precision Flavor conversion ?Flavor conversion ? Fermilab - Soudan
L ~ 735 km
Far detector: 5400 tNear detector: 980 t
735 km
Beam line
Nov. 22, 2007 UAM 2007 - Walter Winter 12
The hunt for The hunt for 1313 Example scenario; bands Example scenario; bands
reflect unknown reflect unknown CPCP New generation of New generation of
experiments dominates experiments dominates quickly!quickly!
Neutrino factory:Neutrino factory:Uses muon decaysUses muon decays + + ee + e + e
Reach down to Reach down to sinsin22221313 ~ 10 ~ 10-5 -5 -- 1010-4 -4
(~ osc. amplitude!)(~ osc. amplitude!)
O(1,000,000) events/yearO(1,000,000) events/yearin 50 kt detector @ 3000 in 50 kt detector @ 3000 km from source!km from source!(from: FNAL Proton Driver Study)
GLoBES 2005
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Neutrino factoryNeutrino factory Ultimate “high precision” instrument!?Ultimate “high precision” instrument!? Muon decays in straight sections of storage Muon decays in straight sections of storage
ringring Technical challenges: Target power, muon Technical challenges: Target power, muon
cooling, charge identification, maybe steep cooling, charge identification, maybe steep decay tunnelsdecay tunnels
(from: CERN Yellow Report )
p
Target
, K
Decays
-Accelerator
Cooling
“Wrong sign”
“Right sign”
“Wrong sign”
“Right sign”
(Geer, 1997; de Rujula, Gavela, Hernandez, 1998; Cervera et al, 2000)
Nov. 22, 2007 UAM 2007 - Walter Winter 14
IDS-NF launched at NuFact 07IDS-NF launched at NuFact 07International design study for a neutrino factoryInternational design study for a neutrino factory
Successor of the International Scoping Study for a „future Successor of the International Scoping Study for a „future neutrino factory and superbeam facility“:neutrino factory and superbeam facility“:Physics case made in physics WG report (370 pp) Physics case made in physics WG report (370 pp) (arXiv:0710.4947 [hep-ph])(arXiv:0710.4947 [hep-ph])
Initiative from ~ 2007-2012 to present a design report, Initiative from ~ 2007-2012 to present a design report, schedule, cost estimate, risk assessment for a neutrino factoryschedule, cost estimate, risk assessment for a neutrino factory
In Europe: Close connection to „EuroIn Europe: Close connection to „Eurous“ proposal us“ proposal within the FP 07; for UAM: within the FP 07; for UAM: Andrea DoniniAndrea Donini (deputy (deputy coordinator of WP 6); in Spain also: IFIC Valencia coordinator of WP 6); in Spain also: IFIC Valencia
In the US: „Muon collider task force“ - How can a neutrino In the US: „Muon collider task force“ - How can a neutrino factory be „upgraded“ to a muon collider?factory be „upgraded“ to a muon collider?
Nov. 22, 2007 UAM 2007 - Walter Winter 15
Appearance channels: Appearance channels: ee
Complicated, but all interesting information there: Complicated, but all interesting information there: 1313, , CPCP, mass hierarchy (via A), mass hierarchy (via A)
(see e.g. Akhmedov, Johansson, Lindner, Ohlsson, Schwetz, 2004)
Anti-nus
Nov. 22, 2007 UAM 2007 - Walter Winter 16
Problems with degeneraciesProblems with degeneracies Connected (green) or Connected (green) or
disconnected (yellow) disconnected (yellow) degenerate solutions in degenerate solutions in parameter spaceparameter space
Affect measurementsAffect measurementsExample: Example: 1313-sensitivity-sensitivity
(Huber, Lindner, Winter, 2002)(Huber, Lindner, Winter, 2002)
Discrete degeneracies: Discrete degeneracies: ((,,1313)-degeneracy)-degeneracy(Burguet-Castell et al, 2001)(Burguet-Castell et al, 2001)
sgn-degeneracy sgn-degeneracy (Minakata, Nunokawa, 2001)(Minakata, Nunokawa, 2001)
((2323,,/2-/2-2323)-degeneracy )-degeneracy (Fogli, Lisi, 1996)(Fogli, Lisi, 1996)
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Resolving degeneraciesResolving degeneraciesExample: „Magic“ baseline for NFExample: „Magic“ baseline for NF
L= ~ 4000 km (CP) + L= ~ 4000 km (CP) + ~7500 km (degs) today ~7500 km (degs) today baseline configuration of baseline configuration of a neutrino factory a neutrino factory (ISS report, (ISS report, arXiv:0710.4947arXiv:0710.4947))
(Huber, Winter, 2003)(Huber, Winter, 2003)
Nov. 22, 2007 UAM 2007 - Walter Winter 18
NF precision measurementsNF precision measurements
(Gandhi, Winter, 2006)(Huber, Lindner, Winter, 2004)
CP precision 13 precision
CP dep.
3 corresponds to ~ 5 to 10
degrees at 1
Why these measurements?Why these measurements?
Nov. 22, 2007 UAM 2007 - Walter Winter 20
Lepton masses and the seesawLepton masses and the seesaw
Charged leptonmass terms
Effective neutrinomass terms
cf., CC interaction
Rotates left-handedfields
Block-diag.
Eff. 3x3 case
Nov. 22, 2007 UAM 2007 - Walter Winter 21
Experiments vs. neutrino mass models Experiments vs. neutrino mass models Mass models describe masses and mixings (Mass models describe masses and mixings (mass mass
matricesmatrices) by symmetries, GUTs, anarchy arguments, etc.) by symmetries, GUTs, anarchy arguments, etc. From that: predictions for observablesFrom that: predictions for observables Example: Literature research for Example: Literature research for 1313
(Albright, Chen, 2006)
Peak generic or biased?
Experimentsprovide important
hints for theory
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Performance indicators for theoryPerformance indicators for theoryWhat observables test the theory space most efficiently?What observables test the theory space most efficiently?
Magnitude of Magnitude of 1313 (see before!) (see before!) Mass hierarchyMass hierarchy
(strongly affects textures)(strongly affects textures) Deviations from max. mixingsDeviations from max. mixings
((-- symmetry?) symmetry?) |sin|sin221212-1/3|-1/3|
(tribimaximal mixings?)(tribimaximal mixings?) |sin|sinCPCP-1|-1| (CP violation) (CP violation)
(leptogenesis?)(leptogenesis?) CC++1212 ~ ~ /4 ~ /4 ~ 2323
(indicator for quark-lepton (indicator for quark-lepton unification?) unification?)
(Antusch et al, hep-ph/0404268)
Connection with quark sector!
Nov. 22, 2007 UAM 2007 - Walter Winter 23
One example for predictions: AnarchyOne example for predictions: Anarchy Assume: No structure in Yukawa Assume: No structure in Yukawa
couplings, all coefficients random couplings, all coefficients random and O(1) and O(1) oror: Low energy theory is sufficiently : Low energy theory is sufficiently complicated to justify random matricescomplicated to justify random matrices
From complex matrices: maximal From complex matrices: maximal mixings, large mixings, large 1313 preferred; preferred; CPCP ~ ~ (CP conservation) (CP conservation)
Can one combine such an approch Can one combine such an approch with very simple=with very simple=genericgeneric assumptions on flavor symmetries, assumptions on flavor symmetries, quark-lepton unification etc.?quark-lepton unification etc.?
(Haba, Murayama, 2000)
(12, 13, 23)
Testing the theory space:Testing the theory space:One exampleOne example
Nov. 22, 2007 UAM 2007 - Walter Winter 25
Bottom-up approach: ProcedureBottom-up approach: Procedure A conventional approach:A conventional approach:
Bottom-up approach:Bottom-up approach:
Theory(e.g. GUT,
flavor symmetry)
Yukawacouplingstructure
Fit (orderone coeff.)to data!?
Theory(e.g. flavor symmetry)
Yukawacouplingstructure
Yukawacouplingswith orderone coeff.
Connection to observables
Model Texture Realization
Genericassumptions(e.g. QLC)
m : 1 1 : n
Diag.,many d.o.f.
No diag.,reduce d.o.f. by knowledge on data
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Benefits of bottom-up approachBenefits of bottom-up approach
Key features:Key features:1.1. Construct Construct allall possibilities possibilities given a set of generic given a set of generic
assumptions assumptions New textures, models, etc. New textures, models, etc.2.2. Learn something about Learn something about parameter spaceparameter space
Spin-off: Learn how experiments can most Spin-off: Learn how experiments can most efficiently test this parameter space!efficiently test this parameter space!
Very genericassumptions
Automatedprocedure:generate allpossibilities
Interpretation/analysis
Select solutions
compatible with data
Cannot foresee the outcome! Low bias!?
Nov. 22, 2007 UAM 2007 - Walter Winter 27
Quark versus lepton mixingsQuark versus lepton mixings
Basic idea: Use same Basic idea: Use same parameterization parameterization to compare mixing to compare mixing angles, phase(s)angles, phase(s)
Why should that be interesting at all if there was no connection Why should that be interesting at all if there was no connection suspected between the two sectors?suspected between the two sectors?
0.970.97 0.230.23 0.0040.004
0.230.23 0.970.97 0.0420.042
0.0080.008 0.0420.042 1.001.00
0.79-0.880.79-0.88 0.47-0.610.47-0.61 <0.20<0.20
0.19-0.520.19-0.52 0.42-0.730.42-0.73 0.58-0.820.58-0.82
0.20-0.530.20-0.53 0.44-0.740.44-0.74 0.56-0.80.56-0.8
VCKM UPMNS
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Generic assumptions from Generic assumptions from quark-lepton unification?quark-lepton unification?
Phenomenological hint e.g.Phenomenological hint e.g.
(„Quark-Lepton-(„Quark-Lepton-Complementarity“ - QLC)Complementarity“ - QLC)(Petcov, Smirnov, 1993; Smirnov, 2004; Raidal, 2004; Minakata, Smirnov, 2004; others)
Is there Is there oneone quantity quantity ~ ~ CC
which describes all mixings which describes all mixings and hierarchies? and hierarchies?
Remnant of a Remnant of a unified theoryunified theory??
LeptonSector
QuarkSector
Symmetrybreaking(s)
E Unified theory
Nov. 22, 2007 UAM 2007 - Walter Winter 29
Manifestation of Manifestation of Mass hierarchies of quarks/charged leptons: Mass hierarchies of quarks/charged leptons:
mmuu:m:mcc:m:mtt==66::44:1, m:1, mdd:m:mss:m:mbb==44::22:1, :1, mmee:m:m:m:m==44::22:1 :1 (motivated by flavor symmetries)(motivated by flavor symmetries)
Neutrino masses: mNeutrino masses: m11:m:m22:m:m33~~22:::1, 1:1::1, 1:1: oder 1:1:1 oder 1:1:1 MixingsMixings Example: Example:
11 33
11 22
33 22 11VCKM ~
UPMNS ~ VCKM
+Ubimax ?Combination of
and max. mixings? Generic assumption!
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Extended QLC in the 3x3-caseExtended QLC in the 3x3-case1.1. Generate all possible (real) UGenerate all possible (real) Ull, U, U
with mixing angles with mixing angles (262,144)(262,144)
2.2. Calculate UCalculate UPMNSPMNS and read off mixing angles; and read off mixing angles;select only select only realizationsrealizations compatible with data compatible with data (2,468)(2,468)
3.3. Calculate mass matrices using eigenvalues from last Calculate mass matrices using eigenvalues from last slide withslide with
and determine and determine leading order coefficientsleading order coefficients a few a few Textures Textures (19)(19) No diagonalization necessaryNo diagonalization necessary
Cutoff givenby current
precision ~ 2
Example:
1
Nov. 22, 2007 UAM 2007 - Walter Winter 31
New textures from extended QLCNew textures from extended QLC New sum rules and systematic classificationNew sum rules and systematic classification
of texturesof textures Example: Example:
„Diamond“ textures„Diamond“ textureswith new sum rules, with new sum rules, such assuch as
(includes coefficients from underlying realizations)(includes coefficients from underlying realizations)
Can be obtainedCan be obtained from two large mixing angles in the from two large mixing angles in the lepton sector! lepton sector! „Entangled“ mixings?„Entangled“ mixings?
(Plentinger, Seidl, Winter, hep-ph/0612169)
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Distribution of observablesDistribution of observables Parameter space analysis based on realizationsParameter space analysis based on realizations Large Large 33 preferred preferred Compared to the GUT literature:Compared to the GUT literature:
Some realizations with very small sinSome realizations with very small sin22221313 ~3.3 10 ~3.3 10-5-5
(Plentinger, Seidl, Winter, hep-ph/0612169)
Tribimaximal?
Nov. 22, 2007 UAM 2007 - Walter Winter 33
How exps affect this parameter spaceHow exps affect this parameter space Strong pressure from Strong pressure from 1313 and and 1212 measurements measurements 1212 can emerge as a combination between can emerge as a combination between
maximal mixing and maximal mixing and CC! ! „Extended“ QLC „Extended“ QLC
(Plentinger, Seidl, Winter, hep-ph/0612169)
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Introducing complex phasesIntroducing complex phases Vary all complex Vary all complex
phases with phases with uniformuniform distributionsdistributions
Calculate all validCalculate all validrealizations andrealizations andtextures (n:1)textures (n:1) Landscape Landscape interpretation withinterpretation withsome mass structure?some mass structure?(see e.g. Hall, Salem, Watari, 2007)(see e.g. Hall, Salem, Watari, 2007)
Want ~Want ~CC-precision-precision(~12(~12oo) for ) for CPCP??
(Winter, 2007)
(Ul ≠ 1)
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Distributions in the Distributions in the 1313--CPCP-plane-plane
delta ~ theta_C necessary!delta ~ theta_C necessary!
(Winter, 2007; beta beam from Burguet-Castell et al, 2005)Clusters contain 50% of all realizations of one texture
Nov. 22, 2007 UAM 2007 - Walter Winter 36
The seesaw in extended QLCThe seesaw in extended QLC(Plentinger, Seidl, W
inter, arXiv:0707.2379)
Generate allmixing angles and
hierarchies by
Only real cases!
Nov. 22, 2007 UAM 2007 - Walter Winter 37
See-saw statistics (NH)See-saw statistics (NH)… based on realizations… based on realizations
Often: Mild hierarchies Often: Mild hierarchies in Min MRR found foundResonant leptogenesis?Resonant leptogenesis?Flavor effects?Flavor effects?
Charged lepton mixing is, in general, not small!Charged lepton mixing is, in general, not small!
Special cases Special cases rare, except rare, except from Mfrom MRR ~ ~ diagonal! diagonal!
(Plentinger, Seidl, Winter, arXiv:0707.2379)
Nov. 22, 2007 UAM 2007 - Walter Winter 38
Seesaw-Textures Seesaw-Textures (NH, (NH, 1313 small) small) Obtain 1981 texture sets {MObtain 1981 texture sets {Mll, M, MDD, M, MRR}}
(Plentinger, Seidl, Winter, arXiv:0707.2379;http://theorie.physik.uni-wuerzburg.de/~winter/Resources/SeeSawTex/)
= 0, 2
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What are the textures good for?What are the textures good for?Example: Froggatt-Nielsen mechanismExample: Froggatt-Nielsen mechanism
Nov. 22, 2007 UAM 2007 - Walter Winter 40
Outlook: Towards model buildingOutlook: Towards model building Example:Example:
Froggatt-NielsenFroggatt-Nielsenmechanismmechanism Use M-fold ZUse M-fold ZNN product productflavor symmetryflavor symmetry-powers are determined -powers are determined
by flavor symmetry by flavor symmetry quantum numbers of quantum numbers of left- and right-handed left- and right-handed fermions!fermions!
How much complexity How much complexity is actually needed tois actually needed toreproduce our textures?reproduce our textures? Depends on structure Depends on structurein textures!in textures! (Plentinger, Seidl, Winter, in preparation)
PRELIMINARY
Our 1981 textures
PRELIMINARY
Systematic test ofall possible charge
assignments!
Nov. 22, 2007 UAM 2007 - Walter Winter 41
One exampleOne example ZZ5 5 x Zx Z4 4 x Zx Z33
Case 205, Texture 1679Case 205, Texture 1679(http://theorie.physik.uni-wuerzburg.de/~winter/Resources/SeeSawTex/)
Quantum numbers (example):Quantum numbers (example):11
cc, , 22cc, , 33
cc:: (1,0,1), (0,3,2), (3,3,0)(1,0,1), (0,3,2), (3,3,0)ll11, l, l22, l, l33: : (4,3,2), (0,1,0), (0,2,2)(4,3,2), (0,1,0), (0,2,2)ee11
cc, e, e22cc, e, e33
cc: : (3,0,2), (2,0,2), (1,2,0)(3,0,2), (2,0,2), (1,2,0) Realization: can e.g. be realized with Realization: can e.g. be realized with
((1212,,1313,,2323) ~ (33) ~ (33oo,0.2,0.2oo,52,52oo)) (Plentinger, Seidl, Winter, in preparation)
Absorb overallscaling factor inabsolute scale!0 ~ 3, 4, …!
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SummarySummary Future experiments may test sinFuture experiments may test sin22221313 down to ~ 10 down to ~ 10-5-5 and and
measure measure CPCP at the level of about 10 degrees (1 at the level of about 10 degrees (1for for sinsin22221313 = 10 = 10-3-3))
We parameterize UWe parameterize UPMNSPMNS in the same way as V in the same way as VCKMCKM What can we learn from a comparison? What can we learn from a comparison?
One may learn about the theory space and distributions of One may learn about the theory space and distributions of observables from „automated model building“ using observables from „automated model building“ using generic assumptionsgeneric assumptions
Extended QLC is one such assumption which connects Extended QLC is one such assumption which connects neutrino physics with the quark sector via neutrino physics with the quark sector via ~ ~ CC: : Want e.g. Cabibbo-angle precision for Want e.g. Cabibbo-angle precision for CPCP??
Why use more complicated non-Abelian flavor symmetries Why use more complicated non-Abelian flavor symmetries if one can generate thousands of models from if one can generate thousands of models from a prioria priori very very simple assumptions?simple assumptions?