fundamentals of medical ethics by dr myint oo gp

8/14/2019 Fundamentals of Medical Ethics by Dr Myint Oo GP

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Fundamentals of Medical EthicsGeneral Practitioner's Manual

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Acknowledgement

We express our heartfelt thanks to''Alumni Myanmar Institutes of Medicines Association AMIMA, which is a global

nonprofit humanitarian organization made up of former graduates of Myanmar Institutes

of Medicines from all over the world. It is registered as an entity in the state of

Pennsylvania, USA. Further information can be obtained at www.burmesedoctors.org.''

Without AMIMA's support, this book would not be happened.

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Hippocratic OathClassical VersionI swear by Apollo Physician and Asclepius and Hygieia and Panaceia and all the gods

and goddesses, making them my witnesses, that I will fulfil according to my abilityand judgment this oath and this covenant:

To hold him who has taught me this art as equal to my parents and to live my life inpartnership with him, and if he is in need of money to give him a share of mine, and

to regard his offspring as equal to my brothers in male lineage and to teach them thisart - if they desire to learn it - without fee and covenant; to give a share of precepts

and oral instruction and all the other learning to my sons and to the sons of him whohas instructed me and to pupils who have signed the covenant and have taken an

oath according to the medical law, but no one else.

I will apply dietetic measures for the benefit of the sick according to my ability and judgment; I will keep them from harm and injustice.

I will neither give a deadly drug to anybody who asked for it, nor will I make asuggestion to this effect. Similarly I will not give to a woman an abortive remedy.

In purity and holiness I will guard my life and my art.

tajccHorm;usif h0wf 21 tajccHorm;usif h0wf


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I will not use the knife, not even on sufferers from stone, but will withdraw in favor

of such men as are engaged in this work.

Whatever houses I may visit, I will come for the benefit of the sick, remaining free ofall intentional injustice, of all mischief and in particular of sexual relations with both

female and male persons, be they free or slaves.

What I may see or hear in the course of the treatment or even outside of thetreatment in regard to the life of men, which on no account one must spread abroad, I

will keep to myself, holding such things shameful to be spoken about.

If I fulfil this oath and do not violate it, may it be granted to me to enjoy life and art,being honored with fame among all men for all time to come; if I transgress it and

swear falsely, may the opposite of all this be my lot.

Translation from the Greek by Ludwig Edelstein. From The Hippocratic Oath: Text, Translation,and Interpretation , by Ludwig Edelstein. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1943.

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3/ uREkfyfonf vkyfazmfukdifzuf aq;ynm&Sifrsm;ukd nD&if;tpfudkarmif&if;ESruJhod kUav;pm;pG mqufqHygth H/4/ uREk fyfonf orm;aumif;wpfOD;\ uk d,f usif hw&m;ESif hrGefjrwfonf h*kPfodu m tpOftvmuk d

xdef;odrf;ygtH h/5/ uREf kyfonf qnf;yl;wwfajrmufxm;aom aq;ynmjzif h*Dvmeyk*d Kvfrsm;\usef;rma&;uk dapwem

arw ma&SUxm; vlrsKd;bmom qif;&Jcsrf;omra&G; pGrf;pGrf;wrHapmif ha&SmufukoygtH h/6/ uREk fyfonf *Dvmeyk*d Kvfrsm;tm; ukoaepOfawG UjrifMum;od&onf hvQKd U0Suftyfaom twGif;a&;

udprsm;uk dzGif hqk dtyfonfwd k UrSvG J rnf onf htcgwGifrqd kzGif h[jcif;rSa&S mifMuOfygtH h/7/ uREk fyfonf vlom;wk d Utm; ab;Oyg'fjzpfapwwfaomaq;? aoapwwfonf haq;rsm;uk duk d,fwd kif

ay;jcif;rSaomfvnf;aumif;? olwpfyg;tm; ay;apjcif;rSaomfvnf;aumif; tcgcyfodrf; a&S mifMuOfygtH h/

8/ uREk fyfonf w&m;r0ifaom ukojcif;wd k YrStNrJwap a&S mifMuOfygtH h/9/ uREk fyfonf qnf;yl;wwfajrmufxm;aomaq;ynmjzif hvlom;wd k U\ b0ESif htouf uk dwefzd k;

xm; av;pm;pG m umuG,fapmif ha&S mufygtH h/,ck uwdop mjyKonf htwd kif;aqmif&GufygaomftuREk fyfonf aumif;usKd;r*FvmtjzmjzmESif h

jynfhpkHygapom;/

aq;wuod kvf (1)&efukef\trSwfwHqdyf

24 a'guf wmjrif hOD; (*sDyD ) a'guf wmjrif hOD; (*sDyD )


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jrefrmEkdifiH vuf&Sdjzpfysufaeaom aq;ynm usifh0wftajctaejrefrmEkdifiH vuf&Sdjzpfysufaeaom aq;ynm usifh0wftajctaejrefrmEkdifiH vuf&Sdjzpfysufaeaom aq;ynm usifh0wftajctaejrefrmEkdifiH vuf&Sdjzpfysufaeaom aq;ynm usifh0wftajctaejrefrmEkdifiH vuf&Sdjzpfysufaeaom aq;ynm usifh0wftajctaeCurrent Situation on Unethical Practice in Myanmar

(aq;wuodkvf Oya'qdkif&maq;ynmXme aemufqHk;ESpftydkif;(u) oifkd; (aq;wuodkvf Oya'qdkif&maq;ynmXme aemufqHk;ESpftydkif;(u) oifkd; (aq;wuodkvf Oya'qdkif&maq;ynmXme aemufqHk;ESpftydkif;(u) oifkd; (aq;wuodkvf Oya'qdkif&maq;ynmXme aemufqHk;ESpftydkif;(u) oifkd; (aq;wuodkvf Oya'qdkif&maq;ynmXme aemufqHk;ESpftydkif;(u) oifkd; (Lecture Notes)twGJ (3) wGifazmfjyxm;csufukd bmomjyefqdkwifjyygonf/) twGJ (3) wGifazmfjyxm;csufukd bmomjyefqdkwifjyygonf/) twGJ (3) wGifazmfjyxm;csufukd bmomjyefqdkwifjyygonf/) twGJ (3) wGifazmfjyxm;csufukd bmomjyefqdkwifjyygonf/) twGJ (3) wGifazmfjyxm;csufukd bmomjyefqdkwifjyygonf/)

1999 ckESpf ZE0g&DvwGif &efukefaq;wuodkvf(1) Oya'qdkif&maq;yumuG,fa&;ESifhvlrIa&;aq;ynmXmewdkU ESpfckyl;aygif;NyD; taxGaxGa&m*guaq;ynmusif h0wfwefzd k;xm;rIESif hjyem&yfrsm;(ethical values/issues) uk dodomEd kif&ef&efukefNrdKUwGif avhvmrIwpf&yfjyKvkyfcJ hygonf/ yk*vduu@rS taxGaxGa&m*gukq&m0ef(34) OD;yg0ifcJ hygonf/ pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&m usif h0wfudprsm; awG U&S dvmcJhygonf/

1/ vlemTef;ydkUjcif;ESifhywfouf . . .1/ vlemTef;ydkUjcif;ESifhywfouf . . .1/ vlemTef;ydkUjcif;ESifhywfouf . . .1/ vlemTef;ydkUjcif;ESifhywfouf . . .1/ vlemTef;ydkUjcif;ESifhywfouf . . .1.1/ vlemTef;yk d Uc vufcH&,ljcif;^ awmif;cHjcif;onf usif h0wfESif havsmfnDygovm;/1.2/ vlemwpfa,mufuk d&nfTef;ay;yd k Uvk dufaomtcgwGifwcsKd Uaom tpk d;&aq;k Hrsm;rStcsKd Uaom

txl ;ukq&m0efrsm;ESif hta&;ay:Xme wm0efusq&m0efrsm;onfyk d UvTwfvd kufaom taxG

axGa&m*gukq&m0eftm; ES drf hcsjcif;ESif hapmfum;armfum;aom tjyKtrlrsm;jyKrljcif; (insultingand degrading manners) ?

1.3/ tcsKdUaom taxGaxGa&m*gukq&m0efrsm;onf aq;uko tcaMu;aiGrsm; yk drd k&&S dvk daom&nf&G,fcsufjzif hwrifaemufuspG m vlemtm; aq;k Hod k Ur[kwftxl ;ukq&m0efxHod k U vT Jajymif;ay;aeMujcif;?

1.4/ tcsKd Uaom txl;ukq&m0efrsm;onftxl ;ukorIu@NyD;qk H;ygaomfvnf; vlemtm; rlvyk dUvTwfay;vdkufaom taxGaxGa&m*gukq&m0efxHjyefvnfvTJtyfray;jcif;?

1.5/ taxGaxGa&m*gukq&m0efESif htxl ;ukq&m0eftMum; vlemvT Jajymif;rI-jyefvnfvT Jajymif;rIpepfusepGm r&Sdao;jcif;?



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2/ aq;ukoa&;usifh0wfESifhywfouf . . .2/ aq;ukoa&;usifh0wfESifhywfouf . . .2/ aq;ukoa&;usifh0wfESifhywfouf . . .2/ aq;ukoa&;usifh0wfESifhywfouf . . .2/ aq;ukoa&;usifh0wfESifhywfouf . . .2.1/2.1/2.1/2.1/2.1/ aq;uko&efjiif;qdkjcif;aq;uko&efjiif;qdkjcif;aq;uko&efjiif;qdkjcif;aq;uko&efjiif;qdkjcif;aq;uko&efjiif;qdkjcif;(u) taxGaxGa&m*gukq&m0efwpfOD; txl ;ojzif htrsKd;orD;q&m0efwpfOD;onf na&;nwm tcsdef

rawmfwGif tdrfyif hvlemtm; vkdufvHMunfhI&ef odkUr[kwfta&;ay:ukorIay;&ef jiif;qkdvk dufjcif;onf usih f0wfESifhavsmfnDygovm;/

(c) aq;H kwufuko&efvd ktyfonf hqif;&Jaomvlemrsm;tm; a'oqd kif&m tpd k;&aq;H kwpfckckrSvufcH&efjiif;qdkjcif;?

(*) aq;k H0efxrf;wpfOD;rSaq;ypnf;wpfckckukduG,f0Sufxdef;odrf;xm;vkdufjcif;tm;jzifh vlem

twGufaumif;rGefxda&mufaom ukocsuf jzpfay:rvmap&efjyKrljcif; ( refusal of optimaltreatment )?

2.2/ tcsKd Utxl;ukq&m0efrsm;onfrvd ktyfaom ppfaq;prf;oyfrIrsm;uk dxyfcgwvJvJjyKvkyfjcif;ESif hvk dtyfonfxuf yk drk djyKvkyfjcif; ( unnecessary repetition and over investigation )?

2.3/ tcsKd Uaomtxl;ukq&m0efrsm;rSvlem\ukefusp&dwfjzif hyk drd ktxl ;jyKvkyfaqmifjcif; (overspecialization at the expense of the patient )?

2.4/ tcsKdUtxl;ukq&m0efrsm;rS vlemtm; pepfwus prf;oyfppfaq;jcif;rjyKvkyfbJ tvsif

tjref a&m*gazmfxkwfukorIay;aejcif; (hasty diagnosis and treatment

)?2.5/ vlem\awmif;qd kcsufaMumif htmedoifraocsmaom aq;0g;rsm;uk doH k;pG JaeMujcif; (usingdrugs of questionable potency due to patients' demand )?

2.6/ arhaq;ay;cHxm;&aomvlemtm; *krpd kufjcif; (cG JpdwfukorI jyKvkyfaepOftwGif; vlemrSod&S daeaMumif; tcsufjytoday;ygaomfvnf; *krpd kufjcif;)- (neglecting patient underanesthesia )?

3/ owif;tcsuftvuf rsm;zGif h[jcif;3/ owif;tcsuftvuf rsm;zGif h[jcif;3/ owif;tcsuftvuf rsm;zGif h[jcif;3/ owif;tcsuftvuf rsm;zGif h[jcif;3/ owif;tcsuftvuf rsm;zGif h[jcif; (Disclosure of information)

3.1/ vlemuk dqk H;cef;wdkifukoEd kif&eftwGufa&m*gtrnftrSefuk d zk H;uG,fNyD; vdrfnmajymqd kxm;jcif;/ (uifqma&m*guk d"mwfa&mifjcnfay; uko&rnfhtajctaersKd;)?

3.2/ vQKd U0Sufxm;&rnf htcsufESif hvlxktusKd;pD;yG m; (confidentiality versus community interest) - ( tdyfcsftdkifADvlemESifh vlxk0efaqmifrIrsm;,SufEG,faejcif; - Oyrm/ vlxa&ul;uefwGif tdyfcsftdkifADyd k;&S daeaom qD;ylanmif;usvlem a&ul;aerI )?



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3.3/ vlem&&S daoma&m*g^'Pf&monf&mZ0wfrIaMumif hjzpfay:&aMumif; vlemuk d,fwd kifrSzk H;uG,fxm;aomtcg q&m0efrSrnfodkUjyKrl&rnfenf;/

3.4/ wk H UjyefvG,faomjyem (sensitive issues) rsm;\ owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ukd xkwfazmfjcif; (tysKdpifwpfa,muf ukd,f0ef&Sdvmjcif;ukd 4if;\tpfudk^armif jzpfoltm; zGifh[ajymqkdjcif;)?

4/ aocgeD;vlemuk dukojcif;ESif haopm&if;a&;ay;jcif;4/ aocgeD;vlemuk dukojcif;ESif haopm&if;a&;ay;jcif;4/ aocgeD;vlemuk dukojcif;ESif haopm&if;a&;ay;jcif;4/ aocgeD;vlemuk dukojcif;ESif haopm&if;a&;ay;jcif;4/ aocgeD;vlemuk dukojcif;ESif haopm&if;a&;ay;jcif; ( ( ( ( ( Management of dying cases and certification of death ) ) ) ) )

4.1/ aocgeD;vlemud kukoay;&efawmif;qd kvmaomtcg q&m0efwpfa,muftaejzifh rnfuJhodkU jyKrl&rnfenf;/ rukobJ aq;k Hod k UvT Jay;vk dufjcif;onf usif h0wfESif havsmfnDygovm;/ukoay;aepOf aoqk H;oG m;cJ hygu? q&m0efayghavsmhrIaMumif hjzpf&onf[k pGyfpG JvmzG,f&Sdonfrsm;ukdrnfok d UumuG,fxm;&rnfenf;/

4.2/ vlemraoqk H;rDaemufqk H;ukoay;cJ h&aom wpfOD;wnf;aom q&m0efwpfa,mufjzpfae& onf htwGufaopm&if; (death certificate) a&;ay;Ed kifygovm;/

4.3/ vlemaoqkH;&aom vwfwavmtaMumif;&if;ESihf aemufcHtaMumif;&if;rsm;uk dod&S dxm;ol

q&m0efwpfa,muftaeESifh aopm&if;a&;ay;Edkifygovm;/4.4/ aopm&if;a&;ay;&jcif;twGuftcaMu;aiGowfrSwfawmif;cHjcif;onf usif h0wfESif havsmfnDygovm;/

5/ uk d,f0efaqmifjcif; uk d,f0efysufjcif;ESif hywfoufaom usih f0wfjyemrsm;5/ uk d,f0efaqmifjcif; uk d,f0efysufjcif;ESif hywfoufaom usih f0wfjyemrsm;5/ uk d,f0efaqmifjcif; uk d,f0efysufjcif;ESif hywfoufaom usih f0wfjyemrsm;5/ uk d,f0efaqmifjcif; uk d,f0efysufjcif;ESif hywfoufaom usih f0wfjyemrsm;5/ uk d,f0efaqmifjcif; uk d,f0efysufjcif;ESif hywfoufaom usih f0wfjyemrsm;5.1/ rvdkvm;tyfaom ukd,f0efukojcif;ESifh w&m;r0ifudk,f0ef

zsufjcif;udp&yfrsm;wGif taxGaxGa&m*gukq&m0efrsm;\(pm&dwyd kif;qkdif&mESif hOya'ydkif;qk dif&m) rxif&S m;aom tcef;u@ (ill-defined role moral and legal) wGif&S daejcif;/tysKdpifrsm;\rvdkvm;tyfaomukd,f0efukd rnfuJhodkUajz&Sif;

&rnfenf;/ tdrfaxmif&S dol trsKd;orD;\ rvd kvm;tyfonf huk d,f0efuk drnfok d Uajz&Sif;&rnfenf;/ uk d,f0efysufatmifjyKvkyfaejcif;uk dwm;qD;Ed d kif&efrnfok d Uaom vrf;Tefcsufrsm;&S doenf;/ ( guidelines for preven-tion of induced abortion )?



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6 6 6 6 6 / aq;bufqkdif&mOya'ESifhywfoufaom jyemrsm;/ aq;bufqkdif&mOya'ESifhywfoufaom jyemrsm;/ aq;bufqkdif&mOya'ESifhywfoufaom jyemrsm;/ aq;bufqkdif&mOya'ESifhywfoufaom jyemrsm;/ aq;bufqkdif&mOya'ESifhywfoufaom jyemrsm;(Medico-legal)6.1/ jypfrIxk dufaom uk d,f0efzsufcsrIuk duko&m taxGaxGa&m*gukq&m0ef\tcef;u@?6.2/ trsm;wumod&S dxm;onf h(emrnfBuD;) uk d,f0efzsufcsaeolrsm;uk drnfodk UjyKrlaqmif&Guf

oif hoenf;?6.3/ aoqk H;&onf hvwfwavmtaMumif;&if;ESif htajccHtaMumif;&if;ud krod&S dxm;aom aoqk H;ol

tm; q&m0efrS aopm&if;a&;ay;oifhygovm;/6.4/ rl;,pfaq;rokH;pGJzdkU q&m0efrSTefMum;xm;onfukd rvdkufemaom aq;pGolvlemtm;

rnfonh ftcsdefwGif wd d kifwef;zd k Uvk dtyfygovJ/

7/ taxGaxG7/ taxGaxG7/ taxGaxG7/ taxGaxG7/ taxGaxG7.1/ &rf;ukrsm;twGuf bmawGjyKvkyfay;oif hygovJ?7.2/ yk*vdu"mwfcG Jcef;rsm;ESif hyk*vduaq;0g;rsm;wGift&nftcsif;xdef;uGyfrIESif hpHEIef;owfrSwfrI

uif;rJhae&aomudprsm;?7.3/ aq;qk difrsm;rSrS m;,Gif;pG mtTef;ay; aq;a&mif;csaerIrsm; (Oyrm? qmvfzmrwnf holtm;

Septrim aomufok H;&eftMuHay; a&mif;csaerIrsm;)?

7.4/ yk*vduaq;k Hrsm; aq;ukocH,l rIpepfonf tvGeftrif ; aps;EIef;jrif hrm;aejcif; (0efaqmifrIt& aiGaMu;ay;ae&jcif;)/ xd kjyemtay: pnf;urf;owfrSwfrIavsmhenf;aejcif;/7.5/ vuf axmufusef;rma&;rSL;tm; taxGaxGa&m*gukq&m0ef trnfuk dtok H;jyKap aq;ukrI

cGifhjyKxm;jcif;udp/



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orm;usifh0wfqdkwmuk d t"dym,frzGif hqd kcif Ek difiHwdkif;rS m BuHKawGY&EdkifwJhatmufygtjzpftysuf erlem 4 ckuk dOD;pG myxr avhvmMunfhIvd kufMuygpdk Uvm;/

erlemjyem-1/erlemjyem-1/erlemjyem-1/erlemjyem-1/erlemjyem-1/a'gufwmarmifazonfyk*vduaq;kHBuD;wpfckwGiftcsdefykdif; aq;ukorIwm0ef,lae&

aom cGJpdwfq&m0efwpfa,muf jzpfygonf/ ol\n*sLwDtcsdefNyD;qkH;cgeD;wGifwpfa,mufukdrdcifjzpfolu az;rulnDvsuf prf;oyfcef;twGif;od k U ac:aqmifvmonf/ rdcifjzpfolu vl emrdef;ruk daq;ukop&dwfaiGtenf ;i,f ay;xm;cJ hNyD;? tdrfrS musef&pfcJ honf huav;i,f rsm;tm;apmif ha&S muf&ef&S daeaMumif; wm0efusq&mruk dajymqk drSmMum; vlemuk daq;k H xm;&pfcJ hygawmhonf/ vlemrSm rdef;ruk d,f rSaoG;qif;aeNyD; qD;pyf ud kufcJemusifaeonf h a0'emcHpm;ae&ygonf/a'gufwmarmifaz prf;oyfMunf hIvd kufaomtcg uk d,f0efysufaeaMumif; od k Uwnf;r[kwfuk d,f0efzsuf

csxm;aMumif; od&S dvd kuf&ygawmhonf/ csufcsif;qk dovk dom;tdrfjcpf(dilatation and curettage)ukoay;vkdufygawmhonf/ vlemtajctaepdwfcsoG m;&efaq;HkwpfaeUwm wufa&mufaexd kif&efvd ktyfonf htwGufolemjyKq&mrrSwpfqif h aiGaMu;wwfEd kifrwwfEd kifar;jref;Munf hcd kif;vk dufygonf/ aemufxyftcsdefykdif;wm0ef,l&ef a'gufwmarmifat;a&muf&SdvmNyDjzpfojzif h a'gufwmarmifazrSm vlemtm;pum;wpfcGef;rQyif rajymEdkifawmhbJ tdrfokdUjyefoGm;ygonf/



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erlemjyem-2/erlemjyem-2/erlemjyem-2/erlemjyem-2/erlemjyem-2/vlemawmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m cHpm;ae&wJ ha&m*ga0'em wpfckwnf;ukdyJwjcm;q&m0efawG

qDrS mjyovmNyD;umrSol UqDrS m xyfrH vma&mufjyoaeMuwJ htwGufa'gufwmvGifarOD;wpfa,mufawmfawmf huk dpdwfysufaerdygw,f/ ol YqDrS mjyovd kUNyD;oGm;&ifvnf; 'Da0'emuk dyJwjcm;q&m0efawGqDrS m xyfrHoG m;a&mufjyowmrsKd;uk dvnf; BuHKawG Uae&ygw,f/ vlemawGtaeeJ Y'Dvk dvkyfaeMuwm[musef;rma&;t&if;tjrpfawGuk djzKef;wD;ypf&ma&mufaewJ htjyif vlemhusef;rma&;twGufvnf; tusdK;r&SdwJhjzpf&yfvkdU olukd,fwkdif ,kHMunfrdygw,f/ a&m*ga0'emwpfckwnf;ukdjyKvkyfaewJ hvlemrsKd;a&muf&S dvm&ifol UqDrS maq;ukorIray;Ed kifawmhbl;vd k Uajymjyzk d U qk H;jzwfvk duf&yg

w,f wJ h/ 'Dvd kyk HpHrsKd;eJ U usef;rma&; t&if;tjrpfawGtvG Jok H;pm;jyKaeMuwmawGud kumuG,fwm;qD;Ed kifzd k UEd kifiHawmftqifhaq;aumifpDuk dcsOf;uyfNyD; tpd k;&tyd kif;uk dtBuHay;zd k U olYcrsmBuH&G,fxm;ygw,f/

erlemjyem-3/erlemjyem-3/erlemjyem-3/erlemjyem-3/erlemjyem-3/a'gufwmarmifpdef[m NrdKUawmfaq;kHBuD;rSm 0ifa&mufvkyfukdifae

taxGaxGa&m*gukq&m0eftopfav; wpfa,mufjzpfygw,f/ cG Jpdwfcef;xJrS m vkyfouf&if hcG Jpdwfq&m0efBuD;wpfa,muf&J U tjyKtrluk dawG U&S dvk duf&NyD; xdwfvef UwkefvIyfoG m;cJ h&ygw,f/ cG Jpdwfq&m0ef

BuD;[m acwfrrDawmhwJ hcGJpdwfukoenf;awGuk dok H;pG JNyD; cG JpdwfukoaewJ htwGufvlemawG[m yk drd kemusifaeMu&NyD;? emvefxwmawGvnf; aES;auG;ae&ygawmhw,f / vlemawGuk dvnf;dkif;pdkif;wJ haemufajymifusDp,frIawGjyKvkyfavh&S dwJ htwGuf olemjyKawGeJU0efxrf;awGuawmifrsufES mylMu& ygw,f/ a'gufwmarmifpdeftaeeJ U vkyfoufEkNyD; i,f&G,foljzpfaewmaMumifhcG Jpdwfq&m0efBuD;&J U tjyKtrluk dra0zef&JbJ&S daewJ htjyif? txuf tmPmyk difawGuk dvnf; rwk difMum;&JbJ&S dae&ygw,f/tajctaeawG aumif;rGefvm&atmifol UtaeeJ U wpfckckawmhjyKvkyfoif hw,f vd k U awG;awmaerdaeav&J U/ a'gufwmarmifpdefae&mrSm oifomqkd&if b,fvdkajz&Sif;ay;rSmvJ/

erlemjyem-4/erlemjyem-4/erlemjyem-4/erlemjyem-4/erlemjyem-4/a'gufwmrcifvS[m e,fNrdKUwpfNrdKUrS m uk d,f yk difaq;cef;zGif haewm ESpfESpfq,f eD;yg;Mumjrifh

aeygNyD/ olYaq;cef;ukd aq;ukrPDwpfcku tkd;tqpfa&mif&rf;a&m*g(Osteoarthritis) twGufpwD;d kufryg0ifaomta&mifavsmhaq;(Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug: NSAID) wpfrsKd;uk daq;ukoa&;wGif prf;oyftokH;jyK&ef okawoejyKrIwpfck jyKvkyfay;zdkUtwGuf zujyKvkyfzk d U urf;vSrf;vmygw,f/ aq;0g;wcsKd Uuk daxmufyH hay;r,fvd k Uvnf; ajymqd kygw,f/ aq;ukrPD



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fundamentals of medical ethics by dr myint oo gp

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