fundamental constants first basic constant in physics
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fundamental constants
first basic constant first basic constant in physicsin physics
2
31110674.6
skg
mG
second basic second basic constant constant
MeVelectronm 511.0)(
Discovery of electron
hce /22
ArnoldArnold Sommerfeld, Sommerfeld, 19161916 third
constant
88
1,137
1
4
2
ch
e
137/1
15.12.1958
Nr.137Kantonspital Zuerich
Wolfgang Pauli
em
electroweak
theory
QED Weak Interactions
1 mass of weak boson1 mass of “Higgs” boson2 coupling constants1 electron mass
6 quarks6 quarks
b
t
s
c
d
u
FFqmieAiqL
4
1)(
aa
a
a
GGqmAigiqL4
1)
2(
u
ud
d
protonprotonmass mass
field energy field energy
(gluons and quarks)(gluons and quarks)
2)()( cMquarksEgluonsE p
MeVconstM c _860.
c
fundamental fundamental constant:constant:
c
7 fundamental constants 7 fundamental constants
in strong interactionsin strong interactions
bsd
tcu
c
mmm
mmm
elmssdduup cmcmcmccM
Standard Theory
Newtons constant G 1 Newtons constant G 1 fine structure constant 1fine structure constant 1coupling constant of strong interaction 1coupling constant of strong interaction 1coupling constant of weak interaction 1coupling constant of weak interaction 1mass of W boson 1mass of W boson 1mass of Higgs boson 1mass of Higgs boson 1masses of 6 quarks and 6 leptons 12 masses of 6 quarks and 6 leptons 12 flavor mixing of quarks 4flavor mixing of quarks 4flavor mixing of leptons flavor mixing of leptons 66
um
s
dm
tmbm
em
m
cm
u
d
sm
m
wM
HM2m
1m
3m
sun
atm
choozl
2
3
NG
w
weak bosons
quarks leptons
Higgs boson ?
alpha depends onalpha depends on
energyenergy
( ) 1/127.8ZM
1.8 billion years1.8 billion years
3.7% U 235 3.7% U 235 (today 0.72 %)(today 0.72 %)
Moderator: water from river OkloModerator: water from river Oklo
710)()(
nowOklo
Change of alpha: Change of alpha:
(if no other parameters change)(if no other parameters change)
==>==>constraint questionableconstraint questionable
year/10/ 16
fine structure atomic levels
Quasars5 -11 billion light years
Quasar absorption spectraQuasar absorption spectra
Light
fine structure: Fe, Ni, Mg, Sn, A fine structure: Fe, Ni, Mg, Sn, A
year/102.1
1012.054.0
15
5
Grand Unification
electroweak interactions QC
D
grandunification
1/ coupling constant
?
grandunification
grand unfication
Grand unification
Calmet, Fritzsch Langacker, Segre (2002)
GUT
GUT
s
s const
.3
822
22 3
8
s
s
GUT
GUT
s
s const
.3
822
Change of magnetic Change of magnetic moments of atomic moments of atomic
nuclei per yearnuclei per year143,9 10
8.38c
c
Change Change ( unification scale )( unification scale )
31c
c
31c
c
year
year
/10:~
/10:~
14
15
Cesium Cesium clocksclocks
Hyperfine transition Hyperfine transition magnetic moment magnetic moment
of cesium nucleusof cesium nucleus
time change time change
of QCD scaleof QCD scale
Difference: 3 oscillations per day
MPQ-ExperimentMPQ-Experiment
486 nm dye laser in hydrogen486 nm dye laser in hydrogen
spectrometerspectrometer
Reference: cesium clock Pharao LPTF Reference: cesium clock Pharao LPTF ParisParis
Hydrogen: 1s-2s transitionHydrogen: 1s-2s transition
2 466 061 413 187 127 (18) Hz2 466 061 413 187 127 (18) Hz
15 1/ : (2.4 6.8) 10d dt yr
15 1/ : (2.4 6.8) 10d dt yr
14/ : 2 10d dt
simultaneous change
unified coupling constant
+
unification scale
( E. Witten)
superstring theories superstring theories partial cancellation partial cancellation
2 28 1/ : / : ( .) _ / :
3 2s s Gut Gutd dt d dt const d dt
15/ : (3 1) 10 /d dt year
Reinhold et al. PRL 96 (2006)Reinhold et al. PRL 96 (2006)
2 quasars - 12 billion years 2 quasars - 12 billion years
5/ (2 0.6) 10
e
p
m
m
15/ 3 10 / year
15/ 3 10 / year
same sign as MPQ result
The masses of atomic nuclei The masses of atomic nuclei will depend on time!will depend on time!
28 constants 28 constants
14 constants 14 constants mass parametersmass parameters
time time variation variation alphaalpha
time time variation variation QCD scaleQCD scale
15/ 3 10 / year year/103 15
many fundamental many fundamental
„ „constants“ constants“ functions of functions of
timetime??
Murray Gell-Mann
Fundamental Constants Cosmic Accidents ?
nG
s
em
