fundamentals of teaching darshana shah. phd. professor of pathology associate dean office of faculty...
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Fundamentals of Teaching
Darshana Shah. PhD.Professor of Pathology
Associate Dean Office of Faculty Affairs & Professional Development
Marshall University , Joan. C. Edwards school of Medicine
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What does the following terms means to you?
BLOOM’S TAXONOMYVARKMALCOM KOWLSPEDAGOGYFORMATIVE SUMMATIVE
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What does the following terms means to you?
⌂ BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: identified three domains of educational activities: CAP
⌂ VARK: Visual, Aural, Read and write, Kinesthetic, Multimodal
⌂ MALCOLM KNOWLES: adult learning theory
⌂ PEDAGOGY: strategies of instruction, or a style of instruction
⌂ FORMATIVE: Mid point ⌂ SUMMATVE: End point
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Define : Excellent Teacher?
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Define : Excellent Teacher?⌂ Knowledgeable⌂ Organized⌂ Good interpersonal
skills/good communicator
⌂ Enthusiastic and interested in teaching
⌂ Provides expectations
⌂ Provides examples⌂ Promotes self
directed learning
⌂ Includes learner actively
⌂ Values the learner⌂ Teaches at the
learner’s level/varies style
⌂ Makes teaching relevant
⌂ Suggests ways to apply material
⌂ Makes learning fun!⌂ Is comfortable
saying, “I don’t know.”
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Our Educational Strategies
⌂ Develop through observation of our teachers
⌂ Are changed by experimentation with new methods and reflection on these experiences
⌂ More experienced teachers have a larger repertoire of strategies
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Good Lectures
⌂ Challenges student to significant kinds of learning
⌂ Use active forms of learning⌂ Have teachers who care- about the
subject, their students, and about teaching and learning
⌂ Have teachers who interact well with students
⌂ Have a good system of feedback, assessment and grading
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Reflective exercise:What frustrates you the
most?
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Reflective exercise:What frustrates you the most?
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Goal: To provide tools and techniques for effective
teaching
Participants will be able to: Identify learners’ need Apply educational theory to write
learning objectives Structure the learning experience to
achieve learning objectives Conduct quick assessment of
significant learning
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We are dealing with adult learners
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Andragogy—five assumptions about adult learning Adults are independent and self directingThey have accumulated a great deal of experience, which is a richresource for learningThey value learning that integrates with the demands of theireveryday lifeThey are more interested in immediate, problem centeredapproaches than in subject centered onesThey are more motivated to learn by internal drives than byexternal one
Knowles, M. (1984). Andragogy in Action. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass
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Malcolm Knowles theory:
Learning is teacher centered
Learning is learner centered
Teacher's experience is paramount, lecture is the dominant mode
Adults build on their experience. Explore these and set expectations
Learners are ready to learn when the teacher says so.
Learners learn when they perceive a need in real life.
Learning a series of discrete units.
Learning is a cycle of learning, reflection and action
Children Adults
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They are from different generation
Generations Birth Years Ages in 2006
GI Generation 1901 - 1924 81 -
Silent Generation 1925 - 1945 61 - 80
Baby Boomers 1946 - 1964 42 – 60
Generation X 1965 - 1978* 28 - 42
Millennials 1979*- 1994 12 - 27 *Experts differ on end or beginning date of generation : 1974-1981
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Different learning Style
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VARK (Visual/Aural-Auditory/ Read-Write/ Kinesthetic)
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Lesson activities for visual learners
Lesson activities for auditory learners
Lesson activities for kinaesthetic learners
Diagrams
Simulations on the internet.
Explanations of visual prompts
Encouraged to discuss what parts of the heart they are looking at in the dissection
Models of the heart
Dissection of the heart
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Teacher
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Plan Your Teaching
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What do we focus on?
Take a minute……
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Planning is all about Aligning !
Learning Objectives
Instructional Method
AssessmentFormativeSummative
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Teaching planGO FAR !!!!
⌂ G OAL: What is the broad purpose?
⌂ O BJECTIVES: Specifically what should learner achieve?
⌂ F RAMEWORK: What is the best way to structure the learning experience to achieve learning objectives?
⌂ A SSESSMENT: Were the learning experience and teacher effective? Were learning objectives achieved?
⌂ R EVIEW: What should be done differently next time?Teacher & Educational Development
University of New Mexico School of Medicine
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GO FAR !!!!
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GO FAR !!!!!
Goal Objective
Goal- BroadObjectives - Specific
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Learning Objectives
⌂ Learning Objectives should be “SMART”
⌂ S Specific⌂ M Measurable⌂ A Attainable for Target Audience⌂ R Relevant and Results Oriented⌂ T Targeted to Learner
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Frameworks for Educational Objectives
Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: (1956) identified three domains of educational activities:
Cognitive: mental skills (Knowledge) Affective: growth in feelings or emotional
areas (Attitude) Psychomotor: manual or physical skills
(Skills)
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Cognitive Domain Hierarchy of
Learning
KNOWLEDGE
Recalls Specifics
INTELLECTUAL ABILITIES AND SKILLS
Recalls Methods and
Processes
THEORIES PRINCIPLES
KNOWLEDGE
Recalls Specifics
Recalls Procedures
Recalls Patterns,
Structures and Settings
EXTRAPOLATES INTERPRETS TRANSLATES
COMPREHENSION
Recalls Specifics
Recalls Procedures
Recalls Patterns
Understands Material Being
communicated
APPLICATION
APPLICATION
Recalls Specifics
Recalls Procedures
Recalls Patterns
Understands Material
Uses Abstractions in
Concrete Situations
ORGANIZATION RELATIONSHIPS
ELEMENTS
ANALYSIS
Recalls Specifics
Recalls Procedures
Recalls Patterns
Understands Material
Uses Abstractions
Breaks Down Material Into
Its Component Parts
ABSTRACTIONS DESIGN COM-MUNICATION
SYNTHESIS
Recalls Specifics
Recalls Procedures
Recalls Patterns
Understands Material
Uses Abstractions
Analyzes Material
Develops New Material From
Component Parts
EXTERNAL CRITERIA, INTERNAL EVIDENCE
EVALUATION
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Bloom’s Taxonomy
Evaluation
Synthesis
Analysis
Application
Comprehension
Knowledge
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Foundational Knowledge
Understanding and remembering:
InformationIdeas
ApplicationSkill
ThinkingCritical , Creative
IntegrationConnecting
IdeasPeople
Human DimensionLearning about
oneself
CaringDeveloping
FeelingsInterestValue
Learning How to learn
Becoming a better student
Self –directed learning
A Taxonomy of Significant Learning
L. Dee Fink Jossey- Bass
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How do you create a useful learning objective?
⌂ It’s helpful to finish the sentence, “After this session, you should be able to…”
⌂ Start with an observable action word that captures what the learner should be able to do (see examples in your handout )
⌂ Avoid ill-defined terms that are open to variable interpretation (e.g., understand, learn, grasp);
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GO FAR !!!!
Frame Work
⌂ What is the best way to structure the learning experience to achieve learning objectives?
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Delivery method (pedagogy)
⌂ Determine which style will most effectively accomplish objectives
⌂ Use of appropriate method increases likelihood of learning
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Learning Pyramid
Lecture5%
Reading 10%
Audio Visual 20%
Demonstration 30%
Discussion Group 50%
Practice by Doing 75%
Teaching Others 90%
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Teaching Methods
⌂ What is the best way to teach?
⌂ Variety of teaching methods¤Lectures¤Team based learning¤Problem-based learning¤Small group discussions¤Simulation/skills teaching¤Self-learning packages
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3:Components
⌂ Introduction⌂ Main Body⌂ Closure
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Introduction: should get attention, set the mood, establish expectations
⌂ SMART: objectives, demonstrate relevance, tie to the larger context, create rapport, and motivate the learner.
⌂ Dramatic statistic,⌂ Startling question or
challenging statement⌂ Quotation⌂ Picture, anecdote⌂ Case history
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Students’ perception of the relevance of what they are being taught is a vital motivator for learning
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For the body:
⌂ Limit major learning points to a maximum of three to five per hour, corresponding to objectives.
⌂ Decide on an appropriate organizational structure (e.g., chronological, procedural, cause-effect, problem-solution, topical, general to specific, specific to general, etc.)
⌂ Develop an outline.⌂ Plan time for questions and a conclusion
(10 min/50 min).
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For the body:
⌂ Develop concrete examples to illustrate your main points.
⌂ Decide how to illustrate key points (e.g., story, demonstration, case, etc.).
⌂ Decide how to supplement key points (e.g., audio-visuals, props).
⌂ Build in transitions.⌂ List questions you plan to ask.
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For the conclusion:
⌂ Summarize major points.⌂ Relate content to objectives and the
big picture.⌂ Do not introduce any new material.⌂ Do not end with “Any questions?”⌂ Tie back in to the introduction
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Active Learning!!!where students do more than
simply listen to a lecture.
Elements of active learningTalking and listeningWriting & reading Reflecting.
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In-class active learning techniques
⌂ Think-Pair-Share⌂ Collaborative learning
groups⌂ Student-led review
sessions⌂ Games⌂ Concept mapping
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GO F A R !!!!
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Learning is driven by Assessment !!
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Which is your favorite methods of assessment and why?
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Multiple methods of assessment
Provide opportunities for frequent self-assessment
Assess not just medical knowledge but also interpersonal skills, qualities of mind, professionalism
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AssessmentDoes
Shows HowOSCE
Simulated patient based test
Knows HowMCQ, Essay questions,
extended matching items
KnowsMCQ, Essay questions, extended
matching items
SP, portfolio, log
GE Miller. The assessment of clinical skills/competence/performance. Acad Med 1990; 65: 63S-67S
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Class room assessment technique (CATs)
⌂ Minute paper ( Crystal clear/ Muddy point)
⌂ Chain Notes (question in the envelop)⌂ Memory matrix⌂ Directed paraphrasing (Ask students to write a
layman’s "translation" of something they have just learned
⌂ One-sentence summary (summarize knowledge of a topic by constructing a single sentence that answers the questions "Who does what to whom, when, where, how, and why?"
⌂ Application cards (one real-world application for what they have just learned
⌂ Student- generated test questions
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Feedback
⌂ FAST⌂ Frequent⌂ Accurate⌂ Specific⌂ Timely
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GO F A R !!!!
⌂ What to considerbefore “next time
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GO F A R !!!!
⌂ What I will keep the same is…⌂ What I will do more of is …⌂ What I will do less of is…⌂ What I will stop doing is…⌂ What I will do differently and how
is…⌂ What I will add is…
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Added value: Scholarly componentInterpret quality through outcomes:
What you have learned and how you plan to disseminate your learning.
Are you collecting data to demonstrate your teaching effectiveness?
Do you use this data to inform your future teaching?
How do you use information from learners to choose the appropriate teaching method to meet their needs?
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What can you take home?
⌂ DIRECTIONS: Please take a moment to recall the ideas, techniques, and strategies we've discussed – and those you've thought up – to this point in the session.
⌂ IDEAS/TECHNIQUES POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS
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For references and additional information, please see:
⌂ Anderson, L.W. & Krathwohl, D.R. (Eds.). (2001). A taxonomy of learning, teaching, and assessment: A revision of Bloom’s taxonomy of educational objectives. New York: Longman.
⌂ Biggs, J. (1999). Teaching for quality learning at university. Philadelphia: Buckingham.
⌂ Bloom, B.S. (Ed.). (1956). Taxonomy of educational objectives, handbook I: Cognitive domain. New York: Longmans, Green.Bloom, B.S., Englehart, M.D., Furst, E. J., & Krathwohl, D.R. (1956). Taxonomy of educational objectives: Cognitive domain. New York: McKay.
⌂ Krathwohl, D., Bloom, B.S., & Masia, B. (Eds.). (1964). Taxonomy of educational objectives, handbook II: Affective domain. New York: McKay.
⌂ The Guide to Writing Effective Goals and Objectives for Learning was developed by Kathryn Huggett, Ph.D., Director, Medical Education Development and Assessment at the Creighton University School of Medicine.
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