FungiFungi

General Characteristics• Primarily

terrestrial• Filamentous

– __________• Coenocytic

(aseptate)• septate

– mycelium– Haustoria –

specialized parasitic hyphae

Hyphae

Fungal Hyphae

General Characteristics(animal-like)

• Heterotrophic– absorption

(saprobes)– parasitic– mutualistic

• Cell Wall:______• Store sugar as

glycogen

Chitin

Fungal Reproduction• Asexual

– haploid spores (conidia/sporangia)

• Sexual– hyphae (haploid)– Syngamy (diploid) – (like us)

• ____________ (dikaryon) (Heterokaryon)• karyogamy (diploid)

Plasmogamy

Fugal Reproduction

Fungal Classification

Division: Chytridiomycota

• Have _______ (rare in fungi)• Coenocytic hyphae or

unicellular• Cell wall: chitin• Saprobes or parasites• May be most primitive fungi

Flagella

Division: Zygomycota

Division: Zygomycota

• Coenocytic Fungi• Mostly terrestrial

(live on decaying material)

• Example: Rhizopus (Black bread mold)

• Uses: birth control pills, meat tenderizers, margarine coloring

(enzymes)

Fig. 31-13-4Fig. 31-13-4

Rhizopusgrowingon bread

SEXUALREPRODUCTION

Youngzygosporangium(heterokaryotic)

Gametangia withhaploid nucleiMating

type (–)

Matingtype (+)

Diploid (2n)

Haploid (n)Heterokaryotic (n + n)

PLASMOGAMY

Key

Diploidnuclei

Zygosporangium

100 µm

KARYOGAMY

MEIOSIS

Sporangium

Spores

Dispersal andgermination

ASEXUALREPRODUCTION

Dispersal andgermination

Sporangia

Mycelium50 µm

Essay! – probably at least one fungi one plant life cycle!

Division: Zygomycota

• Microsporidia– Parasitic

• Loss of organelles

– Cause disease in people with immune deficiency

– Used as pest control

Division: Glomeromycota

• Arbuscular mycorrhizae– Coenocytic Fungi– ________ - associated

with plant roots– increases surface area

for the absorption of water and nutrients

Mutualistic

Division: Ascomycota

Divison: ________• Septate fungi (sac

fungi)• Saprobes,

mutualistic• Examples: Dutch Elm

Disease, yeasts, truffles, some molds

• Uses: Penicillium, pathogens (penicillin, tumor suppression) food (cheese and soy sauce)

Ascomycota

Fig. 31-17-4Fig. 31-17-4

Key

Haploid (n)

Diploid (2n)Dikaryotic (n + n)

Conidiophore

Mycelium

ASEXUALREPRODUCTION

Germination

Hypha PLASMOGAMY

Haploid spores (conidia)

Conidia;mating type (–)

Matingtype (+)

SEXUALREPRODUCTION

Dikaryotichyphae

Ascus(dikaryotic)

Mycelia

KARYOGAMY

Diploid nucleus(zygote)

Germination

Asci

Dispersal

Dispersal

AscocarpEightascospores

Fourhaploidnuclei MEIOSIS

Division: Basidiomycota

Division: Basidiomycota

• Septate Fungi (Club fungi)

• Saprobes, parasites, mutualistic

• Examples: mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, shelf fungi

• Uses: Food

Division: Basidiomycota• Fairy Rings

Basidium

Fig. 31-19-4Fig. 31-19-4

SEXUALREPRODUCTION

Diploid (2n)

Haploid (n)Dikaryotic (n +n)

Key

PLASMOGAMY

Matingtype (+)

Haploid myceliaDikaryotic mycelium

Matingtype (–)

Basidia(n+n)

Gills linedwith basidia

Basidiocarp(n+n)

KARYOGAMY

Diploidnuclei

MEIOSIS

Basidium containingfour haploid nuclei

Dispersal andgermination

Basidiospores(n)

Basidium withfour basidiospores

Basidiospore1 µm

Haploid mycelia

Division: Deuteromycota• _________ fungi (no sexual cycle), septate hyphae• Examples: Penicillium?, Aspergillus, predatory fungi• Stachybotrys chartarum

Imperfect

Some taxonomist say Penicillium is an Ascomycota and deutromycota does not exist

__• Mutualistic -

association with a green algae or cyanobacteria and an ascomycota or basidiomycota

• Pioneer organisms

Lichen_____

Ecological Impacts• Decomposers• Pathogens (30% of species…most

plant pathogens).• 10-50% world’s fruit lost due to

Fungi• Ergots on rye (lysergic acid >

LSD)• Food Production – recycling,

alcohol, cheese, truffles• Ergots – another compound used

to reduce blood pressure/maternal bleeding after childbirth

• Worldwide 1/3 of worlds amph suffering serious decline

• 60% human diseases originate from animals

04/22/23 24

Plant Diversity IPlant Diversity I

Highlights of Plant Evolution

Gymnosperms

Alternation of Generation

Both a __________ haploid and __________ diploid stages in the life cycles.

Multicellular

Multicellular

Classification of Seedless Plants (Kingdom: Plantae)• Nonvascular

Seedless plants– _____________

• Mosses– Hepatophyta

• Liverworts– Anthocerophyta

• Hornworts

• Vascular Seedless plants– Lycophyta

• Club mosses

– Psilophyta• Whiskferns

– Spenophyta• Horsetails

– _____________• Ferns

Kingdom Plantae – currently defined as plants with embryos)

Bryophyta

Pterophyta

We will treat all of these as “divisions”!

Bryophytes - Nonvascular Seedless Plants

• Plant is a thallus (no vascular tissue)– no true leaves, roots, stems

• __________/_________:– Gametophyte

• (antheridium and archegonium)

– sporangium (produces spores)

Gametophyte Sporophyte

Hepatophyta• Liverworts

– Two forms• __________ (80%)• __________ (20%)

LeafyThalloid

Hepatophyta

• Liverworts– Reproduction

• Asexual

(_______________)

• sexual

Gemma Cups

Anthocerophyta• Hornworts

– Similar to liverworts except for sporophytes

– Most closely related to higher plants

____________Sporophyte

BryophytaMosses

Moss gametophytes grow more vertically than horizontally

Bryophyta

Essay!

Pteridophytes - Vascular Seedless Plants

• Formation of vascular tissue– __________ (water)– __________ (food)– True leaves, roots, and stems

• Lignin (chemical in cell wall)• Sporophyte generation

dominate• Sperm with flagella

Xylem

Phloem

Lycophyta

• Lycophytes– true leaves

• Microphylls – small, usually spine shaped leaves with a single vein.

– true stems– true roots– ____________

• leaves that produce spores

Sporophylls

Psilophyta

• Whisk Ferns– True stems– no true leaves– no true roots

Sphenophyta

• Horsetails– true leaves

• microphylls

– true stems• silica

– true roots

Division: Pterophyta

Division: Pterophyta

Fern Life Cycle

Essay!