Functional groups oF chemistrysolved with the grand unified theory of classical physics. generated with Millsian 2.0 software

linear alkanespropane

branched alkanesisobutane

alkenespropene

conjugated alkenes1,3-butadiene

alkynes1-propyne

aromaticsbenzene

alcoholspropanol

aldehydesacetaldehyde

acid anhydridesacetic anhydride

acid estersMethyl acetate

amines (1°)propanaMine

amines (2°)ethyl Methyl aMine

alkyl nitrilesacetonitrile

ethersethyl Methyl ether

alkyl nitritespropyl nitrite

thiolspropane thiol

diboranesdiborane

sulFidesethyl Methyl sulfide

disulFidesethyl Methyl disulfide

sulFoxidesethyl Methyl sulfoxide

sulFonesethyl Methyl sulfone

sulFitesethyl Methyl sulfite

sulFatesethyl Methyl sulfate

ketonesacetone

nitro alkanesnitropropane

sulfurnitrogenoxygen

carboxylic acidsacetic acid

amidesacetaMide

carbon

boron

borane polyhedronsMethyldecaborane

silanesdiMethylsilane

silanestrisilane

silicon

alkyl chlorideschloropropane

alkyl Fluoridesfluoropropane

alkyl bromidesbroMopropane

alkyl iodidesiodopropane

halides

polycyclic aromaticsquinoline

drug moleculesMorphine

ferrocene

chroMiuM hexacarbonyl

nucleic acid sequencesdeoxyribose nucleic acid

space-FillingBonds are shown as intersections between spheres representing bonded atoms.

ball-and-stickBonds are shown as three dimensional connections between atom types.

molecular structureHere, the atom types and bond orders are clearly shown.

ellipsoidalBonds are shown as prolate spheroidal surfaces of negative charge. Exact shape, size, and charge distribution profile is shown.

phosphorus

phosphine oxidestriMethyl phosphine oxide

phosphinestriMethyl phosphine

phosphitestriMethyl phosphite

phosphatestriMethyl phosphate

allotropes oF carbonc60 fullerene

organoMetallics

priMary atoMof group

exaMpleMolecule

naMe

groupclass

ethane

ethylene

acetylene

the atoM

This classical model of the atom shows the electron as a spherical shell of charge, completely surrounding the nucleus. Multielectron atoms contain concentric spherical shells for each atomic orbital. Classical laws govern the radii and energy of these shells.

group additivityAccording to this theory, electrons are localized in molecules to functional groups which act as building blocks, or discrete units, in larger structures. The structures and energies of the majority of important groups of chemistry have been individually solved, allowing molecules of arbitrary size and complexity to be modeled almost instantly on a personal computer. For more information, visit www.Millsian.com.

Methane

aMMonia

water

hydrogen (h2)

the cheMical bond This classical model of the molecular bond shows the electron as a prolate spheroidal shell of charge with the nuclei of the bonded atoms at each focus. The charge increases at the ends, closer to the nuclei, which makes bonding favorable. Molecular bonds bridge between atomic orbital shells. The exact geometry and charge distribution profile of each bond is shown.

1s2s2p

3s

3p

0 1 e /Å2

alkyl nitratespropyl nitrate