Functional Groups

http://www.ck12.org/book/CK-12-Chemistry---Second-Edition/r5/section/25.4/

Mrs Capanema

Alkyl Group

An alkyl group, generally abbreviated with the symbol R ( alkyl radical)

consists solely of single-bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms, for example a methyl or ethyl group.

Methyl _CH3 Ethyl __CH2CH3

1. Alcohols

Formula

R -OH

Have an O-H group.

Polar molecules

Dissolve in water

CC

H H

H

HH

HO

Naming Alcohols

In naming alcohols, the suffix “-ol” is added to the parent chain of the alkane name. Remember to start numbering the parent chain on the end closest to where the OH is located.

Uses

CH3CH2OH ethanol

2. Aldehydes

Have a C=O group Weakily polar

molecules.

Naming Aldehydes

In order to name aldehydes, use the parent chain name of the alkane and add the suffix “–al.”

Aldehydes have the general formula shown below.

Vanillin Artificial vanilla flavoring is a solution of pure vanillin,

usually of synthetic origin. Because of the scarcity and expense of natural vanilla extract, there has long been interest in the synthetic preparation of its predominant component.

3. Carboxylic Acids

Have COO-H group polar CC O

O

H

H

H

H

In nature, it is found in the stings and bites of many insects .

Naming carboxylic acids

When naming organic acids, use the parent chain name of the alkane and add the suffix “–oic acid.”

4. Esters

One oxygen is in a carbon sandwichC H

H

H

CC O

OH

H

H

Have you ever wondered why an orange has such a wonderful aroma, or where the smell from a freshly cut pineapple comes from? Most fruits get their rich aroma from molecules known as esters.

Naming esters

The name of an ester is composed of the name of the alkyl group from the alcohol, then of the alkyl group from the organic acid, and finally the suffix “–oate.”

isoamyl acetate (CH3COOC5H11) is a fundamental component of banana flavor.

5. Amines

Polar molecules Amines with low molecular weights typically have a "fishy" odor,

such as cadaverine [ H2N(CH2)5NH2 ]

Naming Amines

Amines can be named by replacing the -e of the parent group with the word amine.

CH3 NH CH2 CH3

6. Ketones Acetone is a common household toxic chemical that may reduce your

indoor air quality after being released from such products as paint, nail polish, secondhand cigarette smoke, and many household chemical products.

Weakily polar

Naming Ketones

There are alkyl groups attached on both sides of the carbonyl group, therefore the molecule is a ketone. The name of this compound is 2-heptanone.

Ethers Ether is used as a general anesthetic for

surgery. Slightly polar

Naming Ethers

name the alkyl groups on either side of the ether functional group and then adding the word “ether” on the end.

8. Aromatics The current definition of aromatic compounds includes only those

with a benzene ring. Benzene is also a natural part of crude oil, gasoline, and cigarette ...

Cigarette smoking and secondhand smoke. Non polar molecules

Naming aromatics

the benzene ring has a methyl group attached. Other alkyl side-chains would be named similarly –

for example, methylbenzene.

LSD

Stevia