future electricity grids 1/2
DESCRIPTION
The European power system has changed considerably in the last 15 years. The liberalisation and unbundling of the electricity market has led to increased international power flows and reduced influence of the system operators. Meanwhile, renewable and other small-scale uncontrolled and variable energy sources are being installed in the system.In today’s session the effects of these changes on the power system will be discussed. They will be analysed along with how investments in the transmission system can help, and the different options available. Special attention will be given to power flow controlling devices and HVDC as they are getting much attention in the power industry at the moment. * Effects of wind energy in the international power system * Investments in the transmission system, why are they lacking, what the options are (overhead, cable, etc.)TRANSCRIPT
Mini-Course on Future Electric GridsPart 1 of 2
Dirk Van Hertem — [email protected]
Electric power systemsElectrical engineering department
Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
February 22, 2010
K.U.Leuven (Belgium) KTH, Stockholm (Sweden)
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 1 / 29
1 IntroductionCourse overview
2 Variable flows in the systemBefore liberalization and the rise of renewablesInternational market environmentMore renewable energy generationEffects on the systemInternational settingCommon misunderstandings about wind power
3 Investments in the power systemNeed for investmentsInvestments to integrate renewablesInvestment technologies to increase transmission capacity
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 2 / 29
Introduction
1 IntroductionCourse overview
2 Variable flows in the systemBefore liberalization and the rise of renewablesInternational market environmentMore renewable energy generationEffects on the systemInternational settingCommon misunderstandings about wind power
3 Investments in the power systemNeed for investmentsInvestments to integrate renewablesInvestment technologies to increase transmission capacity
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 3 / 29
Introduction Course overview
Who am I?
Master in engineering from KHK Geel, Belgium
Master of science in engineering from K.U.Leuven, Belgium
PhD in engineering from K.U.Leuven, Belgium
Currently Post-Doc researcher at the Royal Institute of Technology,Stockholm, Sweden
Active member of both IEEE and Cigré
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 4 / 29
Introduction Course overview
Course overview and objectives
Overview Part 1New situation in the power system
1 Liberalization of the market2 Increased penetration of smaller, variable energy sources3 No single authority in Europe4 Lacking investments in the transmission system
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 5 / 29
Introduction Course overview
Course overview and objectives
Overview Part 2International coordination in the power system
How this cooperation can benefit and obstruct
Power flow controllers
Coordination and power flow controllers
The future “supergrid”. . .
. . . and the road towards it
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 5 / 29
Introduction Course overview
What it is about and what not
Not the grid of 2050
Main focus is Europe
Not about smart grids (or not specifically)
About transmission and not distribution
Mainly from a grid operator point of view
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 6 / 29
Variable flows in the system
1 IntroductionCourse overview
2 Variable flows in the systemBefore liberalization and the rise of renewablesInternational market environmentMore renewable energy generationEffects on the systemInternational settingCommon misunderstandings about wind power
3 Investments in the power systemNeed for investmentsInvestments to integrate renewablesInvestment technologies to increase transmission capacity
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 7 / 29
Variable flows in the system Before liberalization and the rise of renewables
The old system
Before liberalization:Mostly vertically integrated companiesAll operational issues were within one companyBoth generation and transmission investments were done in one companyand coordinatedSynchronous system to increase securityLimited international trade, and mostly long-term contracts
Before massive introduction of renewable energy sources anddistributed generation:
Centrally planned generationCentrally controlledFocus on high availabilityBigger is better (economy of scale)
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 8 / 29
Variable flows in the system International market environment
Energy is traded
Electric energy is traded on the market in blocks of 1 or more hours
Where different bids can come from different generators
These bids are also from neighboring systems
When a single company offers a block, this is not necessarily from thesame generator
This causes variable flows throughout the grid
Including transnational flows
Physical flows are not equal to contracted flows
A higher reserve margin is needed
The ramping of generators is not immediate
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 9 / 29
Variable flows in the system More renewable energy generation
Increased penetration of smaller, variable energy sources
Traditional power plantsBigger is better, more economicSize is limited by technology (GW power plants)Generally investments and operation by centrally controlled, bigcompanies
Renewables, CHP and new generator types emergedGeneration units as small as 1 kWNot centrally planned or controlledFurther increase to be expected in the future (Electrical cars?)
Uncertain generation pattern. . .Pwind = f (v3
wind ), no light during the night and clouds,. . .CHP output is usually dependent on heat process
. . . and consequently uncertain flows
Balancing of wind is a problem for some countries
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 10 / 29
Variable flows in the system More renewable energy generation
A strong increase in power from renewable energy
Figure: Share of electricity from renewable energyto gross electricity consumption. (source:Eurostat)
Figure: The development of wind energy inEurope shows an almost exponential increase(logarithmic scale). (source: Eurostat)
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 11 / 29
Variable flows in the system More renewable energy generation
A strong increase in power from renewable energyIncreased installed wind power in Europe
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 11 / 29
Variable flows in the system More renewable energy generation
A strong increase in power from renewable energy
Installed capacity of wind in Europe
(source EWEA)
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 11 / 29
Variable flows in the system More renewable energy generation
A strong increase in power from renewable energyLarger part of new generation is from variable sources
(source EWEA)Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 11 / 29
Variable flows in the system Effects on the system
Effects on the system
Contracted/scheduled flows
[email protected]© K.U.Leuven - ESAT/Electa
Unannounced wind power in the north D scheduled power exchanges
B NL
D
CENTREL
RWE
ELIA TENNET CEPS
CZ
MVM
H
SEPS
SK
PSE
PL
A APG
CH
ETRANS
I
TERNA
ELES
SLO
HEP
HR BiH
F RTE
E
REE
P
REN
PSE
ELES
North
South
- 1017 - 2967
- 504
+3903 +3126
+677
+2614
- 5380 - 452
646
2169
2150
798
1815
4669
118
3022
1704
575
481
120
401
667
173
532
1525GB
DC link 752
- 3068- 980
- 426
+3846
+2560
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 12 / 29
Variable flows in the system Effects on the system
Effects on the system
Physical flows
[email protected]© K.U.Leuven - ESAT/Electa
Unannounced wind power in the north D scheduled power exchanges vs physical power flows
B NL
D
CENTREL
RWE
ELIA TENNET CEPS
CZ
MVM
H
SEPS
SK
PSE
PL
A APG
CH
ETRANS
I
TERNA
ELES
SLO
HEP
HR BiH
F RTE
E
REE
P
REN
PSE
ELES
North
South
- 1017 - 2967
- 504
+3903 +3126
+677
+2614
- 5380 - 452
646
2169
2150
798
1815
4669
118
3022
1704
575
481
120
401
667
173
532
1525GB
DC link 752
4553
342
287
5
1267
28
817
1485
505
84611
89
1421
- 3068- 980
- 426
+3846
+2560
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 12 / 29
Variable flows in the system Effects on the system
Effects on the system
Resulting flows
[email protected]© K.U.Leuven - ESAT/Electa
Unannounced wind power in the north Ddifference between physical and programmed flows
B NL
D
CENTREL
RWE
ELIATENNET CEPS
CZ
MVM
H
SEPS
SK
PSE
PL
A
APGCH
ETRANS
I
TERNA
ELES
SLO
HEP
HR BiH
F
RTE
E
REE
P
REN
PSE
ELES
North
South
2384
147
150
2283
232
0
1492
1307
4327
437
729
92
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 12 / 29
Variable flows in the system Effects on the system
Effects on the system
Frequency deviations due to hourly changes in generation and limited ramprates (source UCTE)
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 12 / 29
Variable flows in the system Effects on the system
Effects on the systemFrequency deviations in Nordel increase in general
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 12 / 29
Variable flows in the system Effects on the system
Unpredictability of wind power: international context
0 5 10 15 20 25 30−2000
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
Day of the month
Win
d ge
nera
tion
(MW
)
Actual
Real, estimated and mismatch wind generation in November 2007 in theE.On-Netz grid (Now transpower, part of TenneT), Day-ahead data for every15 min
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 13 / 29
Variable flows in the system Effects on the system
Unpredictability of wind power: international context
0 5 10 15 20 25 30−2000
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
Day of the month
Win
d ge
nera
tion
(MW
)
ActualExpected
Real, estimated and mismatch wind generation in November 2007 in theE.On-Netz grid (Now transpower, part of TenneT), Day-ahead data for every15 min
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 13 / 29
Variable flows in the system Effects on the system
Unpredictability of wind power: international context
0 5 10 15 20 25 30−2000
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
Day of the month
Win
d ge
nera
tion
(MW
)
ActualExpectedDifference
Real, estimated and mismatch wind generation in November 2007 in theE.On-Netz grid (Now transpower, part of TenneT), Day-ahead data for every15 min
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 13 / 29
Variable flows in the system Effects on the system
Unpredictability of wind power: international context
�16,3 %
�3,9 %
-2,9 %
?3,5 %
614,2 %612,8 %
+100 MW
-100 MW
Wind is predominantly located in the north. . . and is balanced in the south
National problem can have international consequences
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 13 / 29
Variable flows in the system Effects on the system
Unpredictability of wind power: international context
Unpredictability of hydro
Runoff variations in the power-generating rivers (source: Swedenergy)
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 13 / 29
Variable flows in the system International setting
Difficult international settingEvery TSO, generator, regulator,. . . on his own
There is no single European authority: an international patchwork
Each has his own responsibilities and tasks
No common authority and no common goal
European Union Synchronous zonesDirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 14 / 29
Variable flows in the system International setting
Difficult international settingEvery TSO, generator, regulator,. . . on his own
There is no single European authority: an international patchwork
Each has his own responsibilities and tasks
No common authority and no common goal
ETSO TSOsDirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 14 / 29
Variable flows in the system International setting
Difficult international settingEvery TSO, generator, regulator,. . . on his ownThere is no single European authority: an international patchworkEach has his own responsibilities and tasksNo common authority and no common goal
Third package
3rd package proposes some changes
Full (further) unbundling
Establishment of ENTSO-E (European Network of Transmission SystemOperators for Electricity)
ETSO + synchronous zones (UCTE, Nordel, Baltso, UKTSOA, ATSOI)
Establishment of an ACER (Agency of energy regulators) to get ONEregulatory body with binding decision powers to complement nationalregulators
Not a direct successor of ERGEG/CEER
Cross-border cooperation and investments should be promoted
More transparency and solidarity
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 14 / 29
Variable flows in the system International setting
Difficult international settingEvery TSO, generator, regulator,. . . on his own
There is no single European authority: an international patchwork
Each has his own responsibilities and tasks
No common authority and no common goal
Steps towards a IEM are being taken: ERI + Third package
Regional coordinated grids ENTSO-E: synchronous zones + ETSODirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 14 / 29
Variable flows in the system Common misunderstandings about wind power
Common misunderstandings about wind power
Wind integration is a hot issue, and much debated
There are both people in favor and against wind
A lot of misconceptions exists
(source: Wind Power Myths Debunked; M. Milligan, K. Porter, E. DeMeo,P. Denholm, H. Holttinen, B. Kirby, N. Miller, A. Mills, M. O’Malley,M.Schuerger, L. Söder; Power and Energy Magazine; Nov/Dec 2009)
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 15 / 29
Variable flows in the system Common misunderstandings about wind power
Common misunderstandings about wind power
Power system operation with variable wind?Variability is something operators can work with, as loads also vary
Variability is lower when more wind generators are grouped, especiallywhen spread geographically
Forecasting is possible and techniques get better
Answer: yes possible, but higher reserves are needed on thegenerators (at a cost + international influence)
Capacity credit?Capacity credit: sufficient installed capacity to cover load
Planning takes normally a reserve margin for generation (outages etc)
But can we count on wind?
Answer: yes, but not at full capacity. Capacity margin should becalculated through LOLE (loss of load expectancy)
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 15 / 29
Variable flows in the system Common misunderstandings about wind power
Common misunderstandings about wind power
What are the chances on no wind at all?. . . or simultaneous shut down at too high wind speeds
Aggregation again lessens the problems
Current forecasts are good enough to start up alternative energygeneration in due time
Difficult to predict wind?Amplitude and shift
Long time horizons are more difficult to predict than short
Updating of forecasts and scheduling is needed
Forecast errors need to be integrated in predictions
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 15 / 29
Variable flows in the system Common misunderstandings about wind power
Common misunderstandings about wind power
Expensive to integrate wind?Integration costs money
But these costs can be integrated
Also here balancing over large areas helps
New transmission needed?Any generation needs transmission
Distributed wind might initially reduce the need for grids
Remote locations need to be connected (e.g. new offshore alwaysneeds new lines)
Similar as connection of hydro in 60’s and 70’s
Balancing/variability requires more grid than traditional generation forthe same amount of energy delivered
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 15 / 29
Variable flows in the system Common misunderstandings about wind power
Common misunderstandings about wind powerWind power and backup generation: burning fossil fuels?
Backup (reserves) are needed
In practice this is done through existing generation not working at 100 %capacity or controllable generation (mostly hydro)
→ No dedicated backup
System-wide, CO2 is saved and fossil fuel consumption decreased(although single machine efficiency might be lower)
Storage is needed?The grid itself works as a storage device by balancing different variableenergy sources
Storage might be interesting from an economical point of view,especially at very high levels of penetration
Storage must compete with wind curtailment, new transmission linesand generation dispatch
Limited availability of useful storage technologies
Hydro (pumped or controlled flow) best storageDirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 15 / 29
Variable flows in the system Common misunderstandings about wind power
Common misunderstandings about wind power
Does wind generation measure up taking capacity factor intoaccount?
This is a purely economic consideration: e/kWh
Is there a limit to the accommodation of wind?There is an economic limit (linked to willingness to pay for a “greener”,CO2-free society or a more reliable energy supply)
Dependent on the grid
Technically there is no clear limit as both active (through curtailment)and reactive power can be controlled
Control of the wind generators and the system as a whole needs to beadapted in order to accommodate a high penetration of wind
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 15 / 29
Investments in the power system
1 IntroductionCourse overview
2 Variable flows in the systemBefore liberalization and the rise of renewablesInternational market environmentMore renewable energy generationEffects on the systemInternational settingCommon misunderstandings about wind power
3 Investments in the power systemNeed for investmentsInvestments to integrate renewablesInvestment technologies to increase transmission capacity
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 16 / 29
Investments in the power system Need for investments
Lacking investments in the power systemIn the vertically integrated system, investments were “easy”
Centrally controlled with government supportSecurity above everything else: overinvesting is okGeneration investments and transmission investments were plannedwithin one organization
Now investments in transmission lines are subject to regulatory approvalRegulator is usually focussed on reducing transmission tariffsRegulators consider mainly issues within their member statePolicy and regulations (environmental, building permits,. . . ) havebecome more stringent, complex and especially time consumingDifficult investment climate due to uncertain investments in generationand uncertain politics/regulationsHeavy public opposition against any new investment (environmental,public, political, health,. . . )
NIMBY, NIMTO, BANANA, CAVE,. . .
According to ETSO: . . . in some countries, not a single overhead powerline exceeding five kilometres has been built in the last 10 years”
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 17 / 29
Investments in the power system Need for investments
Lacking investments in the power systemIn the vertically integrated system, investments were “easy”
Centrally controlled with government supportSecurity above everything else: overinvesting is okGeneration investments and transmission investments were plannedwithin one organization
Now investments in transmission lines are subject to regulatory approvalRegulator is usually focussed on reducing transmission tariffsRegulators consider mainly issues within their member statePolicy and regulations (environmental, building permits,. . . ) havebecome more stringent, complex and especially time consumingDifficult investment climate due to uncertain investments in generationand uncertain politics/regulationsHeavy public opposition against any new investment (environmental,public, political, health,. . . )
NIMBY (not in my backyard), NIMTO (not in my term of office), BANANA(Built absolutely nothing anywhere near anything), CAVE (citizens againstvirtually everything),. . .
According to ETSO: . . . in some countries, not a single overhead powerline exceeding five kilometres has been built in the last 10 years”
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 17 / 29
Investments in the power system Need for investments
Investments over the last decadesDSO data
The grid was built about 40 years ago
sources: resp. RWE, PBPower/IBM and KEMA
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 18 / 29
Investments in the power system Need for investments
Cross border investments
Why cross-border investments are especially problematicCross-border connections are traditionally weak: previously onlyneeded for synchronization and in emergencies
Price differences between zones specifically show themselves ascongestion on borders
Uncertainty about what is happening abroad (limited knowledge of theoutside grid development)
Different policies and requirements across borders
Paradox of investing in transmission lines for other beneficiaries
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 19 / 29
Investments in the power system Need for investments
Paradox of investing in cross-border lines
Paradox of investing to relieve congestion
A B
A is congested because ofnorth-south flow in B
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 20 / 29
Investments in the power system Need for investments
Paradox of investing in cross-border lines
Paradox of investing to relieve congestion
A B
A is congested because ofnorth-south flow in B
A B
Investing in A is ‘bad’ solution forA: local investment for foreignproblem
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 20 / 29
Investments in the power system Need for investments
Paradox of investing in cross-border lines
Paradox of investing to relieve congestion
A B
Investing in B would be best, butno reason for B (or the regulatorof B) because no local problem
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 20 / 29
Investments in the power system Need for investments
Paradox of investing in cross-border lines
Paradox of investing to relieve congestion
A B
Investing in B would be best, butno reason for B (or the regulatorof B) because no local problem
A B
PFC can help
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 20 / 29
Investments in the power system Need for investments
Result: Bottlenecks in the system
Figure: Electricity Projects of European Interest (source: PIP:http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2006:0846:REV1:EN:PDF)
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 21 / 29
Investments in the power system Need for investments
Obstables for PIP projects according to TEN-EPIP= Priority Interconnection Plan
Obstacle # Projects
1 Electromagnetic fields (EMF) 112 Environmental issues 93 Visual impact 74 Densely populated/Urban/Rural areas 75 Grid issues 96 Dependency on other project(s) 27 Authorization procedure and legal framework 128 Identification of cross-border points 39 Commercial Problem 3
10 Difficult terrain and weather 411 No perception of supra-national or European perspective 2
Table: Obstacles according to the priority interconnection plan of TEN-E
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 22 / 29
Investments in the power system Investments to integrate renewables
Investing to accommodate renewables
Any generation needs transmission
Renewables often located at remote locations
This is certainly the case for wind (NIMBY)
. . . and evident for offshore
Variability of wind makes that on average more grid is needed for thesame load
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 23 / 29
Investments in the power system Investments to integrate renewables
Power from the sea: Belgian example
Concessions:
C-power: 216-300 MW, 27 km
Belwind: 330 MW, 42 km
Eldepasco: 180-252 MW,38 KM
More coming/being processed
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 24 / 29
Investments in the power system Investments to integrate renewables
Power from the sea: Belgian example
Alz
ette
Mos
elle
Our
Sûre
Vierre
Semois
Lesse
Ourthe
Sambre
Warche
Amblève
Gileppe
Vesdre
Meu
se
Maa
s
Demer
Grote Nete
Ourthe
Vesdre
Meu
se
Dijle
Dyle
Rupel
Dende
r
Dendr
e
Sche
lde Leie
Escaut
IJzer
Meu
se
Sambre
Eau
d’H
eure
Echelle Schaal
0 10 20 30 km
1 : 1 000 000 Situation au
stand op 1-1-2009
Institut Géographique National Nationaal Geogra�sch Instituut
Amel
Ho lz wa rche
We s e r
5˚50'4˚30'2˚40' E . Greenwich 2˚50' 3˚00' 3˚10' 3˚20' 3˚30' 3˚40' 3˚50' 4˚00' 4˚10' 4˚20' 4˚40' 4˚50' 5˚00' 5˚10' 5˚20' 5˚30' 5˚40' 6˚00' 6˚10' 6˚20' 6˚30' 6˚40' 6˚50'
50˚00'
50˚00'
3˚50' 5˚40'
49˚40'
49˚30'
49˚30'49˚40'
49˚50'
49˚50'
50˚10'
50˚10'
50˚30'
50˚20'
50˚20'50˚30'
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50˚40'
50˚40'50˚50'
51˚00'
51˚00'
51˚20'
51˚10'
51˚10'51˚20'
51˚30'
2˚30' E . Greenwich 2˚40' 2˚50' 3˚00' 3˚10' 3˚20' 3˚30' 3˚40' 4˚00' 4˚10' 4˚20' 4˚30' 4˚40' 4˚50' 5˚00' 5˚10' 5˚20' 5˚30' 5˚50' 6˚00' 6˚10' 6˚20' 6˚30' 6˚40 ˚50' 7˚00'
51˚30'
6˚
COURS D’EAU WATERLOPEN
R ivières et canaux R ivieren en kanalen
CENTRALES
centrale nuc léaire
centrale hydraulique
centrale de pompage
exis tants
en projet
380kV
220-150kV
70kV
centrale thermique
parc d'éoliennes
centrale thermique en projet
C ENTRALES
S TATIONS
windmolenpark
thermis che centrale in ontwerp
POS TES
bes taande
in ontwerp
380kV
220-150kV
70kV
M E R C A T O R
MOLENB EEK
Herbaimont
kerncentrale
thermis che centrale
waterkrachtcentrale
pompcentrale
1 x 150 + 1 x 70 (2 x 150 + 1 x 70)
ONDERGRONDSE KABELS
câbles en parallèle
en cons truction ou en projet
2e terne en cons truction ou en projet 2de draads tel in aanbouw of in ontwerp
lignes à 2 ternes detens ions différentes
tens ion d’exploitation inférieureà la tens ion de cons truction
Tableau des compos itions deslignes à plus de 2 ternes :
1 0 3 4
9 1 x 150 + 2 x 70 (3 x 150)
1 x 150 + 3 x 70 (4 x 150)
2 x 150 (2 x 380 + 2 x 150)
2 x 150 (4 x 150)
CABLES SOUTERRAINS
380kV
220kV
150kV
70kV
S amens tellingtabel van de lijnenmet meer dan 2 draads tellen:
1 5 1 6
3 x 150 (4 x 150)
3 x 150 + 1 x 70 (4 x 150)
Nombre de ternes
ins tallés
1
1
2
(avec numéro de référence dansle tableau des compos itions )
5 6
2 x 150 + 2 x 70 (4 x 150) 1 1 1 2
1 7 1 8
4 x 70
3 x 150
3 x 220
1 x 380 + 2 x 150 (2 x 380 + 2 x 150)
380kV
220kV
parallele kabels2 2
150kV
70kV
prévus
1
2
2
> 2
1 2
2 x 150 + 1 x 70 (3 x 150)
4 x 150
Aanta l draads tellen
voorzien uitgerus t
(met referentienummer inde samens tellings tabel)
1 1
2 1
2 2
> 2
lijn met 2 draads tellenvan vers chillende spanningen
uitbatings spanning lagerdan de cons tructiespanning
7 8
1 3 1 4
3 x 380 (4 x 380)
3 x 70
1 x 70 (4 x 150)
1 x 220 + 2 x 70
150 + 70
70(150)
4
in aanbouw of in ontwerp
S T - A M A N D
PERONNESC S MARC INELLE
Marchienne
F . DE FER
70(150)
Mais ières150 + 70
MAR CHE -LEZ-EC AUS S INNES
PETROCHIM
LA C ROYER E
La Louvière
BOEL HFBOEL TC C
GOS S EL IE S
AMER CŒ UR
Liberchies
K eumiée
70(150)
150 + 70
B AUDOURAIR
L IQUIDE
TER TR E
E louges
PETIT MARAIS
GHLIN
C iplyP âturages
J EMAPPES
B ous su
Mons
70(150)
70(150)
150+70
150 + 30
150 + 70
30(150)
70(150)
70(150)
1 6
1 : 5 0 0 0 0 0
OBOURG
HARMIGNIE S
VILLE /HAINE
TR IVIE R E S
B INCHE
BOELLL
BOELFOUR
150+70 150 + 70
150 +70
150 + 70
70(150)
E s tinnes
G O U Y
BAS COUP
DAMPR EMY
MONC EAU
P iéton(S NC B )
Fontainel’E vêque
MALFALIS E
CAR ALFOC
70(150)
70(150)15
0+70
2 Anderlues
220 +
150
C ENTR ALEMAR C INELLE
FLEURUS
MONTIGNIE S
T E R G N E E
AUVELAIS
FAR C IENNES
B LANCHIS S ER IEC harleroi
G illy
LA PR AYE
PONT-de-LOUP
Heppigniessud
J umet
(30)70+30(150)
70(150)
4
LA PR AYEFOUR
70(150)
J EMEPPE -S OLVAY
Fos ses - la-Ville
S a m b r e
CHAMP -DE -COUR R IER E
FE LUY
C O U R C E L L E S
BUIS S ER ET
S eneffe70(
150)
1 2
2
C E N T R A L E S E N E F F E
S ombreffe
Marbais(S NC B )
C has sart
Gembloux
Wilrijk
SCHELL E
MHO
WOMMELGEM
MORTSEL
BASF
KETENISSE
OORDEREN
150+36
9
NOORDLAN D
S t-Niklaa s
HEIMOLEN
Temse
MERCATOR
150+
70
WALGOED
SCHELLE DOR P
Hoboke n
Aartselaa r Kontich
WAARLOOS7
LIER
LINT
B EVEREN
S T-PAUWELS
LILLOBAYER
FINA
EKEREN7e HAVENDOK
MERKSE MSCHELDELAANKALLO
ZURENBORG
BURCHT
ZWIJNDRECH T
C. ZWIJNDRECHT
Oeve rB elliardstr.
Hovenierstr.Tabakves t
Moonstr.Berchem (NMBS)
150+36
2
2
3
DAMPLEIN2
PETROL
2
NOORDERDOKKEN (NMBS)
ESSO
2
OELEGE M
ZANDVLIET
DOEL
380+
150
22
SOLVAY
1 : 500 000
1 : 50 0 0 0 0
Hermalles /Huy
MAR CHIN
T I H A N G E
C roix-C habot
J emeppe
P rofondval
Ehein
R amet V e s d r e
S aives
CHER ATTE
150+70
S ocolie
B ERNEAU
NAVAGNE
G R A M M E
Hte S AR TE
C LERMONT
Amps in-Neuville
Abée-S c ry
Les S pagnes
R I M I E R E
Poulseur
E sneux
R ivage(S NC B )
O u r t h e
Anthisnes
70 (150)
AWIR S
Ivoz-R amet
Fooz
Voroux(S NC B )
380+150
LA TROQUE
S ER AING ROMS EE
B R ES S OUX
J UP ILLE
CHER TAL
Hollogne
Ans
Alleur
G lain
Vottem
FNVottem
Montegnée
Tilleur
OugréeS c les s in
S art-T ilman
Angleur
F lémalleLE VAL
G rivegnée
C hênée
Magotteaux
B E LLAIR E
Mons in
FN
Hers tal
70(150
)
70(15
0)
70 (150)70(220)
220+15
0
8
1 7
1 4
1 6
1 6
1 6 4
3
150+70
Pouplin
Ferblatil
Inc in. Hers tal
L I X H E
C B R
Visé(S NC B )
M e u
s e
1 3
Uitbatingsspanning
LIGNES AERIENNES BOVENGRONDSE LIJNEN
Tension d’exploitation
2
2
3
2
70kV 70kV
2
2
2
2
2 LIGNES AERIENNES BOVENGRONDSE LIJNEN
UitbatingsspanningTension d’exploitation
2
2
2
22
2
2
150+70
2
2
2
3 2
150kV 150kV
3
2
2
2
2
2
220k V 220k V
LIGNES AERIENNES BOVENGRONDSE LIJNEN
UitbatingsspanningTension d’exploitation
LIGNES AERIENNES BOVENGRONDSE LIJNEN
UitbatingsspanningTension d’exploitation
380kV 380kV
Hermalles /Huy
C roix-C habot
J emeppe
P rofondval
Ehein
R amet
S aives
S ocolie
Amps in-Neuville
Abée-S c ry
Les S pagnes
Poulseur
E sneux
R ivage(S NC B )
Anthisnes
Ivoz-R amet
Fooz
Voroux(S NC B )
Hollogne
Ans
Alleur
G lain
Vottem
FNVottem
Montegnée
Tilleur
OugréeS c les s in
S art-T ilman
Angleur
F lémalle
G rivegnée
C hênée
Magotteaux
Mons in
FN
Hers tal
Pouplin
Ferblatil
Inc in. Hers tal
Vis é(S NC B )
WilrijkS t-Niklaa s
Temse
Hoboke n
Aartselaa r Kontich
Oeve rB elliardstr.
Hovenierstr.Tabakves t
Moonstr.Berchem (NMBS)
Marchienne
Mais ières
La Louvière
L iberchies
K eumiée
E louges
C iplyP âturages
B ous su
Mons
E s tinnes
P iéton(S NC B )
Fontainel’E vêque
Anderlues
C harleroi
G illy
Heppigniessud
J umet
Fos ses - la-Ville
S eneffe
S ombreffe
Marbais(S NC B )
C has sart
Gembloux
S oignies
Fourmies
Fays - les -Veneurs
B onnert
Hatrival
C hiny Villers -s /S emois
P âturages
Froidchapelle
HanzinelleC iney
B uis sonville
S oy S ankt-Vith[S aint-Vith]
C arrièredu Milieu
Ath(S NC B )
B aulersS auvenière
Gembloux
S tatte(S NC B )
C roix-C habot
Wanze
Pepins ter G ileppe
Vesdre
B as -Warneton[Neerwaas ten]
S T-Denijs - B oekel
Geraardsbergen
Kes sel- lo
Leuven(NMB S )
HeverleeGas thuisberg
Lummen
Maasmechelen
B ornem
S t-NiklaasHerenthout
Langveld
Gerdingen
R ijkevorsel
Arlon
Differd.Arbed
B elv. Arbed
S chif.
Monceau-en-Ardennes
Orgeo
R ecogne
Neufchâteau
Vierre
Longlier (S NC B )
Marbehan(S NC B )
R espelt
S olre S t-Géry
MomigniesC himay
C lermont
Thy- le-C hâteau
C ouvin
R omedenne
Pondrôme
Dinant
S ommière
Has tière
Herbaimont
Hogne(S NC B ) Marche-en-
Famenne
C harneuxOn
Forrières(S NC B )
C ierreux
Quevaucamps
Harchies
E louges
Thumaide
Lobbes
C iply
Lens
Gerpinnes
Andenne
F lorée
S art-B ernard(S NC B )
G rands -Malades
Dorinne
Yvoir(S NC B )
Warnant
Namur
Marche- les -Dames
Waret
Leuze
B ois -de-Villers
S t-S ervais
Wierde
C omblain
B omalMiécret
Trois -Ponts
B ronrome
B evercé
S paTuron
Heid-de-Goreux
Amel
[B utgenbach]
S tephanshof
B ütgenbach
[Amblève]
B landain
B ekaert
K ortrijk- NMB S
K .Oos t
R onse
Tournai
[R enaix]
Deux-Acren
R onquières
Enghien (S NC B )
B raine- le-C .
Hoves
Mes lin
Herfelingen
Appelterre
[Edingen (NMB S )]
C ourt-S t-E t.
Ottignies (S NC B )
C eroux
S t-Truiden
Landen
J odoigne
G latigny
Ais che-en-R efail
Hannut
Tongeren
B orgloon
Ivoz
FoozS aivesMons in
S tembert
Welkenraedt (S NC B )
Les P lenes ses
Henri-C hapelle
Montzen(S NC B )
S oiron
Noordschote
Gavere
Zottegem
B aas rode
Welle E s seneDenderleeuw
(NMB S )
Hamme
Temse
Amylum
Willebroek
Tis selt
Duffel
Muizen
Geel/Oevel
Halen
K ersbeek
Aars chotDorenberg
Pellenberg
Dowchemical
Hechtel
Opglabbeek
B ilzen
Paals teens tr.
Has selt
(NMB S )
Alken
Maaseik
B ekaert
Lanaken
Nijlen
K almthout
Turnhou t
R avels
HerentalsOlen
S t-Huibrechts -L ille
OverpeltInfrax
MAR CHIN
CHER ATTE
B ERNEAU
NAVAGNE
Hte S AR TE
C LERMONT
AWIR S
LA TROQUE
S ER AING ROMS EE
B R ES S OUX
J UP ILLE
CHER TAL
LE VAL
B ELLAIR E
C B R
SCHELL E
MHO
WOMMELGEM
MORTSEL
BASF
KETENISSE
OORDEREN
NOORDLAN D
HEIMOLEN WALGOED
SCHELLE DOR P
WAARLOOS
LIER
B EVEREN
S T-PAUWELS
LILLOBAYER
FINA
EKEREN7e HAVENDOK
MERKSE MSCHELDELAANKALLO
ZURENBORG
BURCHT
ZWIJNDRECH T
C. ZWIJNDRECHT
DAMPLEIN
PETROL
NOORDERDOKKEN (NMBS)
ESSO
OELEGE M
SOLVAY
PERONNESC S MARC INELLE
F . DE FER
MARCHE -LEZ-EC AUS S INNES
PETROCHIM
LA C ROYER E
BOEL HFBOEL TC C
GOS S EL IE S
AMER CŒ UR
BAUDOURAIR
L IQUIDE
TER TR E
PETIT MARAIS
GHLIN
J EMAPPES
OBOURG
HARMIGNIE S
VILLE /HAINE
TR IVIE R E S
B INCHE
BOELLL
BOELFOUR
BAS COUP
DAMPR EMY
MONC EAUMALFALIS E
CAR ALFOC
C ENTR ALEMAR C INELLE
FLEURUS
MONTIGNIE S
AUVELAIS
FAR C IENNES
B LANCHIS S ER IE
LA PR AYE
PONT-de-LOUP
LA PR AYEFOUR
J EMEPPE -S OLVAY
CHAMP -DE -COUR R IER E
FE LUY
BUIS S ER ET
HE IMOLEN HEZE
PETIT MARAIS
LATOUR
DOTTIGNIE S[DOTTENIJ S ] B AS S E -WAVR E
S CHIFFLANGE
ES CH-S UR-ALZETTE
HE INS CH
B ER TR ANGE
ROOS T
VIR EUX
THUILL IE S
S NC B
C ENTR ALEMAR C INELLE
S NC B
MARCOUR T
ANTOING
AIR L IQ.
NIVE LLE S
C LAB ECQ
OIS QUER CQ
S NCBC LERMONT
LE VAL
CHER TAL
S TADEN
IEPER NOORD
WES TROZEB EKE S T-B AAFS -VIJ VE
WOR TEGEM
MOEN
TIE LT
DES S E LGEM
R ELEGEM
TER L INDEN
KOB B EGEM
S CHAAR B EEK
MOLENB EEK
DILB EEK
Q. DEMETS K .ZUID/MIDI
B UIZINGEN
WIJ GMAAL
KNP
HERDER EN
S IDMAR
NIEUWEVAAR T
KENNEDYLAAN
KEER KEN
MALDER EN
BUR CHT
ZWIJ NDR ECHT
WALGOED
B ER INGEN
BALEN
BAS F
SOLVAY
MALLE
ROUVROY
S t-MARD
S NCB
HER S ER ANGE
OXYLUX
LANDR ES
B ELVAL
MONT S T.MAR TIN
HE IS DOR F
LUMES
VILLEROUX
FLEBOUR
VIANDENS .E .O. B AULER
NIEDERS TEDEM
TR IER
J AMIOLLE
NEUVILLEPLATE -TAILLE
CHOOZ
MONT-LEZ-HOUFFALIZE
TER TR E
B AUDOUR
MARCHE -LEZ-EC AUS S INNES
PETROCHIMFELUY
GHLINOBOURG
HARMIGNIE S
V/HAINELA C ROYER E
BAS COUP
TR IVIE R E S
PERONNES
B INCHE
CHAMP -DE -COUR R IER E
J EMEPPE -S OLVAY
GOS S EL IE S
FLEURUS
AMER CŒ UR
DAMPR EMY
MONC EAU MONTIGNIE S
AUVELAIS
FAR C IENNES
LA PR AYEFOUR
S E ILLE S
S NC B
Hte S AR TE
S NC B
IE PER
MARQUAIN
HAR ELB EK E
HEULE
ZWEVEGEMWEVELGEM
PEKKE
MOUS C RON
KUURNE
MENENWES T
[MOES KROEN]
R UIEN
OUDENAARDE
LIGNETHIEULAIN
WATTINESGAURAINS NC B
E IZE R ING E N
NINOVE WOLUWE -S T-L .S T-L . WOLUWE
HELIPOR T WIER TZ
DHANIS
IXE LLE SE LS ENEFOR ES T
VOR S T
LABOR ELEC
S T-GENES IUS -RODE[RHODE-S T-GENÈSE]
COR BAIS
WATER LOO
B RAINE -L ’ALLEUD
BAIS Y -THY
VIEUXGENAPPES NC B
NMB S
TIENEN B RUS TEM
AWIR SLA TROQUE
S ER AING
B R ES S OUXJ UP ILLE
ROMS EE
EUPEN
P T-R ECHAIN
GARNS TOCK
B ERNEAU
BATTIC E
F IB ER
KOKS IJ DE
B EER S T
ZEDELGEM
P ITTEM
MU IZE L AAR
B EVER EN
RUMB EKE
OOS TROZEB EKE
AALTERLANGER B RUGGE
S ADAC EM
R INGVAAR T
HAM
FLORA
DRONGEN
DE INZE
ZELE
S T-G ILL IS -DENDERMONDE
MER CHTEMAALS T NOORD
AALS T
LOKER EN
MACHELEN
HOENDERVELD
WESPELAAR
LEES T
WILS E LE
GR IMB ERGEN
S IDAL
PUTTEMECHELEN
NMB S KRUIS B AAN
HE IS T/B ER G
S CHELLE-DOR P
LIE R
ZAVENTEM
HAR ENHE IDE
AMOCOES S OCHEM
HERCULES
TES S ENDERLO
DIE S T
TIP
HOUTHALEN
ZUTENDAAL
S TALEN
GENK -LANGER LO
GODSHE IDE
S IK E L
ZONHOVEN
E IS DEN
S L IJ K ENS
ZEEB RUGGE
B RUGGE
B LAUWE TOR ENHERDER S B RUG
EEK LO
KETENIS S E
KALLO
B EVER EN
S T-PAUWELS
NOORDLAND
LILLO
BAYER
F INA
EKER EN
7e HAVENDOK
MER KS EMSCHELDE-
LAAN
ZUR ENBORGWOMMELGEM
OELEGEM
MOR TS EL
S t- J OB
DAMPLE IN
PETROL
NOORDERDOKKEN(NMB S )E S S O
BEERS E
POEDER LEEMOL
NYR S TAR
LOMMELOVER PELT
MHO
B LIGHBANK
THORNTONBANK
T I H A N G E
G R A M M E
R I M I E R E
L I X H E
MERCATOR
LINT
ZANDVLIET
DOEL
S T - A M A N D
G O U Y
T E R G N E E
C O U R C E L L E S
C E N T R A L E S E N E F F E
M A A S B R A C H T
M A S T A I N G
C H I E V R E S
G O U Y
B R U E G E L
D R O G E N B O S
L I X H E
R O D E N H U I Z E M E R C A T O R
K R E E K R A K
Z A N D V L I E T
E I N D H O V E N
A U B A N G E
M O U L A I N E
V I G Y
R E V I N
M A Z U R E S
L O N N Y
V E S L E
A C H E N E
A V E L I N
C H E V A L E T
C E N T R A L E S E N E F F E C O U R C E L L E S S T - A M A N D
T E R G N E E
C O G N E L E E
C H A M P I O N
R I M I E R E T I H A N G E
G R A M M E
B R U M E C O O
W A R A N D E
A V E L G E M
M E K I N G E N
A V E R N A S
I Z E G E M
Z O M E R G E M
B U G G E N H O U T
V E R B R A N D E B R U G
L I N T M E E R H O U T
O B E R Z I E R
V A N E Y C K
E E K L O N O O R D
B O R S S E L E
D O E L
M A S S E N H O V E N
D O D E W A A R D
G E E R T R U I D E N B E R G
400 kV
150 kV
Wind
≈ 30 km> 30 km
Limited grid
Wind is located far from shore
With limited grid in between
Already loaded in inlanddirection
Investments needed toaccommodate all generation
Upgrade proposed by Elia(Belgian TSO)
Limited length of new linesneeded (OHL), rest upgrade
Still in proposal phase
Significant resistance
Earliest realization 2013, realdate 20??
Building of wind mills might befaster
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 24 / 29
Investments in the power system Investments to integrate renewables
Power from the sea: Belgian example
Alz
ette
Mos
elle
Our
Sûre
Vierre
Semois
Lesse
Ourthe
Sambre
Warche
Amblève
Gileppe
Vesdre
Meu
se
Maa
s
Demer
Grote Nete
Ourthe
Vesdre
Meu
se
Dijle
Dyle
Rupel
Dende
r
Dendr
e
Sche
lde Leie
Escaut
IJzer
Meu
se
Sambre
Eau
d’H
eure
Echelle Schaal
0 10 20 30 km
1 : 1 000 000 Situation au
stand op 1-1-2009
Institut Géographique National Nationaal Geogra�sch Instituut
Amel
Ho lz wa rche
We s e r
5˚50'4˚30'2˚40' E . Greenwich 2˚50' 3˚00' 3˚10' 3˚20' 3˚30' 3˚40' 3˚50' 4˚00' 4˚10' 4˚20' 4˚40' 4˚50' 5˚00' 5˚10' 5˚20' 5˚30' 5˚40' 6˚00' 6˚10' 6˚20' 6˚30' 6˚40' 6˚50'
50˚00'
50˚00'
3˚50' 5˚40'
49˚40'
49˚30'
49˚30'49˚40'
49˚50'
49˚50'
50˚10'
50˚10'
50˚30'
50˚20'
50˚20'50˚30'
50˚50'
50˚40'
50˚40'50˚50'
51˚00'
51˚00'
51˚20'
51˚10'
51˚10'51˚20'
51˚30'
2˚30' E . Greenwich 2˚40' 2˚50' 3˚00' 3˚10' 3˚20' 3˚30' 3˚40' 4˚00' 4˚10' 4˚20' 4˚30' 4˚40' 4˚50' 5˚00' 5˚10' 5˚20' 5˚30' 5˚50' 6˚00' 6˚10' 6˚20' 6˚30' 6˚40 ˚50' 7˚00'
51˚30'
6˚
COURS D’EAU WATERLOPEN
R ivières et canaux R ivieren en kanalen
CENTRALES
centrale nuc léaire
centrale hydraulique
centrale de pompage
exis tants
en projet
380kV
220-150kV
70kV
centrale thermique
parc d'éoliennes
centrale thermique en projet
C ENTRALES
S TATIONS
windmolenpark
thermis che centrale in ontwerp
POS TES
bes taande
in ontwerp
380kV
220-150kV
70kV
M E R C A T O R
MOLENB EEK
Herbaimont
kerncentrale
thermis che centrale
waterkrachtcentrale
pompcentrale
1 x 150 + 1 x 70 (2 x 150 + 1 x 70)
ONDERGRONDSE KABELS
câbles en parallèle
en cons truction ou en projet
2e terne en cons truction ou en projet 2de draads tel in aanbouw of in ontwerp
lignes à 2 ternes detens ions différentes
tens ion d’exploitation inférieureà la tens ion de cons truction
Tableau des compos itions deslignes à plus de 2 ternes :
1 0 3 4
9 1 x 150 + 2 x 70 (3 x 150)
1 x 150 + 3 x 70 (4 x 150)
2 x 150 (2 x 380 + 2 x 150)
2 x 150 (4 x 150)
CABLES SOUTERRAINS
380kV
220kV
150kV
70kV
S amens tellingtabel van de lijnenmet meer dan 2 draads tellen:
1 5 1 6
3 x 150 (4 x 150)
3 x 150 + 1 x 70 (4 x 150)
Nombre de ternes
ins tallés
1
1
2
(avec numéro de référence dansle tableau des compos itions )
5 6
2 x 150 + 2 x 70 (4 x 150) 1 1 1 2
1 7 1 8
4 x 70
3 x 150
3 x 220
1 x 380 + 2 x 150 (2 x 380 + 2 x 150)
380kV
220kV
parallele kabels2 2
150kV
70kV
prévus
1
2
2
> 2
1 2
2 x 150 + 1 x 70 (3 x 150)
4 x 150
Aanta l draads tellen
voorzien uitgerus t
(met referentienummer inde samens tellings tabel)
1 1
2 1
2 2
> 2
lijn met 2 draads tellenvan vers chillende spanningen
uitbatings spanning lagerdan de cons tructiespanning
7 8
1 3 1 4
3 x 380 (4 x 380)
3 x 70
1 x 70 (4 x 150)
1 x 220 + 2 x 70
150 + 70
70(150)
4
in aanbouw of in ontwerp
S T - A M A N D
PERONNESC S MARC INELLE
Marchienne
F . DE FER
70(150)
Mais ières150 + 70
MAR CHE -LEZ-EC AUS S INNES
PETROCHIM
LA C ROYER E
La Louvière
BOEL HFBOEL TC C
GOS S EL IE S
AMER CŒ UR
Liberchies
K eumiée
70(150)
150 + 70
B AUDOURAIR
L IQUIDE
TER TR E
E louges
PETIT MARAIS
GHLIN
C iplyP âturages
J EMAPPES
B ous su
Mons
70(150)
70(150)
150+70
150 + 30
150 + 70
30(150)
70(150)
70(150)
1 6
1 : 5 0 0 0 0 0
OBOURG
HARMIGNIE S
VILLE /HAINE
TR IVIE R E S
B INCHE
BOELLL
BOELFOUR
150+70 150 + 70
150 +70
150 + 70
70(150)
E s tinnes
G O U Y
BAS COUP
DAMPR EMY
MONC EAU
P iéton(S NC B )
Fontainel’E vêque
MALFALIS E
CAR ALFOC
70(150)
70(150)15
0+70
2 Anderlues
220 +
150
C ENTR ALEMAR C INELLE
FLEURUS
MONTIGNIE S
T E R G N E E
AUVELAIS
FAR C IENNES
B LANCHIS S ER IEC harleroi
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LA PR AYE
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70(150)
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2
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9
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22
SOLVAY
1 : 500 000
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CHER ATTE
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70 (150)
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380+150
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8
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3
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Pouplin
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s e
1 3
Uitbatingsspanning
LIGNES AERIENNES BOVENGRONDSE LIJNEN
Tension d’exploitation
2
2
3
2
70kV 70kV
2
2
2
2
2 LIGNES AERIENNES BOVENGRONDSE LIJNEN
UitbatingsspanningTension d’exploitation
2
2
2
22
2
2
150+70
2
2
2
3 2
150kV 150kV
3
2
2
2
2
2
220k V 220k V
LIGNES AERIENNES BOVENGRONDSE LIJNEN
UitbatingsspanningTension d’exploitation
LIGNES AERIENNES BOVENGRONDSE LIJNEN
UitbatingsspanningTension d’exploitation
380kV 380kV
Hermalles /Huy
C roix-C habot
J emeppe
P rofondval
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S aives
S ocolie
Amps in-Neuville
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Alleur
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FN
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SCHELLE DOR P
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B EVEREN
S T-PAUWELS
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SOLVAY
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F . DE FER
MARCHE -LEZ-EC AUS S INNES
PETROCHIM
LA C ROYER E
BOEL HFBOEL TC C
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AMER CŒ UR
BAUDOURAIR
L IQUIDE
TER TR E
PETIT MARAIS
GHLIN
J EMAPPES
OBOURG
HARMIGNIE S
VILLE /HAINE
TR IVIE R E S
B INCHE
BOELLL
BOELFOUR
BAS COUP
DAMPR EMY
MONC EAUMALFALIS E
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C ENTR ALEMAR C INELLE
FLEURUS
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AUVELAIS
FAR C IENNES
B LANCHIS S ER IE
LA PR AYE
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LA PR AYEFOUR
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B LIGHBANK
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T I H A N G E
G R A M M E
R I M I E R E
L I X H E
MERCATOR
LINT
ZANDVLIET
DOEL
S T - A M A N D
G O U Y
T E R G N E E
C O U R C E L L E S
C E N T R A L E S E N E F F E
M A A S B R A C H T
M A S T A I N G
C H I E V R E S
G O U Y
B R U E G E L
D R O G E N B O S
L I X H E
R O D E N H U I Z E M E R C A T O R
K R E E K R A K
Z A N D V L I E T
E I N D H O V E N
A U B A N G E
M O U L A I N E
V I G Y
R E V I N
M A Z U R E S
L O N N Y
V E S L E
A C H E N E
A V E L I N
C H E V A L E T
C E N T R A L E S E N E F F E C O U R C E L L E S S T - A M A N D
T E R G N E E
C O G N E L E E
C H A M P I O N
R I M I E R E T I H A N G E
G R A M M E
B R U M E C O O
W A R A N D E
A V E L G E M
M E K I N G E N
A V E R N A S
I Z E G E M
Z O M E R G E M
B U G G E N H O U T
V E R B R A N D E B R U G
L I N T M E E R H O U T
O B E R Z I E R
V A N E Y C K
E E K L O N O O R D
B O R S S E L E
D O E L
M A S S E N H O V E N
D O D E W A A R D
G E E R T R U I D E N B E R G
400 kV
150 kV
WindWind is located far from shore
With limited grid in between
Already loaded in inlanddirection
Investments needed toaccommodate all generation
Upgrade proposed by Elia(Belgian TSO)
Limited length of new linesneeded (OHL), rest upgrade
Still in proposal phase
Significant resistance
Earliest realization 2013, realdate 20??
Building of wind mills might befaster
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 24 / 29
Investments in the power system Investments to integrate renewables
Outside Europe
Needed upgrades in the west of the US to achieve 20 % renewables
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 25 / 29
Investments in the power system Investments to integrate renewables
Outside Europe
. . . Similar investments needed in China (and India)
800 kV lines planned in China by 2015
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 25 / 29
Investments in the power system Investment technologies to increase transmission capacity
Investment technologies to increase transmission capacity
Overhead linesTraditional, well known technology
Available for high power ratings and long distances
Cheap
Straightforward and fast construction
Clearly visible
EMF?
Significant right-of-way needed
Evolutions: Fixed insulators, composite materials forpylons and high temperature conductors
Permitting is difficult
Though siting opposition
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 26 / 29
Investments in the power system Investment technologies to increase transmission capacity
Investment technologies to increase transmission capacity
Uprating and upgrading of existing circuitsUprating is understood as increasing the transmission capacity of acertain transmission path
Adding a second circuit to an existing circuit
High temperature conductors: Special alloys and composite core
Higher transmission voltage (V ×2→P ×4)
More power through the same line
No new right-of-way
Low opposition to be expected
Quick installation and permitting
Limited in application
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 26 / 29
Investments in the power system Investment technologies to increase transmission capacity
Investment technologies to increase transmission capacity
UndergroundingAt transmission voltages, relatively new technology
Expensive
On land: 1 km pieces: expensive + joints are difficult to install+ joints are prone to faults
High voltage: compensation needed (big capacitors)Maximum line length at 400 km seriously limited by chargingcurrentCurrently, no 400 kV installations of more than 20 km existSea cables at 400 kV are very difficult
EMF: higher (close by) and lower (far field), can be limited byshielding
Permitting can be quite rapid but in some cases
GIL (Gas Insulated Lines) can be an option, although notmature for long distances
HTS (High Temperature Superconductors) are not yet readyfor transmission systems
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 26 / 29
Investments in the power system Investment technologies to increase transmission capacity
Investment technologies to increase transmission capacity
Power flow control (not HVDC)Power flow controllers operate as a valve, limiting (or increasing) powerflow through a line
Power flow controllers are a local solution, often placed in an existingsubstation
Can be an investment in an interconnection at one side only
Some add dynamic control capabilities
Controllable
Relatively cheap solution
Postponing structural investments
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 26 / 29
Investments in the power system Investment technologies to increase transmission capacity
Investment technologies to increase transmission capacity
Power flow control (HVDC)LCC (Line Commutated Converter) or VSC (Voltage Source Converter)
Lower line losses and cheap cable (capacity is also no problem)
Expensive converters
Cheap on longer distances and special cases
No AC EMF
Smaller right of way
Controllable
Permitting is expected to be easy
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 26 / 29
Investments in the power system Investment technologies to increase transmission capacity
Investment technologies to increase transmission capacityEconomic value of HVDC
DC overhead (China/India)
AC overhead (China/India)
DC overhead (Europe)
AC overhead (Europe)
DC cable
AC cable
Line length500-600 km± 400 km
Cost
30-40 km
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 26 / 29
Investments in the power system Investment technologies to increase transmission capacity
Comparing investment technologies
Technical comparison
Table: Comparison of classical AC transmission (OHL, uprating and cable), powertransmission using FACTS or PST for power flow control (PFC) and HVDC, both VSCand classical (LCC)
AC OHL uprating AC cable AC PFC LCC HVDC VSC HVDC
length limitations few few yes no no notrans. cap. increase high medium medium medium high mediumpower control: active no no no yes yes yespower control: reactive no no no dependent no yesgrid interconnections synchr. synchr. synchr. synchr. any anylosses low low+ low+ low medium highpower oscillation damping no no no possible limited yespower reversal fast fast fast fast slow fastInstallation cost low low high medium medium high
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 27 / 29
Investments in the power system Investment technologies to increase transmission capacity
Comparing investment technologies
Technical comparison
Table: Comparison of classical AC transmission (OHL, uprating and cable), powertransmission using FACTS or PST for power flow control (PFC) and HVDC, both VSCand classical (LCC)
AC OHL uprating AC cable AC PFC LCC HVDC VSC HVDC
length limitations few few yes no no notrans. cap. increase high medium medium medium high mediumpower control: active no no no yes yes yespower control: reactive no no no dependent no yesgrid interconnections synchr. synchr. synchr. synchr. any anylosses low low+ low+ low medium highpower oscillation damping no no no possible limited yespower reversal fast fast fast fast slow fastInstallation cost low low high medium medium high
This is what is in the corporate advertisements
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 27 / 29
Investments in the power system Investment technologies to increase transmission capacity
Comparing investment technologies
Looking at the PIP obstacles
Note: Aggregated list of obstacles as given by table 1
Conclusion: OHL is the preferred option in many cases, but given thedifficulties of obtaining permits, other options must be considered
Power flow controllers have several advantages in this respect
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 27 / 29
Investments in the power system Investment technologies to increase transmission capacity
Conclusions
The power system is changing
Liberalization influences the technical operation of the power system
A strong increase in electric power from renewable energy sources
Both add to the variability of power flows
Uncertainty margin is high
Problems often perceived at international borders
The internal European market for electricity is not working as it should
Investing in new lines would be a solution, but they are lacking
TSO focus is mostly on OHL, but other solutions are possible as well
Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 28 / 29
Investments in the power system Investment technologies to increase transmission capacity
Questions
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Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 29 / 29