fungi domain eukarya kingdom fungi. how many kingdoms? multicellular animals myxozoansprotozoans...
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Fungi
Domain EukaryaKingdom Fungi
How Many Kingdoms?Multicellul
ar Animals
Myxozoans
Protozoans
Tracheophytes
Bryophytes
True Fungi
Slime Molds
Red algae
Brown Algae
Green Algae
Chrysophytes
Euglenoids
Archezoans
Archaebacteria
Bacteria
Original Cell
Extant
Extinct
Long Time with
Prokaryotes only
8
5
3
2
1
Fungal Cladogram
Pilobolus
Peziza
Phallus
Agaricus
Mucor
Rhizopus
Saccharomyces
Sordaria
Polyporus
Neurospora
To Animalia, etc.
Phylum: Ascomycota Basidiomycota Zygomycota
One other taxon: Deuteromycota is artificial as sexual stages are unknown for these species. They are likely Ascomycota.
Fungi
Domain EukaryaKingdom Fungi
Phylum Basidiomycota
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http://pkaminski.homestead.com/files/Amanita_virosa_7_L.jpg
Basidiomycota: Amanita virosa (the destroying angel mushroom)
lamellae
= gills
annulus
= ring
stipe
= stalk
volva
= cup
pileus
amatoxin: digestive upset, fever, 2 days, improve 3 days, coma, death
Life Cycle of Agaricus
septatehypha
4 meiotic products extruded from basidium
SYNGAMY
zygote
SporophyteGametophyte
sporangium
sporocytespores
gametangia
gametesgerminationmitosis
differentiation
mitosisgerminationmitosis
mitosis
1N 2Ndifferentiation
differentiation
differentiation
MEIOSIS
Whether this is a zygotic or a sporic life cycle depends upon your interpretation of whether or not the dikaryotic mycelium and basidiocarp is a sporophyte.
karyogamy
4 basidiospores atop basidium
plasmogamy
meiosis
basidium 2N
cup = volva
stalk = stipe
cap = pileus
This dikaryotic mycelium is composed of septate hyphae. It proliferates in the substrate (soil, rotting wood, etc.) and can live this way for weeks, years, decades, even centuries! Under the correct conditions, the dikaryotic mycelium forms basidiocarps. These will have hyphal tips forming a layer (a hymenium) on gills (or other surfaces). The apical cells are called basidia.
dikaryotic mycelium
gills = lamellae
ring = annulus
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http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/photos/Amanita_muscaria(tfl-c0229-35).jpg
Basidiomycota: Amanita muscaria (fly agaric) mushroomibotenic acid, muscimol hallucinogenic near lethal dosePassage through urine stream
SmurfHomes?
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http://pkaminski.homestead.com/files/Coprinus_comatus_6_L.jpg
Basidiomycota: Coprinus comatus (inky cap) mushroom
Fall mushroom, edible as long as you do not drink alcohol at the same meal. Alcohol converts an innocuous compound into a toxin.
Distinctive cylindrical pileus with shaggy coverage. Also called the shaggy-mane mushroom
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http://fp.bio.utk.edu/mycology/images/fairy%20ring.jpg
A Fairy Ring of Mushrooms: a dikaryotic mycelium producing an ever-larger circle of basidiocarps at it edge. Can you tell how the lawn responds? Why does it respond this way?
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http://www.funbeach.com/mushroom/L_Andersen/hires/Mshrms%20Laurie%20Boletus.jpg
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http://www.mykoweb.com/SierraNevada/photos/Boletus_rubripes(mgw-01).jpgBasidiomycota: Boletus a large polypore
(sponge) mushroomThe pores are lined with basidia producing basidiospores
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http://www.bsu.edu/classes/ruch/msa/porteretal/3-22.jpg
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http://www.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/~bh28/pics/phallus.jpg
Mutinus caninus
Phallus impudicus Basidiomycota: Phallales
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http://www.banrep.gov.co/blaavirtual/letra-f/fen/imagenes/hongos/fphallus.jpg
Dictyophora duplicata
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http://users.servicios.retecal.es/amz/Concursos_Fotografia/2000/imagenes/CF01-P02_Clathrus_archeri.jpg
Clathrus archeri
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http://diseyes.lycaeum.org/teo/cub3dung.jpg
Basidiomycota: Psilocybe cubensis
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http://www.shroomwizard.com/graphics/Bradenton/Neil%207.jpg
Growing in natural settingDry “for sale”
These “magic mushrooms” contain psilocybin, a mescaline-class hallucinogen
Adapted from:http://www.biosite.dk/staabi/images/sucralose.gif
You asked about sucralose (Splenda™)…
O
O
OOH
OHOH
OH
Cl
CH2OHCH2Cl
CH2Cl
This molecule is fundamentally sucrose with 3 hydroxyl groups replaced by chlorine…
600 times less needed and is excreted without metabolism (0 cal)