fundamentals of engineering workshop practice - materials & processes [2011, e-version]; edited by...

7/23/2019 Fundamentals of Engineering Workshop Practice - Materials & Processes [2011, E-Version]; Edited by O. E. Okorafor

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ZT@CLO@

]fis is l dlsio Qhtnsfhz Ztlo}io` }`v} cht pbm`tatlmpl}` s}pm`b}s hc@baib``tiba' _oi`bo` lbm ]òfbhghay" I} oh`ts }f` `ss`b}ilg lszò}s hc }f`

syggldps`s(opttiopgl hc @baib``tiba Qhtnsfhz Ztlo}io` I' II lbm III ls

optt`b}gy tpb l} }f` C`m`tlg Pbi`tsi}y hc ]òfbhghay' Hq`tti &CP]H)"

L }`v} hc }fis bl}pt` fls d``b ghba h`tmp` lbm i} is fhz`m }fl} i}s

zpdgiol}ihb qigg cigg }f` y`ltbiba alz cht y`lts I lbm II s}pm`b}s hc

@baib``tiba lbm ]òfbhghay lothss }f` ohpb}ty" ]f` ohb}tidp}iba lp}fhts lt`

lgg mtlqb cthe }f` M`zlt}e`b} hc El}`tilgs lbm E`}lggptaiolg @baib``tiba hc

}f` C`m`tlg Pbi`tsi}y hc ]òfbhghay' Hq`tti" ]f` qhtn is }f` hp}ohe` hc}`lofiba lbm ohhtmibl}iba }f` Qhtnsfhz Ztlo}io` Ohpts`s ib CP]H cht }f`

zls} }q`b}y}ft`` y`lts"

L ls} lehpb} hc ibchtel}ihb is bhq lligldg` hb ``ty ielaibldg`

spdkò}' bh} kps} ib ztib}' dp} lgsh hb }f` ib}`tb`}" Fhq``t' bhb` hc }f`s olb

d` `ccò}i`gy p}igi{`m dy }f` l`tla` s}pm`b} pbg`ss }f`t` is zthz`t apimlbo`

lbm pbm`ts}lbmiba hc }f` cpbmle`b}lg ohbo`z}s qi}f tàltms }h }f` ztlo}io`s'

ztho`ss`s lbm el}`tilgs dy }f` gò}pt`t" ]fis }`v} is hb` qly hc zthimiba }fl}

dlsio apimlbo` ib }f` ls} spdkò} hcelbpclo}ptiba ztho`ss`s"

]f` lp}fhts lt` fiafgy ibm`z}`m }h elby ohgg`lap`s lbm lp}fhts qfh

q`t` ohbspg}`m ib }f` ohpts` hc zt`zltiba }fis }`v}"

@bat" Zthc" H"@" Hnhtlcht

@mi}ht


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OHB]TIDP]HT_

@bat" Zthc" H"@" Hnhtlcht ^Oflz}`ts


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OHB]@B]_

Zt`clo` "iii

Ohb}tidp}hts i

Oflz}`t Hb`; Ibmps}tilg _lc`}y


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?"4"? Miim`ts lbm }tlee`gs"" 1=

?"4"= F`telzfthmi}` Olgiz`ts 10

?"4"0 Ohedibl}ihb s`} 13

?"4"3 Dhv _|plt` 13

?"4"1 ]ty _|plt` 11

?"4"6 Qhtnsfhz Zth}tlo}ht 11

?"? Eltnibahp} @|pize`b} cht Zthimiba _pzzht}"" 16

?"?"< _ptclo` Zgl}`s(]ldg`s 16

?"?"4 Lbag` zgl}`s" 19

?"?"? Zltlgg`gs 19

?"?"= Oglezs" 6:

?"?"0 Klons lbm Q`ma`s 6:

?"?"3 Eltniba My` 6 zfysiolggy'

e`b}lggy lbm ciblboilggy"

Hdkò}i`s(Lmlb}la`s hc _lc`}y

i" ]h zth}ò} z`hzg`

ii" ]h zth}ò} zthz`t}y(elofib`ty

iii" Cht ohb}ibpi}y hc hz`tl}ihbs ^t`mpo}ihb hc mhqb}ie`sU

i" ]h t`mpo` ohs}s mp` }h t`zlit hc mlela`m `|pize`b} ht e`miolg

}t`l}e`b} ai`b }h ibkpt`m z`tshbb`g(hz`tl}hts"


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B`lteiss; Lb iboim`b} }fl} ohpgm fl` olps`m ibkpty }h z`hzg`' lss`} ht

`bithbe`b}' pbm`t sgiaf}gy micc`t`b} oitopes}lbo`s' dp} qi}f bh ohbs`|p`bo`>

HT' lb iboim`b} }fl} hooptt`m qi}fhp} ibkpty ht mlela` }h gic` ht zthz`t}y"

Ztòlp}ihb; }f` lo}ihb ht s}`z }ln`b }h zt``b} lb looim`b} ht ohb}thg lfl{ltm"

Pbslc` Lo}; Lb lo} ht lo}ihb dy lb ibmiimplg }fl} ohpgm zhssidgy olps`

ibkpty' mlela`' iggb`ss' m`l}f `}o" `vlezg`s ibogpm` q`ltiba pbslc` ogh}fiba'

ahiba l} lb pbslc` sz``m' psiba pbslc` `|pize`b}' `}o"

Pbslc` Ohbmi}ihb; L ohbmi}ihb(si}pl}ihb(s}l}` }fl} ohpgm zh}`b}ilggy olps`

ibkpty' mlela`' iggb`ss `}o" `vlezg`s ibogpm`; pbslc` ogh}fiba' m`cò}i`

elofib`ty' fl{ltmhps(pbslc` e`}fhms' `}o"Dhq ]i`; L ohbo`z} }fl} `vzglibs qfl} ohb}thgs lt` ib zglo` }h zt``b} }f`

fl{ltmhps ``b} flzz`biba ht `solgl}iba"

Dltti`ts; Ohpb}`te`lspt`s zp} ib zglo` }h zt``b} l }ft`l} ht ohedibl}ihb hc

}ft`l}s pg}iel}`gy t`spg}iba }h }f` t`g`ls` hc l fl{ltm" Cht `vlezg`' cht

ohtthsihb' dltti`ts ohpgm d` l ohtthsihb t`sis}lb} ohl}iba> lbm cht h`t

zt`sspt`' }f` dltti`t ohpgm d` l zt`sspt` t`gi`c sys}è ht lg`"

]ft`l}; _he`}fiba }fl} ohpgm zh}`b}ilggy olps` }f` t`g`ls` hc l fl{ltm lbmt`spg} ib lb iboim`b} `"a" zhht isidigi}y' h`tzt`sspt`' glon hc

nbhqg`ma`(ohez }`bo`' ohtthsihb' `}o"

Lss`}; Lby lgpldg` ht ps`cpg z`tshb ht }fiba zp} ib zglo` ib lb htalbi{l}ihb

cht }f` sptilg lbm t`lgi{l}ihb hc }f` ohezlbys s`} ahlgs lbm hkò}i`s" Ib

h}f`t qhtms' lss`} is lby}fiba }fl} lgghqs }f` ohezlby }h cpbo}ihb lbm lofi``

i}s lies" @vlezg`s ibogpm`; z`tshbb`g' olsf' glbm' `|pize`b} lbm elofib`ty'

ahhms lbm zthmpo}s lbm hccioilg mhope`b}s"

Cits} Lim; ]f` snigg`m lzzgiol}ihb hc loo`z}`m ztiboizg`s hc }t`l}e`b} hb }f`hooptt`bo` hc lby ibkpty ht spmm`b iggb`ss' psiba cloigi}i`s ht el}`tilgs

lligldg` l} }f` }ie`" I} is }f` lzzth`m e`}fhm hc }t`l}iba l olsplg}y pb}ig

zglo`m' ic bò`sslty' ib }f` olt` hc l mho}ht ht tèh`m }h l fhszi}lg"


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_pi}ldg` giaf}iba"

Zthz`t mtlibla` hc cghhts"

Lm`|pl}` slbi}lty looheehml}ihb"

E`miolg pbi} Zthz`t s}htla` hc }hvio(zhishbhps spds}lbo`s"


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Ztòlp}ihbs;

i" Ps` eòflbiolg lims spof ls }hbas' sotlzz`ts' `}o"

ii" Q`lt zth}ò}i` ogh}fiba' qfiof sfhpgm d` lgqlys og`lb`m lbm

ishgl}`m cthe h}f`t ogh}fiba"iii" Dl}f lgqlys qi}f fh} ql}`t lbm ps` og`lb }hq`gs"

i" Ps` lzzthztil}` dltti`t ot`les"

" Fl` cits}lim }t`l}e`b} cht ``ty ibkpty' fhq``t selgg"

m) ]hvio _pds}lbo`s; ^]f`s` zhishbhps lbm fltecpg spds}lbo`s qfiof olb d`

shgim' gi|pim ht als`s ai`b hcc ls cpe`s(lzhpts dy cgleeldg` ibmps}tilg

shg`b}s" ]f` oheehb ibmps}tilg shg`b}s ibogpm` zltlccib' z`}thg'

}ptz`b}ib`' }tiofghth`}fyg`b` lbm oltdhb }`}tlofghtim`" ]f`y olb d`

ldshtd`m ib}h }f` gpbas dy ibflgl}ihb' }fthpaf }f` snib dy zfysiolg ohb}lo}

ht }fthpaf }f` ehp}f dy sqlgghqibaU

Ztòlp}ihbs;

i" ]f` ztòlp}ihbs cht ofèiolgs ls ohb}lib`m pbm`t &o) ldh` lt`

lzzgioldg` f`t " Lmmi}ihblggy' q` fl` }f` chgghqiba;

ii" Lhim sehniba ib spof lt`ls ls }f`t` is l tisn hc cit` lbm }f`s`

lzhpts lt` eht` mlba`thps qf`b ibflg`m l giaf}`m oialt`}}`"

iii" Zly l}}`b}ihb }h qltbiba bh}io`s"

`) E`}lg Slzhpts lbm Oylbim` _lg}s; ^_he` e`}lgs ai` hcc }hvio lzhpts

qf`b f`l}`m ht ehg}`b `"a" mptiba q`gmibaU ]f`s` e`}lgs lbm }f` `ccò} hc

}fìt lzhpts lt`;


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i} ely dghq ib yhpt

clo` ht she`hb` `gs`s lbm olps` `y` ibkpty"

B``t og`lb lby sqltc qi}f dlt` flbms" L spi}ldg` tln` sfhpgm d`

ps`m"

N``z flit sfht} ht pbm`t olz sh }fl} i} mh`s bh} a`} `b}lbag`m qi}f

th}l}iba(ehiba zlt}s hc elofib`ty"

Lhim ghhs` ogh}fiba> q`lt l sbpaci}}iba spi} lbm `bspt` }fl} lby

bònglo` is }pon`m ib &mh`s bh} mlbag`)"

Mh bh} q`lt tibas ht qtis} ql}of`s l} qhtn> }f`y ely a`} fhhn`m hb

zthkò}ihbs"

Lgqlys `bspt` }fl} lgg apltms lt` ohttò}gy ci}}`m lbm ib zhsi}ihb }h

zt``b} hz`tl}ht oheiba ib ohb}lo} qi}f ehiba zlt}s hc elofib`ty"


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&i) g`ltb' &ii) zt``b} t`

hooptt`bo`' lbm &iii) `s}ldgisf(tòhabi{` }t`bms"

Ibmiimplg b``ms; ]f` hz`tl}ht(èzghy`` b``ms }f` ibchtel}ihb ib htm`t

}h> &i) iezth` z`tchtelbo`' &ii) `s}ldgisf dlsis cht zhssidg`

ohez`bsl}ihb"

Zpdgio t`|pitè`b}s; ]f` zpdgio sfhpgm d` ib }f` nbhq hc qfl} flzz`bs

ib }f` clo}hty"

_}ln`fhgm`ts b``ms; ]f` ib`s}hts' èzghy``s lbm fhs} oheepbi}y

qhpgm gin` }h nbhq qfl} flzz`bs ib }f` clo}hty(cite"


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&iii) als`s `"a" bl}ptlg als' zthzlb`' dp}lb`' lo`}yg`b`' fymtha`b' `}o"

O" F`l} @b`tay ib mishtm`t qfiof eh`s cthe l fiaf }èz`tl}pt`

tàihb }h l ghq }èz`tl}pt` tàihb"M" ]èz`tl}ptÈ`lspt` hc }f` ib}`bsi}y lbm màt`` hc f`l}"

@" Cglsf Zhib} ]f` eibiepe }èz`tl}pt` l} qfiof l gi|pim ai`s hp}

lzhpt ib spccioi`b} |plb}i}y }h chte l eiv}pt` qi}f }f` lit }fl} qigg

iabi}` ht cglsf }èzhtltigy ic l shpto` hc iabi}ihb is ib}thmpo`m" ]f`

cglsf zhib} hc she` z`}thg`pe zthmpo}s lt`; z`}thg' =0hO> }hgp`b`

=:hO> n`ths`b`' mi`s`g cp`g' eh}ht hig' ?::hO"

C" Cit` Zhib} }f` ghq`s} }èz`tl}pt` l} qfiof }f` f`l} cthe }f`

ohedps}ihb hc l dptbiba lzhpt is olzldg` hc zthmpoiba spccioi`b}

lzhpt }h sps}lib ohedps}ihb"

A" Iabi}ihb ]èz`tl}pt` ]f` ghq`s} }èz`tl}pt` l} qfiof }f`

spds}lbo` qigg iabi}` szhb}lb`hpsgy"

qfig` }f` tlzim ohedps}ihb hc ohedps}idg`

el}`tilgs qi}f hvya`b is nbhqb ls }f` ofèis}ty hc cit`" Ib clo}' }f` ofèis}tyhc cit` ibhg`s lgg }f` chgghqiba;

]f` el}`tilgs }fl} lt` dptbiba>

]f` d`fliht hc spof el}`tilgs lbm t`lo}ihbs>

Fl{ltms ibhg`m lbm }f` }yz` hc `v}ibapisf`t b``m`m }h zp} hp} spof

cit`"

I} is }f` ohbsim`tl}ihb hc }f` ldh` m`}ligs }fl} ibchte`m }f` s}l}è`b}

}fl} bh }qh cit`s lt` }f` sle`" ]f` cit` }tilbag` &Cia"


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Ciapt`


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Ciapt`


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]ldg`


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?:


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? }f` ehs} zhq`tcpg olb `vo``m

?:'::: TZE &pbghlm`m)" ]f` op}}iba is mhb` qi}f l dptt' dhbm`m ldtlsi` ht

ohl}`m ldtlsi`" ]f` op}}`t is psplggy f`gm ib l ohgg`} }h lgghq cht |pion

oflba`s ib op}}`ts" ]f`y lt` oheehbgy ps`m cht `batliba' oygibm`t f`lm

zht}iba' lbm a`b`tlg sflziba hc l zlt}"

Cia" 4"?: Mi` atibm`ts
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic


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1 psiba miim`ts }h eltn hp} l oitog`' &m) }tlee`gs

]tlee`gs lt` ps`m }h sotid` glta`t oitog`s lbm }f` sotidiba zhib}s olb

d` lmkps}`m lghba }f` g`ba}f hc l d`le &Cia" ?"1&m))"

?"4"= F`telzfthmi}` Olgiz`ts

]f`s` lt` `|plggy nbhqb ls hmmgàs ht k`bbi`s lbm }f`y ohbsis} hc l

olgiz`t gà lbm l s}tliaf}zhib}`m miim`t gà" ]f`y lt` ps`m cht sotidiba gib`s

zltlgg`g }h }f` `ma` hc l qhtnziò`" ]h s`} l f`telzfthmi}` olgiz`t ohttò}gy' i}

is f`gm l} 9:h }h }f` qhtn' }f` f``g lalibs} }f` `ma` hc }f` qhtn lbm i}s zhib}

hb }f` qhtn ls sfhqb ib Cia" ?"6 I} fls lb looptloy giei} qi}fib :"0ee qf`b

eltniba hp}"

Cia" ?"6; Hmm gà olgiz`ts ps`m }h sotid` l gib` zltlgg`g }h l ml}pe `ma`


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?"4"0 Ohedibl}ihb s`}

]fis oheztis`s l s}thba' t`gl}i`gy }fion lbm fltm`b`m tpg` qi}f }ft``

ibmiimplg f`lms ib ohbkpbo}ihb qi}f }f` tpg` &ls sfhqb ib Cia" ?"9)" ]f`

}ft`` f`lms lt` s|plt` f`lm' zth}tlo}ht f`lm lbm o`b}t` f`lm"

Cia" ?"9; Ohedibl}ihb s`}

]f` s|plt` f`lm olb dh}f d` ps`m ls l sziti} g``g lbm cht eltniba lbm

of`oniba =0h

L zth}tlo}ht f`lm lgsh sziti}g``g ci}}`m is ps`m }h eltn hp} gib`s }fl}

lt` l} lby lbag` `vo`z} 9:h ht =0h }h }f` `ma`"

]f` o`b}t` f`lm ht o`b}t` fhhn is ps`m }h eltn hp} }f` o`b}t` hc l

oitopglt qhtnzi`o` ht thpbm dlt"

?"4"3 Dhv _|plt`

]fis is ps`m }h eltn hp} gib`s zltlgg`g }h }f` lvis hc l oygibmtiolg

ohezhb`b}" L dhv s|plt` lbm }f` qly }h ps` i} is sfhqb ib Cia" ?"


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Cia" ?"


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Cia" ?"


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Cia ?"


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elm` ib el}ofiba zlits" L lti`}y hc si{`s sfhpgm d` elm` lligldg` sh ls }h

`bldg` lgg }yz`s hc qhtnzi`o`s }h d` s`} pz"

Cia" ?"


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6 hb }f` hzzhsi}` sim` is s}lez`m }f` mòielg

`|pilg`b} hc }f` alpa` bped`t" ]f` Iez`tilg _}lbmltm Qit` Alpa`&lddtìl}`m _QA) is }f` ehs} oheehbgy ps`m qit` alpa`" ]ldg` ="< sfhqs

she` alpa` si{`s &?4= hbgy lt` sfhqb) lbm }fìt ohtt`szhbmiba }fionb`ss`s

ib }f` _QA lbm Le`tiolb _}lbmltm Qit` Alpa`" Bh}` }fl} }f` sf``} }fionb`ss

is ib`ts`gy zthzht}ihblg }h }f` alpa` bped`t> }fl} is' }f` fiaf`t }f` alpa`

bped`t' }f` }fibb`t is }f` e`}lg"

Qf`b``t sf``} e`}lgs ht qit`s lt` htm`t`m' i} is bò`sslty }h szòicy

}f` mòielg }fionb`ss hc }f` el}`tilg ib ibof`s &ht }f` eiggie`}`t `|pilg`b})'

lbm ai` }f` ble` hc }f` alpa` lbm }f` alpa` bped`t' ic lby" ^BD; < ibof 54"0= oe 5 40"= eeU"

]ldg` ="


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9 lbm elniba hp} hz`tl}ihb }tlbsc`ts }f` sflz` lbm hp}gib`s hc


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}f` zl}}`tb hb}h }f` sf``} e`}lg" ]f` }hhgs lbm }`ofbi|p`s `ezghy`m ib

eltniba hp} lt` misopss`m ib Oflz}`t ]ft``" Q` sflgg d` ohbo`tb`m f`t` qi}f;


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Ciapt` ="=; Elniba s}tliaf} op}s qi}f s}tliaf}op}}iba ohezhpbm sbizs

Ciapt` ="0; Op}}iba opt`s qi}f opt`m ohezhpbm sbiz

Qi}f }f` lmlbo`s ib }òfbhghay' sf``} e`}lg op}}iba fls }ptb`m }h

ohezp}`ts cht ztòis` op}}iba" Ehs} ehm`tb sf``} e`}lg op}}iba hz`tl}ihbs lt`

bhq dls`m ì}f`t hb OBO Gls`ts op}}iba ht epg}i}hhg OBO zpbof zt`ss"

OBO' hc}`b lddtìl}`m BO' e`lbs Ohezp}`t Bpe`tiolg Ohb}thg" I} is }f` ps`

hc ohezp}`t shc}qlt` }h ohb}thg elofib` }hhgs" I} is lb `ss`b}ilg `gè`b} hc

Ohezp}`t Ib}àtl}`m Elbpclo}ptiba &OIE)' qfiof oheztis`s Ohezp}`t

Lim`m M`siab &OLM) lbm Elbpclo}ptiba &OLE)" OBO gls`t ibhg`s ehiba

l g`bs lssèdgy olttyiba l d`le hc gls`t giaf} h`t }f` sptclo` hc }f` e`}lg"

Hvya`b ht bi}tha`b ht lit is c`m }fthpaf }f` sle` bh{{g` cthe qfiof }f` gls`t

d`le `vi}s" ]f` e`}lg is f`l}`m lbm }f`b dptb} dy }f` gls`t d`le' op}}iba }f`

e`}lg sf``}" ]f` |plgi}y hc }f` `ma` olb d` eittht sehh}f' lbm l ztòisihb hc

lthpbm :"


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Zpbofiba is z`tchte`m dy ehiba }f` sf``} hc e`}lg d`}q``b }f` }hz

lbm dh}}he }hhgs hc l zpbof l s}lezgin` }hhg ps`m }h zpbof fhg`s ib}h sf``}

e`}lg" ]f`y ohe` ib ltihps sflz`s lbm si{`s" Ciapt` ="3 sfhqs she`

zpbofiba }hhgs lbm elofib`s" Glta` mile`}`t zpbof`s lt` fhgghq lbm op} loitog` hp} hc }f` sf``} e`}lg" ]f` }hz }hhg &zpbof) el}`s qi}f }f` dh}}he }hhg

&mi`)' op}}iba l siezg` sflz` &`"a" l s|plt`' oitog`' ht f`vlahb) cthe }f` sf``}"

Lb lt`l olb d` op} hp} dy elniba s``tlg fpbmt`m selgg s|plt` op}s lthpbm

}f` z`tie`}`t" L zpbof is g`ss cg`vidg` }flb l gls`t cht op}}iba ohezhpbm

sflz`s' dp} cls}`t cht t`z`}i}i` sflz`s &cht `vlezg`' }f` atigg` hc lb lit

ohbmi}ihbiba pbi})" L }yziolg OBO zpbof fls l ofhio` hc pz }h 3: }hhgs ib l

$}ptt`}$ }fl} olb d` th}l}`m }h dtiba lby }hhg }h }f` lo}i` zpbofiba zhsi}ihb" L

ehm`tb OBO zpbof olb }ln` 3:: dghqs z`t eibp}`" L }yziolg ohezhb`b}

&spof ls }f` sim` hc l ohezp}`t ols`) olb d` op} }h fiaf zt`oisihb cthe l dglbn

sf``} ib g`ss }flb


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96

="?"4 Bh}ofiba

Ib htm`t }h lhim h`tglzziba hc e`}lg qf`t` ohtb`ts qigg ohe`

}ha`}f`t qf`b }f` e`}lg is d`b} ht chgm`m' i} is bò`sslty }h ogiz ht }tie }f`

e`}lg }h zthim` selgg hz`bibas ib }f` s}t`}ofhp} ht zl}}`tb hc }f` qhtnziò`"]f` hz`bibas g`c} l} }f` ohtb`ts hc s`les lbm `ma`s lt` olgg`m bh}of`s lbm }f`

hz`tl}ihb is nbhqb ls bh}ofiba" ]f` bh}of`t' Ciapt` ="1' is l flbmhz`tl}`m

elofib` qfiof eln`s l 9:h op} ht bh}of ib l qhtnziò`" I} cloigi}l}`s }f` `lsy

op}}iba hp} hc }f` ohtb`ts hc l qhtnziò` qfiof qigg dòhe` l dhv' zlb' ht

}tly cht `vlezg`" ]f` si{`' }yz` ht ghol}ihb hc bh}of`s is l cpbo}ihb hc }f`

sflz` hc }f` hdkò} }h d` cldtiol}`m" Oheehb }yz`s hc bh}of`s ps`m ib sf``}

e`}lgqhtn lt`; s|plt` bh}of' s}tliaf} bh}of' bh}of' sglb} bh}of lbm qit`

bh}of" Ciapt` ="6 sfhqs }f` glyiba hp} hc l s|plt` bh}of lbm l s}tliaf} bh}of>}f` mlsf`m gib`s m`siabl}` `ma`s qfiof eps} d` chgm`m ht d`b} }h chte }f`

sflz`"

Ciapt` ="1; ]pd` Bh}of`t

Ciapt` ="6; Glyiba hp} bh}of`s


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99

="= D`bmiba lbm Chgmiba

D`bmiba lbm chgmiba lt` `ty oti}iolg ztho`ss`s ib sf``} e`}lgqhtn"

Zp} siezgy' d`bmiba ib sf``} e`}lgqhtn is }f` ztho`ss dy qfiof cgl} ht

s}tliaf} g`ba}fs lt` olps`m }h fl` opt`s ht lbag`s }f`t`dy chteiba ltihpssflz`s' `"a" oflbb`gs' mtpes' }lbns' `}o" Chgmiba is' s}tio}gy sz`lniba' d`bmiba

}fl} }ln`s zglo` lthpbm }f` `ma`s hc sf``} e`}lg }h eln` }f` `ma`s hc }f`

lt}iog` sehh}f lbm slc` cht flbmgiba" ]`ofbiolggy' d`bmiba is l elbpclo}ptiba

ztho`ss dy qfiof e`}lg olb d` m`chte`m dy zgls}iolggy m`chteiba }f` el}`tilg

lbm oflbaiba i}s sflz`" ]f` el}`tilg is s}t`ss`m d`yhbm i}s yi`gm s}t`ba}f dp}

d`ghq i}s pg}iel}` }`bsig` s}t`ba}f" ]f`t` is gi}}g` oflba` }h }f` el}`tilgs

sptclo` lt`l" D`bmiba a`b`tlggy t`c`ts }h m`chtel}ihb ldhp} hb` lvis hbgy"

D`bmiba hc sf``} e`}lg olb d` z`tchte`m psiba siezg` }hhgs" I} olb d`

mhb` h`t s}ln`s' dghons hc qhhm' zi`o`s hc lbag` ithb' lbig ht }f` `ma` hc l

d`bof }hz> lbm qi}f }f` lim hc d`bmiba dlts' flee`ts(elgg`}s' lbm flbm

athh`ts" _he`}ie`s d`bmiba olb d` oltti`m hp} psiba ltihps d`bmiba

elofib`s' `"a" dlt chgm`ts &Ciapt` ="9)' thgg`ts &Ciapt` ="


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&d) Dy elniba zpbof eltns hc }f` hp}gib`s hb }f` e`}lg }fthpaf }f` zlz`t

szt`lm hp} hb i}' lbm }f`b ohbbò}iba }f` zpbof eltn dy e`lbs hc l z`boig ht

sotid`t"

Qf`t` l zl}}`tb is }h d` ps`m elby }ie`s' i} is ahhm t`lshb }h eln` i}hc e`}lg sh }fl} i} olb gls}" _pof l e`}lg zl}}`tb is olgg`m }èzgl}` ht els}`t

zl}}`tb"

="3"4 D`bm Lgghqlbo`

Ib mt`sselniba' }lights psplggy lmm `v}tl g`ba}fs olgg`m lgghqlbo`s }h

}f` lo}plg e`lsptè`b}s hc micc`t`b} zlt}s hc hpt dhmy" ]fis is bò`sslty }h

f`gz }fè khib ht chgm }f` ogh}f zl}}`tb }ha`}f`t qi}fhp} t`mpoiba }f` zthzhs`m


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lbm }fl} }f` selgg`t

}f` ibsim` d`bm tlmips is' }f` eht` }f` s}t`}ofiba" ^_elgg d`bm tlmips lbag`}`bmiba }hqltms lop}` ht g`ss }flb 9:h iezgi`s }fl} }f` d`bmiba is sfltz'

}iaf}' cite ht s``t`" Hb }f` h}f`t flbm' glta` d`bm tlmips &lbag` is hd}ps` ht

eht` }flb 9:h) iezgi`s atlmplg ht ghhs` d`bmiba' Ciapt` ="?


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"

D`bm lgghqlbo`' ww _ibo` ] is


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she` zthz`t}i`s

olb d` flm l} }f` `vz`bs` hc h}f`ts" Ohbs`|p`b}gy' ohezhsi}` }hhg el}`tilgs

fl` d``b m``ghz`m qf`t` }f` hp}`t gly`t zthim`s sptclo` zthz`t}i`s hc fiaf

q`lt t`sis}lbo` lbm fiaf fh} s}t`ba}f lbm }f` oht` zthim`s dpgn zthz`t}i`s hc

}hpafb`ss' q`lt lbm fiaf ohgm s}t`ba}f"

]f` s`gò}ihb hc l op}}iba }hhg el}`tilg m`z`bms h l bped`t hc clo}hts

spof ls }f` }yz` hc hz`tl}ihb }h d` oltti`m hp} &qf`}f`t thpafiba ht cibisfiba

hp})> }f` el}`tilg hc }f` qhtnziò`> lbm }f` s}iccb`ss hc }f` elofib` }hhg lbm

i}s zhq`t" Op}}iba }hhg el}`tilgs clgg pbm`t }f` chgghqiba a`b`tlg ol}`tahti`s;

fiaf oltdhb s}``gs' fiaf sz``m s}``gs' ols} lgghys &s}`ggi}`s)' oè`b}`m oltdim`s'

sib}`t`m o`tleios' o`te`}s' milehbm' opdio dhthb bi}tim`' POHB' lbm

_iLgHBs"


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lbm olb qi}fs}lbm op}}iba }èz`tl}pt`s ib }f` tlba` hc 9::h

O" ]f`y lt`bh} ls }hpaf ls fiaf sz``m s}``gs lbm f`bo` lt` g`ss spi}ldg` cht ib}`ttpz}`m

op}}iba }flb F__" _}`ggi}` }hhgs lt` elibgy tòhee`bm`m cht m``z ohb}ibphps

thpafiba hz`tl}ihbs l} t`gl}i`gy fiaf c``m tl}`s lbm sz``ms> ls epof ls }qio`

}fhs` zhssidg` qi}f F__" ]f`y lt` eht` `vz`bsi` }flb F__ lbm lt` ps`m

hbgy ib szòilg lzzgiol}ihbs"

=) _ib}`t`m ht Oè`b}`m Oltdim`s;

Oè`b}`m oltdim` }hhgs lt` elbpclo}pt`m dy zhqm`t e`}lggptay &Z(E)

}òfbi|p`s lbm ohbs}i}p}` hb` hc }f` ehs} iezht}lb} lmlbo`s ib op}}iba }hhg

}òfbhghay" Dòlps` hc }fìt `vo`gg`b} zthz`t}i`s spof ls fiaf fltmb`ss h`t l

qim` tlba` hc }èz`tl}pt`s' `ty fiaf q`lt t`sis}lbo`' fiaf s}iccb`ss &ehmpgps

hc `gls}ioi}y is b`ltgy }ftio` }fl} cht s}``g)' ghq }f`telg `vzlbsihb lbm t`gl}i`gy

fiaf }f`telg ohbmpo}ii}y> }f`y lt` lehba }f` ehs} iezht}lb} }hhg el}`tilgs"


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lbm }i}lbipe bi}tim` &]iB) ht ``b lgpeibipe

hvim` &Lg4H?) ely d` m`zhsi}`m"

BD; ]f` ps` hc ohl}`m }hhgs fls t`mpo`m }f` op}}iba }ie` dy l clo}ht hc eht`

}flb


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qf`t` E olb d` Ea.Lg' Gi.Lg' lbm Y" ]fis

el}`tilg fls d``b chpbm }h d` ohbsim`tldgy }hpaf`t }flb o`tleios' lbm }fps

olb d` spoo`sscpggy ps`m cht elofibiba qi}f ib}`ttpz}`m op}s" Op}}iba sz``m

olb d` 4 }h ? }ie`s }fhs` qi}f oltdim`s" L} zt`s`b}' }fis }hhg el}`tilg is ps`m&ib }f` chte hc }izs) cht elofibiba l`thszlo` lgghys' Bidls`m als }ptdib`

dglm`s' `}o" l} op}}iba sz``m ib }f` tlba` hc ?"? }h 0 e(s"

3"= Op}}iba ]hhg A`he`}ty lbm Bhe`bogl}pt`

Ib htm`t }h op} `ccioi`b}gy' lgg op}}iba }hhgs eps} zhss`ss o`t}lib lbag`s

lbm a`he`}tiolg c`l}pt`s" ]f` dlsio a`he`}ty lbm }`teibhghai`s lsshoil}`m

qi}f l sibag` zhib} op}}iba }hhg fls d``b sfhqb ib Ciapt` 3"


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cht }f` sflz`t lbm zglb`t' i} is gl}`tlg hccs`}

d`}q``b }f` }hhg lbm qhtn cht `lof s}thn` lbm cht epg}izhib} eiggiba op}}`ts'

c``m is }f` lmlbo` hc }f` qhtn ht op}}`t d`}q``b }f` op}}iba lo}ihb hc }qh

spoo`ssi` }``}f &`vzt`ss`m dlsiolggy ls ee(}hh}f)"

&iii) M`z}f hc op}

M`z}f hc op} is }f` mis}lbo` }f` }hhg is lmlbo`m ib}h }f` qhtn l} l

tiaf} lbag` }h }f` qhtn" I} is }f` }fionb`ss hc }f` gly`t hc e`}lg tèh`m ib hb`

op}' ht zlss' e`lspt`m ib l mitò}ihb z`tz`bmiopglt }h }f` elofib`m sptclo`"

]f` m`z}f hc op} is lgqlys z`tz`bmiopglt }h }f` mitò}ihb hc c``m eh}ihb"

3"3 ]hhg Gic` lbm Elofibldigi}y

T`}`b}ihb hc fltmb`ss l} `g`l}`m }èz`tl}pt`s lbm l ghba }hhg gic` lt`

m`sitldg` ofltlo}`tis}ios ib op}}iba }hhgs" Qfig` op}}iba sz``m fls d``b chpbm


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}f` migp}ihb is g`ss' i"`" < ib 0" ]f` lmlb}la`s hc shgpdg` higs h`t b`l}

op}}iba higs lt` }fìt at`l}`t ohhgiba olzloi}y' ghq`t ohs}' t`mpo`m sehn` lbm

`gieibl}ihb hc cit` fl{ltm" Mislmlb}la`s hc shgpdg` higs ohezlt`m qi}f b`l}

op}}iba higs lt` }fìt zhht`t tps} ohb}thg lbm }fl} }f` èpgsihb olb s`zltl}`' d`

lccò}`m dy dlo}`til lbm dòhe` tlboim"

_yb}f`}io cgpims

_he }ie s olgg m ofèiolg shgp}ihbs' }f s cgpims ohb}lib bh hig dp} lt l eiv}pt hc

ofèiolgs misshg`m ib ql} t }h ai gpdtiol}iba lbm lb}iohtthsihb zthz t}i s" ]f`y chte l

og lt }tlbszlt b} shgp}ihb qi}f ql} t' lbm lt she }ie s lt}icioilggy ohghpt m" ]f`y lt ty

ps cpg ib atibmiba hz tl}ihbs' qf t ' d iba bhbhigy' }f`y eibieis oghaaiba hc }f atibmiba

qf` g lbm lt ps m l} migp}ihbs pz }h < ib 6:" Ls }f`y lt }tlbszlt b}' }f hz tl}ht olb s }f`


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B`q M`gfi; B`q La` Ib}`tbl}ihblg Zpdgisf`ts

Nlgzlnkilb' _ lbm _"T" _ofeim &4::6); Elbpclo}ptiba Ztho`ss`s cht

@baib``tiba El}`tilgs' Cic}f @mi}ihb> Z`ltshb @mpol}ihb Ibo"; Pzz`t

_lmmg` Ti`t' BK

Nfptei' T"_" lbm Apz}l' K"N" &4::=); L ]`v}dhhn hc Qhtnsfhz ]òfbhghay

&Elbpclo}ptiba Ztho`ss`s)' _iv}f @mi}ihb> B`q M`gfi; _" Oflbm #

Oh" G}m

_fltel' Z"O" &4::=); L ]`v}dhhn hc Zthmpo}ihb ]òfbhghay

&Elbpclo}ptiba Ztho`ss`s)' Cic}f @mi}ihb> B`q M`gfi; _" Oflbm #

Oh" G}m

_ibaf' T" &4::3) Ib}thmpo}ihb }h Dlsio Elbpclo}ptiba Ztho`ss`s lbm

Qhtnsfhz ]òfbhghay> B`q M`gfi; B`q La` Ib}`t" Zpd"

]ieibas' T &4::6); Cldtiol}ihb lbm Q`gmiba @baib``tiba> Les}`tmle;

@gsì`t

S`bnl}`sf' S"O" lbm Oflbmtls`nltlb' F &B`q M`gfi; Zt`b}io`Flgg hc Ibmil

Qlgsf' T" L" &4:: B`q Yhtn; EoAtlqFigg


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}fl} is' }f` mtigg th}l}`s qfig` i} is c`m ib}h }f` s}l}ihblty QZ" Ib }f`s`

ztho`ss`s' }f` }hhg sflz` lbm a`he`}ty m`z`bm pzhb }f` elofibiba ztho`ss }h

d` z`tchte`m" ]f` sle` hz`tl}ihbs olb d` loohezgisf`m ib she` h}f`t

elofib` dy fhgmiba }f` }hhg s}l}ihblty lbm th}l}iba }f` qhtn" ]f` ehs}

a`b`tlg `vlezg` is z`tchteiba }f`s` ztho`ss`s hb l o`b}`t gl}f`' ib qfiof }f`

}hhg &mtigg' ohpb}`tdht`' t`le`t' }lz' lbm sh hb) is f`gm ib }f` }ligs}hon lbm }f`

qhtn is f`gm lbm th}l}`m dy l ofpon"


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_}`z ?; ]ie` cht mtiggiba }fthpaf }f` }fionb`ss hc 0: ee


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B`q M`gfi; B`q La` Ib}`t" Zpd"

]ieibas' T &4::6); Cldtiol}ihb lbm Q`gmiba @baib``tiba> Les}`tmle;

@gs`i`tYhpss`c' F"L" lbm @gFhcy' F &4::6); Elofibiba ]`ofbhghay; Elofib`

]hhgs lbm Hz`tl}ihbs' Dhol Tl}hb; OTO Zt`ss"


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4::

Cia" 6"


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4: &d) sgh}}iba' lgsh olgg`m sgh} eiggiba' ib qfiof }f` qim}f hc }f`

op}}`t is g`ss }flb }f` qhtnziò` qim}f' ot`l}iba l sgh} ib }f` qhtnqf`b }f`

op}}`t is `ty }fib' }fis hz`tl}ihb olb d` ps`m }h eigg bltthq sgh}s ht op} l

qhtnzlt} ib }qh' olgg`m slq eiggiba> &o) sim` eiggiba' ib qfiof }f` op}}`telofib`s }f` sim` hc }f` qhtnziò`> &m) s}tlmmg` eiggiba' }f` sle` ls sim`

eiggiba' hbgy op}}iba }ln`s zglo` hb dh}f sim`s hc }f` qhtn> lbm chte eiggiba'

ib qfiof }f` eiggiba }``}f fl` l szòilg zthcig` }fl} m`}`teib`s }f` sflz` hc

}f` sgh} }fl} is op} ib }f` qhtn"

Cia"


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4=:

pbichtegy cthe l eibiepe l} }f` }hz &d`aibbiba) hc }f` op} }h {`th l} }f`

dh}}he &`bm) hc }f` op}"

Cia"


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4=


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49=

Ohezhsi}ihb D> O" @ 5 :":< . ="=:(0 .


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490

]yziolg Lzzgiol}ihbs ; E`mipe alpa` cldtiol}ihb cht @lt}f ehiba

@|pize`b}' dhv aitm`ts' sf``} e`}lg qhtn cht olt dhmi`s q`gm zhhg is

zth}`o}`m dy ib`t} als O:4' Ltahb `}o f`bo` }f` ble` E`}lg Ib`t} Als

q`gmiba"

Ghss`s lt` bhtelggy mp` }h szp}}`t' hvim`s' cpe`s `}o"

T@C@T@BO@_

< Oltty' F" D> Ehm`tb q`gmiba ]`ofbhghay' @bag`qhhm Ogiccs' B" K"

Zt`b}io`Flgg Oledtima`'


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493

OFLZ]@T ]FIT]@@B

EL]@TILG_ IB @BAIB@@TIBA Zlt} E"@ba> EB_@' T"@bat &OHT@B)U

ibogpmiba zl}}`tb elniba ib chpbmti`s"


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?0?

]f` ble`s fltmqhhms lbm shc}qhhms olb d` ohbcpsiba sibo` she`

shc}qhhms lt` lo}plggy fltm`t }flb she` fltmqhhms' lbm ohb`ts`gy she`

fltmqhhms lt` shc}`t }flb she` shc}qhhms" Cht `vlezg`' shc}qhhms spof ls

ghbag`lc zib` lbm Mhpaglscit lt` }yziolggy fltm`t }flb }f` fltmqhhmsdlssqhhm lbm lsz`b" Dh}lbiolggy' fltmqhhms lt` Lbaihsz`tes> }f` s``ms lt`

`boghs`m ib }f` hlty hc }f` cghq`t" Lbl}heiolggy' fltmqhhms lt` zhthps> }fl}

is' }f`y ohb}lib `ss`g `gè`b}s" L `ss`g `gè`b} is l qhhm o`gg qi}f hz`b

`bms> qf`b `ss`g `gè`b}s lt` s`} hb` ldh` lbh}f`t' }f`y chte l ohb}ibphps

}pd` &`ss`g)' qfiof s`t`s ls l ohbmpi} cht }tlbszht}iba ql}`t ht slz ib }f`

}t``" ]yziolggy' fltmqhhms lt` zglb}s qi}f dthlm g`l`s }fl}' qi}f c`q

`vo`z}ihbs ib }f` }èz`tl}` tàihb' ghs` }fìt g`l`s ib lp}peb ht qib}`t"

Dh}lbiolggy' shc}qhhms lt` Ayebhsz`tes ht ohbic`ts> }f` s``ms lt` bln`m

&bh} `boghs`m ib }f` hlty hc }f` cghq`t)" Lbl}heiolggy' shc}qhhms lt`

bhbzhthps lbm mh bh} ohb}lib `ss`gs" _hc}qhhms lt` psplggy ohb`d`ltiba

zglb}s qi}f b``mg` ht solg`gin` ``tat``b g`l`s"

_hc}qhhm gped`t lbm zgyqhhm lt` ps`m ib ohbs}tpo}ihb cht chtes

&d`bof`s)' solcchgmiba' ctleiba' sf`l}fiba' cghhtiba' ehpgmiba' zlb`giba'

oldib`}s' zhg`s lbm zig`s' lbm elby h}f`t dpigmiba ohezhb`b}s" _hc}qhhms

ely lgsh lzz`lt ib }f` chte hc sfibag`s' slsf`s' mhhts' lbm h}f`t eiggqhtn' ib

lmmi}ihb }h she` thpaf zthmpo}s spof ls }ied`t lbm thpbm zhs}s"Fltmqhhms lt` ps`m ib ohbs}tpo}ihb cht cghhtiba' ltofi}ò}ptlg

qhhmqhtn' ib}`tiht qhhmqhtn' lbm zlb`giba" ]f`s` i}ès lt` psplggy

lligldg` cthe gped`tyltms lbm dpigmiba spzzgy m`lg`ts" Ehs} fltmqhhm

gped`t lbm mie`bsihb s}hon lt` tèlbpclo}pt`m ib}h cptbi}pt`' cghhtiba'

zlgg`}s' ohb}lib`ts' mpbbla`' lbm dghoniba" Fltmqhhm gped`t lbm mie`bsihb

s}hon lt` lligldg` mitò}gy cthe }f` elbpclo}pt`t' }fthpaf qfhg`slg`ts lbm

dthn`ts' lbm cthe she` t`}lig yltms"

Lbh}f`t oglssiciol}ihb hc qhhm is zhssidg`" Ic }f` }tpbn hc l }t`` is op}'

}f` othsssò}ihb ohbsis}s hc }qh }yz`s hc qhhm" ]f` f`lt} ht o`b}tlg sò}ihb hc

qhhm lzz`lts mltn`t lbm m`bs`t' qfig` }f` qhhm sptthpbmibas }f` o`b}tlg

zht}ihb lzz`lts giaf}`t ib ohghpt" Ls ehs} }t``s athq hp}qltms' }f` qhhm ib

}f` o`b}tlg zht}ihb hc }f` s}è' qfiof is nbhqb ls F`lt} qhhm is eht` el}pt`


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?0=

lbm la`m" ]f` qhhm sptthpbmiba }f` f`lt} qhhm is t`gl}i`gy b`q lbm g`ss

s}thba" ]fis qhhm is olgg`m _lzqhhm" F`lt} qhhm yi`gms `}}`t |plgi}y lbm

s}thba`t }ied`t lbm sfhpgm d` ps`m ib zt`c`t`bo` }h slzqhhm"

]ied`t ]t``s lt` lgsh oglssici`m ib}h `vha`bhps lbm `bmha`bhps }yz`s

loohtmiba }h elbb`t hc athq}f" @vha`bhps }t``s lt` lgsh nbhqb ls hp}qltm

athqiba }t``s qfiof zthmpo` }ied`t cht ohee`toilg ps` ôhbic`ts lbm

mòimphps }t``s d`ghba f`tÙ" ]f`y athq hp}qltm lbm }f` lmmi}ihblg athq}f

qfiof hoopts `lof y`lt }ln`s zglo` hb }f` hp}sim` hc }f` }tpbn kps} pbm`tb`l}f

i}s dltn' qfig` }f` ibb`tehs} }ied`t &f`lt} qhhm) ohb}ibp`s }h el}pt`" @lof

}ie` }f` athq}f oyog` is ohezg`}`m }f` }t`` alibs hb` eht` athq}f tiba ht

lbbplg tiba" Ib ohpb}iba }f`s` tibas' }f` la` hc l }t`` olb d` m`}`teib`m' ls

`lof tiba t`zt`s`b}s hb` y`lt hc athq}f" @bmha`bhps }t``s lt` lgsh nbhqb ls

ibqltm athqiba" ]f`y athq ibqltms i"`"' ``ty ct`sf gly`t hc slzqhhm is

lmm`m ibsim` ibs}`lm hc hp}sim`" Olb`' dledhh lbm ohohbp}' lbm zlges lt`

`vlezg`s hc `bmha`bhps }t``s"


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Qhhm is ls lgpldg` lb `baib``tiba el}`tilg ls ``t' lbm ib elby

ols`s' }òfbhghaiolg lmlbo`s fl` elm` i} ``b eht` ps`cpg" ]f` ibf`t`b}

clo}hts }fl} n``z qhhm ib }f` cht`cthb} hc tlq el}`tilgs lt` elby lbm lti`m'

dp} l ofi`c l}}tidp}` is i}s lligldigi}y ib elby szòi`s' si{`s' sflz`s' lbmohbmi}ihbs }h spi} lgehs} ``ty mèlbm" Qhhm fls l fiaf tl}ih hc s}t`ba}f }h

qìaf} lbm l tèltnldg` tòhtm cht mptldigi}y lbm z`tchtelbo` ls l s}tpo}ptlg

el}`tilg" Mty qhhm fls ahhm ibspgl}iba zthz`t}i`s lalibs} f`l}' shpbm' lbm

`gò}tioi}y" I} }`bms }h ldshtd lbm missizl}` idtl}ihbs pbm`t she` ohbmi}ihbs hc

ps`' lbm y`} i} is lb ibohezltldg` el}`tilg cht spof epsiolg ibs}tpe`b}s ls }f`

ihgib" ]f` atlib zl}}`tbs lbm ohghts hc qhhm eln` i} lb `s}f`}iolggy zg`lsiba

el}`tilg' lbm i}s lzz`ltlbo` ely d` `lsigy `bflbo`m dy s}libs' ltbisf`s'

glo|p`ts' lbm h}f`t cibisf`s" I} is `lsigy sflz`m qi}f }hhgs lbm cls}`b`m qi}f

lmf`si`s' bligs' sot`qs' dhg}s' lbm mhq`gs" Mlela`m qhhm is `lsigy t`zlit`m'

lbm qhhm s}tpo}pt`s lt` `lsigy tèhm`g`m ht lg}`t`m" Ib lmmi}ihb' qhhm t`sis}s

hviml}ihb' loim' slg}ql}`t' lbm h}f`t ohtthsi` la`b}s' fls fiaf slgla` lgp`'

fls ahhm sfhon t`sis}lbo`' olb d` }t`l}`m qi}f zt`s`tl}i`s lbm cit`

t`}ltmlb}s' lbm olb d` ohedib`m qi}f lgehs} lby h}f`t el}`tilg cht dh}f

cpbo}ihblg lbm `s}f`}io ps`s"

]f` s}t`ba}f hc qhhm lghba i}s atlibs lbm lothss }f` atlibs is micc`t`b}"

Qhhm `vfidi}s i}s at`l}`s} s}t`ba}f ib }`bsihb zltlgg`g }h &i"`" lghba) }f` atliblbm i} is `ty pboheehb ib ztlo}io` cht l szòie`b }h d` zpgg`m ib }qh

g`ba}fqis`" ]f` }`bsig` s}t`ba}f hc qhhm zltlgg`g }h }f` atlib m`z`bms pzhb

}f` s}t`ba}f hc }f` cidt`s lbm is lccò}`m bh} hbgy dy }f` bl}pt` lbm mie`bsihbs

hc }f` qhhm `gè`b}s dp} lgsh dy }fìt lttlbaè`b}" I} is at`l}`s} ib s}tliaf}

atlib`m szòie`bs qi}f }fionqlgg`m cidt`s" Othss atlib hc lby nibm el}`tilggy

t`mpo`s }f` }`bsig` s}t`ba}f hc qhhm' sibo` }f` }`bsig` s}t`ba}f l} tiaf} lbag`s

}h }f` atlib is hbgy l selgg ctlo}ihb hc }fl} zltlgg`g }h }f` atlib"

Qhhm olb lgsh fl` s``tlg m`cò}s" ]ied`t s`gò}`m cht ps` sfhpgm d`ct`` cthe nbh}s' sfln`s &i"`" otlons) lbm cpbaps lbm sfhpgm d` ct`` cthe ibsò}

l}}lons"


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lmkps}`m lbm civ`m }h lby m`sit`m zhsi}ihb lghba }f` s}`e dy e`lbs hc }f`

}fped sot`q" ]f` clo` hc }f` f`lm is zglo`m lalibs} }f` `ma` hc }f` khd lc}`t

}f` s}`e fls d``b s`} ls t`|pit`m lbm }f` sot`q }iaf}`b`m" ]f` szpt ht

eltniba zib hc }f` }hhg is m`zt`ss`m citegy }h eltn }f` t`|pit`m gib` hb }f` khdsptclo` ls }f` f`lm }tl`ts`s }f` khd `ma`" Ciapt`


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?06

Qhtn D`bof

Ib a`b`tlg' ``ty oltz`b}`t b``ms l ahhm shgim d`bof ht }ldg` hc tiaim

ohbs}tpo}ihb &psplggy elm` hc fltmqhhm) hb qfiof f` olb z`tchte ht oltty

hp} qhhmqhtniba hz`tl}ihbs" Qhtn d`bof sfhpgm d` `|pizz`m qi}f l io` chtfhgmiba }f` qhtn lbm qi}f sgh}s lbm fhg`s cht n``ziba }f` oheehb flbm }hhgs"

Hb` klq hc }f` io` is }iaf}`b`m }h }f` }ldg` lbm is n`z} eh`ldg` cht fhgmiba

}f` lt}iog`s" Qhtn d`bof`s lt` dpig} shgimgy qi}f ahhm f`ly }hzs qfiof

zthim` l ahhm qhtniba sptclo`" ]f` io` hb }f` d`bof is `|pizz`m qi}f lb

lmkps}ldg` mha }fl} is' l zi`o` hc qhhm ht e`}lg olb d` eh`m pz lbm mhqb ib

}f` hp}sim` klq hc }f` io`"

D`bof Fhhn

]f` d`bof fhhn &Cia"


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?09

Oltz`b}`t Sio`

Oltz`b}`t io` &Cia"


378/548

?3:

Ciapt`


379/548

?3 Hvchtm; Dp}}`tqht}f

Fìbèlbb

Oltg`y' G" Q" &4::6); ]tpon' Ib Eiothshc} _}pm`b} @bolt}l 4::6 ^MSMU'

T`mehbm' QL; Eiothshc} Ohtzhtl}ihb"

Mli`s' A`hcc &4::?); El}`tilgs cht Lp}hehdig` Dhmi`s> Les}`tmle;

@gsì`t(

C`}f`ts}hb' Mlim &4::6); Lp}hehdig ' IbEiothshc} _}pm`b} @bolt}l4::6

^MSMU> T`mehbm' QL; Eiothshc} Ohtzhtl}ihb"

Altt`}}' ]"N"' B`q}hb' N lbm Q" _}``ms &4::


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=?=

Qinie`mil Chpbml}ihb' Ibo" &4: Lligldg`

hbgib` J $f}}z;((`b"qiniz`mil"hta(qini(Fis}htyXhcX}f`Xlp}hehdig`$> Gls}

Pzml}`m 4= M`o" 4: T`}ti``m 49}f M`o" 4:


453/548

=?0

OFLZ]@T _@S@B]@@B

@G@O]TIOLG QHTN

^@bat" P" Eltn' D"@ba> E"@ba> EB_@' T"@bat &OHT@B)U


454/548

=?3

Ciapt` }f`

oitopi} ohbmpo}hts lt` ohb}lib`m qi}fib oldg`s ht `boghspt`s"

Zlt} 0 hc }f` I@@ Tàpgl}ihbs s}izpgl}`s }fl} `gò}tiolg `|pize`b} lbm

el}`tilgs eps} d` ofhs`b sh }fl} }f`y lt` spi}ldg` cht }f` ibs}lgg`m ohbmi}ihbs'

}lniba ib}h loohpb} }èz`tl}pt`' }f` zt`s`bo` hc ql}`t' ohtthsihb' eòflbiolg

mlela`' idtl}ihb ht `vzhspt` }h shglt tlmil}ihb" ]f`t`cht`' ZSO ibspgl}`m

lbm sf`l}f`m oldg`s lt` spi}ldg` cht mhe`s}io ibs}lggl}ihbs dp} cht l oldg`

t`|pitiba eòflbiolg zth}ò}ihb lbm spi}ldg` cht dptyiba pbm`tathpbm' l

ZSO(_QL ^ZSO ibspgl}`m s}``g qit` ltehptU oldg` qhpgm d` zt`c`tldg`"

EI êib`tlg ibspgl}`mU oldg`s lt` ql}`tzthhc' f`l}zthhc lbm ohtthsihb

t`sis}lb} qi}f she` eòflbiolg zth}ò}ihb" ]f`s` |plgi}i`s hc}`b eln` i} }f`hbgy oldg` ofhio` cht fl{ltmhps ht fiaf}èz`tl}pt` ibs}lggl}ihbs spof ls hig

t`cib`ti`s' ofèiolg qhtns' dhig`t fhps`s lbm z`}thg zpez ibs}lggl}ihbs"


455/548

=?1

hp}`t sf`l}f qfiof ely ohb}lib she` e`lbs hc zthimiba zth}ò}ihb cthe

eòflbiolg mlela`" ]f` ohbmpo}hts hc l oldg` lt` elm` hc ì}f`t ohzz`t ht

lgpeibipe lbm ely d` s}tlbm`m ht shgim" _hgim ohbmpo}hts lt` hbgy ps`m ib

civ`m qitiba ibs}lggl}ihbs lbm ely d` sflz`m ib glta`t oldg`s" _}tlbm`mohbmpo}hts lt` eht` cg`vidg` lbm ohbmpo}ht si{`s cthe =": }h 40 ee4 ohb}lib

s``b s}tlbms" L


456/548

=?6

Tàpgl}ihb 040 s}l}`s }fl} }f` mthz ib hg}la` cthe }f` htiaib hc lb

ibs}lggl}ihb }h lby zhib} ib }f` ibs}lggl}ihb eps} bh} `vo``m 4"0% hc }f` elib

hg}la` qf`b }f` ohbmpo}hts lt` olttyiba }f` cpgg ghlm optt`b}" Tàpgl}ihb

040 lgsh s}izpgl}`s }fl} }f` mthz ib hg}la` cthe }f` spzzgy }`teiblgs }h }f`civ`m optt`b}psiba `|pize`b} eps} bh} `vo``m ?% cht giaf}iba oitopi}s lbm

0% cht h}f`t ps`s hc }f` elibs hg}la`" ]fl} is' l elviepe hc 3"9 S cht

giaf}iba oitopi}s lbm }fis `bspt`s

}fl} }f` lzzltl}ps is `gò}tiolggy misohbbò}`m cthe }f` spzzgy qf`b }f` sqi}of

is hb" ]f`s` mlys }f`t` lt` ibs}lggl}ihbs qi}f hgm lbm b`q ohghpt ohmiba lbmeltnibas" ]ldg`


457/548

=?9


458/548

==:

]f` zgpa }fl} qigg ci} ib}h }f` shon`} eps} lgsh d` ohbbò}`m zthz`tgy

lbm lgg zgpas lbm shon`}hp}g`}s eps} ohbchte }h }f` lzzthztil}` s}lbmltms" I}

is bò`sslty `bspt` }fl} l zthz`tgy qit`m zgpa is ps`m cht lgg zht}ldg` `gò}tiolg

`|pize`b} ls chgghqs; dthqb qit` cht gi` ohbmpo}ht> dgp` qit` cht b`p}tlgohbmpo}ht> at``b(y`gghq qit` cht `lt}f ohbmpo}ht &Cia" Cia"


459/548

==

iii" Ehmiciol}ihb hc }f` zthz`t}i`s hc }f` e`}lg &`"a" lgghyiba)>

i" Lzzgiol}ihb hc ibfidi}hts>" Ol}fhmio lbm lbhmio zth}`o}ihb>

i" Lzzgiol}ihb hc zth}`o}i` ohl}ibas"


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=1 hc qfiof }f`t` lt` lbhmio' ol}fhmio' lbm eiv`m

&lbhmio lbm ol}fhmio) }yz`s"

ii" Ldshtz}ihb ibfidi}hts"

iii" Slzhpt zfls` ibfidi}hts"

i" Htalbio ht ibhtalbio ibfidi}hts"

Elby ibfidi}hts lt` hvimi{iba la`b}s" _hmipe zfhszfl}`' ofthel}`s'

bi}ti}`s' fymthvim`' sigiol}`' oltdhbl}` lbm dioltdhbl}` hc shmipe lt` oheehb

ibhtalbio ibfidi}hts" ]f` oheehbgy ps`m htalbio ibfidi}hts lt` leib`s'

f`}`thoyogio bi}tha`b ohezhpbms' spds}i}p}`m pt`l lbm }fihpt`l' e`tolz}lbs'

spgzfim`s lbm f`ly e`}lg shlzs' `}o" Ib lp}hehdig` tlmil}hts' shmipe

d`b{hl}`s lo} ls `ccò}i` ibfidi}hts"

Olp}ihb eps} d` lzzgi`m ib }f` |plb}i}y hc ibfidi}ht ps`m }h zth}ò} lb

lbhm`" ]hh selgg l |plb}i}y ely bh} zthmpo` `bhpaf zth}ò}i` hvim` lbm' ic

selgg pboh`t`m lt`ls hc e`}lg lt` g`c}' }f`y qigg d` l}}lon`m dy ib}`bsi`

ohtthsihb t`spg}iba }h zi}}iba &chtel}ihb hc m``z' bltthq fhg`s)"


492/548

=1=


493/548

=10

T@C@T@BO@_ CHT CPT]F@T _]PMY

Lfelm' [lni &4::3); Ztiboizg`s hc Ohtthsihb @baib``tiba lbm Ohtthsihb

Ohb}thg> Les}`tmle; @gsì`t(Dp}}`tqht}fFìbèlbb

Dlònelbb' Q" hb' Q" _ofq`bn' lbm Q" Ztib{ & Oledtia`' @baglbm; Qhhmf`lmZpd"G}m # OTO Zt`ss GGO

N`ggy' T" A"' K" T" _opggy' M" Q" _fh`sei}f lbm T" A" Dpoffì} &4::?);

@gò}thofèiolg ]òfbi|p`s ib Ohtthsihb _oi`bo` lbm @baib``tiba>

B`q Yhtn; Elto`g M`nn`t' Ibo"

Z`t`{' B &4::=); @gò}thofèis}ty lbm Ohtthsihb _oi`bo`> B`q Yhtn;

Ngpq`t Lolmèio Zpdgisf`ts

Zgi`}f' Qlgmcti`m &4::6); @gò}thofèis}ty cht El}`tilgs _oi`bo`>

Les}`tmle; @gsì`tTì`' T" Q" ^`m"U &4:::); Pfgia!s Ohtthsihb Flbmdhhn' _òhbm @mi}ihb>

B`q Yhtn; Khfb Qig`y # _hbs' Ibo"

Thd`ta`' Z" T" &4:::); Flbmdhhn hc Ohtthsihb @baib``tiba> B`q Yhtn;

EoAtlqFigg

_ofqì}{`t' Z"L" &4::3); Ohtthsihb @baib``tiba Flbmdhhn' _òhbm

@mi}ihb; Ohtthsihb hc Zhgye`ts lbm @gls}he`ts> Dhol Tl}hb; OTO

Zt`ss(]lyght # Ctlbois Athpz

_ftìt" G" G"' Kltelb' T" L" lbm Dpts}ìb' A" ]" ^`ms"U &4:::); Ohtthsihb'

Shgpe` < E`}lg@bithbe`b} T`lo}ihbs' ]fitm @mi}ihb> Hvchtm;

Dp}}`tqht}fFìbèlbb

_ftìt" G" G"' Kltelb' T" L" lbm Dpts}ìb' A" ]" ^`ms"U &4:::); Ohtthsihb'

Shgpe` 4 Ohtthsihb Ohb}thg> Hvchtm; Dp}}`tqht}fFìbèlbb

]lgdh}' M lbm ]lgdh}' K" & Dhol

Tl}hb; OTO Zt`ss


494/548

=13

OFLZ]@TBIB@]@@B

CHPBMTY ZTLO]IO@

^@bat" Zthc" H"@" Hnhtlcht'D"_o"' E"_"' ZfM' CB_@U


495/548

=11

Ib ols}iba ztho`ss' i} is zhssidg` }h zglo` }f` lehpb} hc e`}lg l} `vlo}gy qf`t`

i} is t`|pit`m> }fps elniba qìaf} t`mpo}ihb ib m`siab lofi`ldg`" Ols}ibas

a`b`tlggy mh bh} fl` mitò}ihblg zthz`t}i`s ls }f`y lt` `vzò}`m }h ohhg

pbichtegy cthe lgg sim`s" Dòlps` hc e`}lggptaiolg ohbsim`tl}ihb' o`t}libe`}lgs lbm lgghys olb hbgy d` ztho`ss`m dy ols}iba lbm bh} dy lby h}f`t

chteiba ztho`ss' `"a" thggiba' chtaiba' ht `v}tpsihb" Ols}iba hc lby si{` lbm

qìaf}' ``b pz }h 4:: }hbb`s olb d` elm`"

Hb }f` h}f`t flbm' }f` mie`bsihblg looptloy lbm sptclo` cibisf

lofi``m dy bhtelg slbm ols}iba ztho`ss qhpgm bh} d` lm`|pl}` cht ciblg

lzzgiol}ihb ib elby ols`s" Lgsh }f` slbm ols}iba ztho`ss is gldhpt ib}`bsi` }h

she` `v}`b} lbm }f`t`cht` elby iezthè`b}s lt` lie`m l} }fis spof ls

elofib` ehpgmiba lbm chpbmty eòflbi{l}ihb" I} is hc}`b bh} `lsy }h zthmpo`m`cò}ct`` ols}ibas qi}f she` e`}lgs ht lgghys ls l t`spg} hc }f` ehis}pt`

zt`s`b} ib slbm ols}ibas"


496/548

=16

Cia"


497/548

=19

dghqb hcc qi}f }f` f`gz hc d`gghqs" Bhq }f` ohz` lbm }f` mtla zl}}`tb flg`s

lt` qi}fmtlqb dy psiba }f` mtlq szin`s lbm tlzziba }f` zl}}`tb lgg lthpbm }h

sgiaf}gy `bglta` }f` ehpgm oli}y sh }fl} }f` ehpgm qlggs lt` bh} szhig`m dy

}f` qi}fmtlqiba zl}}`tb" ]f` tpbb`ts lbm }f` al}`s lt` op} ib }f` ehpgmolt`cpggy qi}fhp} szhigiba }f` ehpgm" Lby `vo`ss ht ghhs` slbm chpbm ib }f`

tpbb`ts lbm ehpgm oli}y is dghqb lqly psiba }f` d`gghqs" Bhq }f` cloiba

slbm ib }f` chte hc l zls}` is lzzgi`m lgg h`t }f` ehpgm oli}y lbm }f` tpbb`ts

qfiof qhpgm ai` }f` cibisf`m ols}iba l ahhm sptclo` cibisf"

L mty slbm oht` is zt`zlt`m psiba l oht` dhv" Lc}`t spi}ldg` dlniba' i}

is zglo`m ib }f` ehpgm oli}y ls sfhqb ib Cia"


498/548

=6:

is }f` shgim s}l}` cthe }f` shgimps }èz`tl}pt`" Elofibiba ht cibisf lgghqlbo`

is lmm`m }h }f` zl}}`tb cht spds`|p`b} elofibiba qf`b l slbm ols}iba is

cpbo}ihblggy t`|pit`m }h d` hc ahhm cibisf ht mie`bsihblggy looptl}`" _fln`

lgghqlbo` is l t`mpo}ihb ib }f` htiaiblg zl}}`tb mie`bsihbs }h loohpb} cht }f``bgltaè`b} hc }f` ehpgm oli}y t`spg}iba' cthe tlzziba hc }f` zl}}`tb }h

`bldg` i}s qi}fmtlqlg cthe }f` slbm ehpgm" S`t}iolg clo`s hc }f` zl}}`tb lt` ib

ohb}ibplg ohb}lo} qi}f slbm' lbm dòlps` }fis ely mlela` }f` ehpgm oli}y l}

}f` }ie` hc qi}fmtlqiba }f` zl}}`tb cthe }f` slbm ehpgm' }f` `t}iolg clo`s hc

}f` zl}}`tb lt` lgqlys }lz`t`m cthe }f` zlt}iba gib` }h t`mpo` }f` oflbo`s hc

}fis flzz`biba> lbm }fis zthisihb is olgg`m mtlc} ht }lz`t lgghqlbo`" Ct`sfgy

shgimici`m e`}lg is q`ln lbm is gin`gy }h d` mis}ht}ihb zthb`' `szòilggy ghba

cgl} zht}ihbs' S' P' ht ghba lbm }fib sò}ihbs qfiof lt` ohbbò}`m }h }fion

sò}ihbs" Ibs}`lm hc elniba `v}tl e`}lg zthisihb cht t`mpoiba }f` mis}ht}ihb'

}f` sflz` hc zl}}`tb is ai`b l mis}ht}ihb hc `|plg lehpb} ib }f` hzzhsi}`

mitò}ihb hc }f` gin`gy mis}ht}ihb mitò}ihb" I} is bh}`m }fl} qf`t` ohtiba is

t`|pit`m' zthisihb sfhpgm d` elm` }h spzzht} }f` oht` ibsim` }f` ehpgm oli}y

dy zthimiba oht` ztib}s qf`t` zhssidg`" Oflzg`}s lt` lgsh ps`m }h spzzht}

oht`s ibsim` }f` ehpgm oli}y qf`b bò`sslty"


499/548

=6 lbm s}ltof' m`v}tib slqmps}' lsd`s}hs lbm ayzspe &cht ibot`ls`m als

z`te`ldigi}y lbm m`chte ldigi}y ht ohgglzsidigi}y)"


504/548

=63

D`sim`s }f`s`' }f`t` lt` h}f`t }`s}s }h m`}`teib` spof zthz`t}i`s ls

m`chtel}ihb' at``b }`bsig` s}t`ba}f' fh} s}t`ba}f' `vzlbsihb' `}o" ]f` m`}ligs hc

}f`s` }`s}iba e`}fhms olb d` chpbm ib }f` t`c`t`bo`s oi}`m l} }f` `bm hc }fis

oflz}`t"


505/548

=61

=" ]f` e`}lg sfhpgm cghq sehh}fgy ib}h }f` ehpgm qi}fhp} lby

}ptdpg`bo`" L }ptdpg`b} e`}lg cghq }`bms }h chte mthss ib }f`

ehpgm"

0" ]f` ehpgm sfhpgm d` ohezg`}`gy cigg`m ib }f` sfht}`s} zhssidg` }ie`qi}fhp} fliba }h tlis` e`}lg }`ez`tl}pt` ht ps` fiaf`t e`}lg

f`lms"

3" ]f` e`}lg `b}ty ib}h }f` ehpgm oli}y sfhpgm d` zthz`tgy

ohb}thgg`m ib spof l qly }fl} lszitl}ihb hc }f` l}ehszf`tio lit is

zt``b}`m"

1" Pbqlb}`m el}`tilg spof ls sgla' mthss lbm h}f`t ehpgm el}`tilg

sfhpgm bh} d` lgghq`m }h `b}`t }f` ehpgm oli}y"6" E`}lg cghq sfhpgm d` elib}lib`m ib spof l qly }fl} bh al}iba ht

ehpgm `thsihb }ln`s zglo`"

9" ]f` al}iba sys}`e sfhpgm `bspt` }fl} `bhpaf ehg}`b e`}lg t`lof`s

}f` ehpgm oli}y"


506/548

=66

_ztp` dls` q`gg is l t`s`thit cht e`}lg l} }f` dh}}he hc }f` sztp` }h t`mpo`

}f` `ghoi}y hc }f` ehg}`b e`}lg dy qfiof ehpgm `thsihb is t`mpo`m" ]f`

ehg}`b e`}lg }f`b oflba`s mitò}ihb lbm cghqs ib}h }f` tpbb`ts ib l eht`

pbichte elbb`t"

Tpbb`t is a`b`tlggy ghol}`m ib }f` fhti{hb}lg zglb` &zlt}iba zglb`) lbm

ohbbò}s }f` sztp` }h }f` ibal}`s' }fps g`}}iba }f` e`}lg `b}`t }f` ehpgm oli}y"

]f` tpbb`ts lt` bhtelggy elm` }tlz`{himlg ib othsssò}ihb" Cht `ccò}i`

}tlzziba hc }f` sgla' tpbb`ts sfhpgm cghq cpgg mptiba zhptiba"

Al}` ht ibal}` is lb hz`biba }fthpaf qfiof }f` ehg}`b e`}lg `b}`ts }fèhpgm oli}y" ]f` sflz` lbm }f` othsssò}ihb hc }f` ibal}` ht al}` sfhpgm d`

spof }fl} i} olb g`lm ehg}`b e`}lg cthe }f` tpbb`t ib}h }f` ehpgm oli}y

qi}fhp} }ptdpg`bo`' lbm d` t`lmigy nbhon`m hcc qi}fhp} mlelaiba }f` ols}iba"

Sltihps }yz`s hc al}`s lt` ps`m ib }f` ols}iba m`siab" ]f` oheehb`s} lehba

}f`s` ibogpm`; }hz al}`' dh}}he al}`' zlt}iba al}` lbm s}`z al}`" Ib }hz al}iba'

}f` ehg}`b e`}lg `b}`ts }f` ehpgm oli}y cthe }f` }hz" ]fhpaf }f` ehpgm ciggs

`ty |piongy' }f`t` is }f` }`bm`boy cht ehpgm `thsihb lbm }ptdpg`bo` ib }f`

ehpgm oli}y" I} is }fps zthb` }h chte mthss lbm is bh} tòhee`bm`m cht bhbc`tthps el}`tilgs lbm is spaa`s}`m hbgy cht c`tthps lgghys lbm siezg` ols}iba

sflz`s qfiof lt` `ss`b}ilggy sflgghq ib bl}pt`" Dh}}he al}` `b}`ts }f` ehpgm

oli}y cthe }f` dh}}he" I} mh`s bh} olps` lby ehpgm `thsihb lbm is a`b`tlggy

ps`m cht `ty m``z ehpgms lbm f`ly ehg}`b lgghys" I} }ln`s l ghba`t }ie` cht

ciggiba hc }f` ehpgm lbm lgsh a`b`tl}`s l `ty pbclhptldg` }èz`tl}pt`

atlmi`b}" Zlt}iba al}`s lt` }f` ehs} qim`gy ps`m al}` ib slbm ols}iba" ]f`y

`b}`t }f` ehpgm l} }f` zlt}iba zglb` qf`b zlt} hc }f` ols}iba is ib }f` ohz` lbm

zlt} is ib }f` mtla" ]fis }yz` hc al}iba }ti`s }h m`ti` }f` d`s} hc dh}f }f` }hzlbm dh}}he al}`s" Hc lgg }f` al}`s' }fis is lgsh }f` `lsi`s} lbm ehs} òhbheiolg

ib zt`zltl}ihb" _}`z al}`s lt` ps`m cht f`ly lbm glta` ols}ibas" ]f` ehg}`b

e`}lg `b}`ts }f` ehpgm oli}y }fthpaf l bped t hc ibal}`s qfiof lt` lttlba`m

ib t}iolg s} zs" ]f si{ hc }f ibal} s lt psplggy m ot ls m cthe dh}}he }h }hz spof }fl} gi|pim


507/548

=69

e`}lg `b}`ts }f` ehpgm oli}y cthe }f` dh}}heehs} al}` &}f` glta`s}) lbm }f`b

zthat`ssi`gy eh`s }h }f` }hz" ]fis `bspt`s l atlmplg ciggiba hc }f` ehpgm

qi}fhp} lby ehpgm `thsihb lbm zthmpo`s l shpbm ols}iba"


508/548

=9:

e`}lg d`b`l}f olb d` `vzhs`m }h l}ehszf`tio zt`sspt`" Ib l ols}iba' e`}lggio

ofiggs ely lgsh d` ps`m }h zthim` zthat`ssi` ht mit`o}ihblg shgimiciol}ihb ht

}h lhim }f` sftibnla` oli}i`s' lbm `gieibl}` }f` ps` hc tis`t ib o`t}lib ols`s"


509/548

=9 cthe ohtthsihb zthmpo}s hb ofiggs ht h}f`t ibs`t}s>

ht cthe htalbio oht` dibm`ts"

Ibogpsihbs ely d` mp` }h }f` zt`s`bo` hc sgla ht hvim` zlt}iog`s ib }f` ehg}`be`}lg" ]f`y ely lgsh ohbsis} hc slbm zlt}iog`s qlsf`m cthe }f` sptclo` hc l

ehpgm qfiof fls d``b zhhtgy elm` ht ib qfiof ibc`tiht slbm fls d``b ps`m" L

og`lb e`g} olb d` hd}lib`m dy zthz`t l}}`b}ihb }h cgpviba lbm snieeiba ztiht

}h ols}iba' qfigs} clpg}y ehpgms olb d` lhim`m dy d`}}`t ibszò}ihb lbm

lm`|pl}` slbm ohb}thg"

Ohgm _fht}s t`spg} elibgy cthe glon hc cgpimi}y hc }f` ehg}`b e`}lg" ]f`y

lzz`lt ls s`legin` misohb}ibpi}i`s qfiof lt` chte`m qf`b }qh e`}lg s}t`les

e``} ibsim` }f` ehpgm dp} fl` ibspccioi`b} cgpimi}y }h lgghq }fè }h dt`ln }f`

hvim` ciges qfiof s`zltl}` }fè" Eistpbs lt` lgsh mp` }h glon hc cgpimi}y ib

}f` e`}lg' lbm t`c`t }h ols}ibas qfiof lt` hc ibohezg`}` iezt`ssihb' }f`

ehg}`b e`}lg bh} fliba z`b`}tl}`m }h lgg tò`ss`s hc }f` ehpgm" Lzlt} cthe

dlm zl}}`tb m`siab ib }f` chte hc `ty }fib sò}ihbs qfiof ofigg }f` e`}lg' spof

m`cò}s lt` mp` lgehs} `b}it`gy }h zhptiba e`}lg qfiof is }hh ohgm' lbm qfiof

}f`t`cht` glons cgpimi}y"

L bped`t hc m`cò}s ely ltis` cthe clpg}s ib ehpgm ohbs}tpo}ihb ht cthe

zhht|plgi}y slbm" Ic }f` slbm fls d``b ghhs`gy tlee`m' ht ic i} mh`s bh}

ohb}lib spccioi`b} dibmiba el}`tilg' sò}ihbs hc }f` ehpgm ely d` `thm`m dy

}f` s}t`le hc ehg}`b e`}lg' aiiba tis` }h thpaf gpezs hc `vo`ss e`}lg hb }f`

ols}iba" ]f`s` lt` psplggy olgg`m sols" Ic ohlts` slbm fls ``b ps`m ib }f`


514/548

=93

zt`zltl}ihb hc }f` ehpgm sptclo` ehg}`b e`}lg ely z`b`}tl}` }f` szlo`s

d`}q``b }f` atlibs qi}fhp} m`}lofiba }fè" ]f` hdihps tè`my is }h ps`

cib`t cloiba slbm" @vo`ssi`cibs hb }f` ols}iba lt` mp` }h ghhs`gy ci}}iba oht`s

ht }h }f` ohz` lbm mtla bh} ci}}iba oghs`gy }ha`}f`t l} }f` zlt}iba gib`"

Fh} ]`lts lt` otlons qfiof lt` chte`m dy ohb}tlo}ihb s}t`ss`s ib l ols}iba'

kps} ls shgimiciol}ihb is ohezg`}` lbm qfigs} }f` e`}lg is s}igg t`gl}i`gy q`ln ht

}`bm`t" _pof otlons lt` }yzici`m y lb ittàpglt ctlo}pt`m sptclo` qfiof is

f`ligy hvimis`m" ]f`y ely d` mp` }h clpg}y m`siab hc }f` zl}}`tb" Fh} }`lts

ely lgsh d` chte`m dy oht`s qfiof lt` }hh fltm lbm qfiof mh bh} ohgglzs`

`lsigy `bhpaf pbm`t }f` zt`sspt` hc }f` shgimicyiba lbm ohb}tlo}iba e`}lg"

Zhht m`siab hc ols}ibas olpsiba ib}`tblg s}t`ss`s }h d` s`} pz mptiba ohhgiba

ely lgsh g`lm }h qltziba"


515/548

=91

T@C@T@BO@_


516/548

=96

\P@_]IHB_


517/548

=99


518/548

0::

OFLZ]@T ]Q@B]Y

\PLGI]Y IB_Z@O]IHB # GIEI] _Y_]@E

&_LEZGIBA ( _I[IBA ]@OFBI\P@_)

^@bat" P" Eltn' D"@ba> E"@ba> EB_@' T"@bat &OHT@B)U

4:"< Ib}thmpo}ihb

\plgi}y' loohtmiba }h }f` m`cibi}ihb lmhz}`m dy }f` Le`tiolb _hoi`}y

cht \plgi}y is; ]f` }h}lgi}y hc c`l}pt`s lbm ofltlo}`tis}ios hc l zthmpo} ht

s`tio` }fl} `lts hb i}s ligi}y }h sl}iscy s}l}`m ht iezgi`m b``ms" ]f` |plgi}y

hc l zthmpo} olb d` lso`t}lib`m dy ibszò}iba i} cht o`t}lib |plgi}y ltildg`s

lbm(ht l}}tidp}`s" Dy ltildg` q` e`lb lby ofltlo}`tis}io hc l zthmpo} qfiof

olb d` e`lspt`m lbm `vzt`ss`m ib bpe`tiolg lgp`s `"a"' mie`bsihb ht si{` &ib

eiggie`}`ts)' fltmb`ss &ib fltmb`ss solg` bped`ts)' zhq`t tl}iba &ql}}s)' `}o"

Hb }f` h}f`t flbm' lb l}}tidp}` is l ofltlo}`tis}io qfiof olbbh} d` e`lspt`m

mitò}gy lbm `vzt`ss`m bpe`tiolggy' dp} is ì}f`t zhss`ss`m ht bh} zhss`ss`m dy

}f` zthmpo}" @vlezg`s lt` ohghpt' sptclo` cibisf' qf`}f`t ht bh} }f`t` dp}}hbs

hb l sfit} ht l zlt}iopglt bped`t lbm si{` hc fhg`s lt` mtigg`m ib l ohezhb`b}'

`}o" L `ty oheehb }yz` hc l}}tidp}` ibszò}ihb is mhb` dy }f` AH lbm BHAH alpa`s" ]f` t`spg} hc l ofòn cht lb l}}tip}` olb ` `vzt`ss`m ls zlss ht

clig' ohttò} ht ibohttò}' loo`z}lg` ht pbloo`z}lg` lbm ahhm ht

lm"

Ibszò}ihb is lb lszò} hc|plgi}y ohb}thg &\O) qfiof e`t`gy s`zltl}`s }f`

ahhm lbm dlm cthe l gh} ht dl}of" Cht `vlezg`' ibszò}ihb }`ggs qf`}f`t l zlt}

is qi}fib }f` loo`z}ldg` si{` giei}s ht bh}" Qf`t`ls \O dtibas zthmpo}ihbzltle`}`ts pbm`t ohb}thg cht }f` zptzhs` hc `bsptiba lbm iezthiba |plgi}y'

ibszò}ihb s`zltl}`s }f` ahhm cthe }f` dlm cht e``}iba ht cligiba |plgi}y

t`|pitè`b}s" ]fps' \O `bglta`s }f` zthmpo}ihb zig` qfig` ibszò}ihb

`bglta`s }f` sotlz zig`" Ibszò}ihb olb ibhg` e`lsptè`b}' }ls}iba'

}hpofiba' qìafiba' ht }`s}iba hc }f` zthmpo} &she`}ie`s }f` }`s}iba ely d`

m`s}tpo}i`)" Qf`t` lbm qf`b }h ibszò} ibogpm`;


519/548

0: qfig` }f` zthdldigi}y hc loo`z}iba

l dlm gh} is l }yz` II `ttht"

Ciapt` 4:"4; Lb Hz`tl}iba Ofltlo}`tis}io &HO) Opt` _fhqiba

Zthmpo`ts lbm Ohbspe`ts Tisns


527/548

0:9

]ldg` 4:"4; Ml}l cht }f` HO opt` hc Ciapt` 4:"

fundamentals of engineering workshop practice - materials & processes [2011, e-version]; edited by...

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