TEXT TYPES

BY:HENIFA ANDRIANA

HESTY CITRA NINGRUMINDAH PERMATASARI

NUZULIA MEGA J.TRI AGUSTI S.

INFORMATION REPORT

What is AN INFORMATION REPORT ?

An information report is a piece of text that presents information about a subject. Its purpose is to classify and/or describe using facts about the subject’s parts, behaviour and qualities. The subject is usually general rather than particular, for example ‘skin’ rather than an individual person’s skin.

Examples of information report texts include:• lectures• reference articles• research assignments• chapters in textbooks.

INFORMATION REPORT

Features of AN INFORMATION REPORT

Constructing an information reportA written explanation usually involves three steps. First, there

is the general statement about the event or thing. Next follows a series of paragraphs that tell the hows and whys. The final step is a concluding paragraph.

Grammatical features of an information reportInformation reports usually include the following grammatical

features:• technical language related to the subject• technical use of the timeless present tense • technical use of general nouns (e.g. weather, skin,

earthquakes) rather than proper nouns• technical linking verbs to describe behaviours or

qualities (cells are surrounded by membrane).

INFORMATION REPORTThe NFORMATION REPORT scaffold1 A general opening statement in the first paragraph• This statement tells the audience what the text is going to be about.• This can include a short description of the subject.• This can include a definition of the subject.2 A series of paragraphs about the subject• Each paragraph usually begins with a topic sentence.• The topic sentence in the beginning of each paragraph previews the

information contained in the rest of the paragraph• The sentences after this preview give more details.• Each paragraph should give information about one feature of the subject.• These paragraphs build a description of the subject of the report.• These paragraphs may include technical language that is related to the

subject.3 A concluding paragraph (optional)• The concluding paragraph signals the end of the text.• This paragraph can summarise the report

INFORMATION REPORTMODEL OF AN INFORMATION REPORT TEXT

GalaxiesA galaxy is a collection of stars and other

astronomical bodies, including planets, comets and asteroids, held together by gravity.

Galaxies come in different shapes and sizes. These include the spiral, barrel-spiral and elliptical. Our galaxy called the Milky Way, is approximately 100 000 light years in the width and contains over 100 billion stars.

The centre of galaxies can contain many young, very hot stars as well as older stars. Swirling clouds that have been energised by magnetic forces also exist in the centre.

At this point in time, no one knows the exact number of galaxies in the universe. Astronomers are, however, learning more and more about them everyday.

INTRODUCTIONWITH A BRIEFDESCRIPTION

Structures

PARAGRAPHSABOUT THESUBJECT

CONCLUSION

TIMELESSPRESENT

TENSE

Grammatical features

TECHNICALTERMS

RELATED TOTHE SUBJECT

GENERALNOUNS

FACTUAL DESCRIPTION

What is A FACTUAL DESCRIPTION?

A factual description describes a particular person, place or thing. Its purpose is to ‘tell’ about the subject by describing its features without including personal opinions. A factual description differs from an information report because it describes a specific subject rather than a general group.

Examples of factual description texts include:• descriptions of a particular building• descriptions of a specific animal• descriptions of a particular place• descriptions of a specific person

FACTUAL DESCRIPTIONFeatures of A FACTUAL DESCRIPTION

Constructing a factual description

A typical description has an opening paragraph introducing the subject of the description, followed by a series of paragraph each describing one feature of the subject. There can also be a final concluding section that signals the end of the description.

Grammatical features of a recountFactual descriptions usually include the following grammatical features:• verbs in the present tense• adjectives to describe the features of the subject• topic sentence to begin paragraphs and organise the various aspects of the description.

FACTUAL DESCRIPTIONThe FACTUAL DESCRIPTION scaffold

1 A general opening statement in the first paragraph• This statement introduces the subject of the description to the audience.• It can give the audience brief details about when, where, who or what of

the subject.2 A series of paragraphs about the subject• Each paragraph usually begins with a topic sentence• The topic sentence previews the details that will be contained in the

remainder of the paragraph.• Each paragraph should describe one feature of the subject.• These paragraphs build the description of the subject.3 A concluding paragraph (optional)• The concluding paragraph signals the end of the text.

FACTUAL DESCRIPTIONMODEL OF a FACTUAL DESCRIPTION

Deinonychus

The model of Deinonychus, a dinosaur from the Creataceous period, can be found in the Museum of Natural Science.

Deinonychus is small by dinosaur standards. It is about 2.5 metres in length and stands about one metre high at the shoulder.

This reptile has a long tail, spindly legs and slender neck. The head is large and the jaws are lined with sharp teeth.

The tail, approximately 3 metres in length, has vertebrae surrounded by bundles of bony rods so the whole tail can be held stiff.

The toes of the Deinonychus are unusual. The first toe is small and points backwards. The second toe has a huge sickle-shaped claw and is raised. The third and fourth toes are in the normal position.

Deinonychus is an interesting example of a fast-running dinosaur.

OPENINGSTATEMENTINTRODUCINGTHE SUBJECT

Structures

SERIES OFPARAGRAPHSDESCRIBINGTHE SUBJECT

CONCLUSION

TIMELESSPRESENT

TENSE

Grammatical features

ADJECTIVES

TOPICSENTENCES

RECOUNT

What is A RECOUNT?

A recount is a piece of text that retells past events, usually in the order in which they occurred. Its purpose is to provide the audience with a description of what occurred and when it occurred.

Examples of recount texts include:• eyewitness account• newspaper reports• letters• conversations• television interviews• speeches

RECOUNT

Features of A RECOUNT

Constructing a recount

A recount text usually has three main sections. The first paragraph gives background information about who, what, where, and when (called an orientation). This is followed by a series of paragraphs that retell the events in the order in which they happened. Some recounts have a concluding paragraph, however this is not always necessary.

Grammatical features of a recountRecounts usually include the following grammatical features:• proper nouns to identify those involved in the text• descriptive words to give details about who, what, when, where and how• the use of the past tense to retell the events• words that show the order of the events (for example, first, next, then).

RECOUNTThe RECOUNT scaffold

Step 1Introductory paragraph that tells who, what, where, and when.

Step 2A sequence of events in the order in which they occurred.

Step 3 (optional)A conclusion

RECOUNTMODEL OF A RECOUNT

A PostcardDear Nan,

We are having a great holiday here on the Gold Coast. Yesterday we went to Movie World.

When we got up in the morning, it looked like rain. After a while the clouds disappeared and it became a sunny day. We then decided to go to Movie World.

The first ride I went on was Lethal Weapon. Next I saw the Police Academy show. After that I had lunch as I was really hungry. Meanwhile, Mum and Kelly queued for the Batman ride.

About one o’clock we got a light shower of rain but it cleared up soon after. We then went on all the other rides followed by the studio tour.

It was a top day. See you when we get back.

Love

Sam

Structures

INTRODUCTIONTHAT

PROVIDESORIENTATION

PROPERNOUNS

Grammatical features

WORDSSHOWING THE

ORDER OFEVENTS

PAT TENSE

SEQUENCE OF EVENTS THATRETELLS THE

EVENTS IN THEORDER THEYOCCURRED

CONCLUSION

PROPER NOUNS

NARRATIVEWhat is a narrative?A narrative is a text that tells a story and, in doing so, entertains the audience. The purpose of a narrative, other than providing entertainment, can be to make the audience think about an issue, teach them a lesson, or excite their emotions.

Written narratives often take the form of novels. The story is usually told by a narrator. If the narrator is one of the characters in the story, the story is said to be told in the first person. If a person outside the story is the narrator, then the story is being told in the third person.

Examples of narrative texts include: myths fairytales Aboriginal dreaming stories science fiction historical fiction romance novels

NARRATIVEFeatures of a narrative

Constructing a narrativeThe steps for constructing a narrative text are: an orientation in which the narrator tells the audience about WHO is in the

story, WHEN the story is taking place and WHERE the action is happening a complication that sets off a chain of events that influences what will

happen in the story A sequence of events where the characters react to the complication A resolution in which the characters solve the problem created in the

complication a coda that provides a comment or moral based on what has been learned

from the story (an optional step).

Grammatical features of a narrativeNarratives usually include the following grammatical features: nouns that identify the specific characters and places in the story adjectives that provide accurate descriptions of the characters and

settings verbs that show the actions that occur in the story time words that connect events, telling when they occurred.

NARRATIVEThe narrative scaffold1. OrientationIn this paragraph the narrator tells the audience who is in the story, when it is happening, where it is happening and what is going on.2. ComplicationThis is the part of the story where the narrator tells about something that will begin a chain of events. These events will affect one or more of the characters. The complication is the trigger.3. Sequence of eventsThis is where the narrator tells how the characters react to the complication. It includes their feelings and what they do. The events can be told in chronological order (the order in which they happen) or with flashbacks. The audience is given the narrator’s point of view.4. ResolutionIn this part of the narrative the complication is sorted out or the problem is solved5. CodaThe narrator includes a coda if there is a moral or message to be learned from the story.

NARRATIVEMODEL OF A NARRATIVE

The Drover’s Wife(adapted from a short story by Henry Lawson)

The two-roomed house is built of round timber, slabs and stringy-bark and floored with split slabs. Bush all round-bush with no horizon, for the country is flat. The drover, an ex-squatter, is away with sheep. His wife and children are left here alone.

Four ragged, dried-up looking children are playing about the house. Suddenly one of them yells ‘Snake! Mother, here’s a snake!’

It is near sunset, and she knows the snake is there. She makes up beds for the children and sits down beside them to keep watch all night.

She has an eye on the corner and a green sapling club ready by her side. Alligator, the dog, lies nearby.

It must be one or two o’clock in the morning. The bush woman watches and listens, thinking about her life alone whilst her husband is gone.

It must be near daylight now. The hairs on Alligator’s neck begin to bristle. Between a crack in the slabs an evil pair of small, bead-like eyes glisten. The snake-a black one-comes slowly out.

Alligator springs. He has the snake now. Thud, thud as the woman strikes at the snake. The dog shakes and shakes the black snake. The snake’s back is broken. Thud, thud is head is crushed.

She lifts the mangled reptile and throws it on the fire. The eldest boy watches it burn and looks at his mother, seeing tears in her eyes.

He throws his arms around her and exclaims, ‘Mother, I won’t never go droving; blarst me if I do!’

Structures

ORIENTATIONTELLING WHOAND WHERE

SPECIFICCHARACTERS

Grammatical features

ADJECTIVESPROVIDING

DESCRIPTION

USE OF TIMEWORDS TOCONNECT

EVENTS

COMPLICATIONTHAT TRIGGERS

A SERIES OFEVENTS

SEQUENCE OF EVENTS WHERE

THECHARACTERSREACT TO THECOMPLICATION

RESOLUTIONIN WHICH THE

PROBLEM FROM THE

COMPLICATIONIS SOLVED

CODA THATGIVES THE

MORAL TO THESTORY

VERBS SHOWINGACTIONS

ADJECTIVESSHOWING

DESCRIPTIONS

PROCEDURE

What is A PROCEDURE?

A procedure is a piece of text that tells how to do something. Its purpose is to provide instructions for making something, doing something or getting somewhere.

Examples of procedure texts include:• recipes• itineraries• instruction manuals• directions

PROCEDUREFeatures of A PROCEDURE

Constructing a procedure

A procedure text usually has three sections. There is an introductory statement or title that gives the aim or goal of the procedure, followed by a list of materials that will be needed to complete the procedure. The final section is a sequence of steps, in the order they need to be completed, to achieve this goal.

Some procedures have other stages such as explaining why each step is necessary.

Grammatical features of a procedureProcedure texts usually include the following grammatical features:• sentence that begins with verbs and are stated as commands• time words or numbers that show the order for carrying out the procedure• adverbs to describe how the action should be performed• precise terms and technical language.

PROCEDUREThe PROCEDURE scaffold

1 An introductory statement giving the aim or goal• This may be the title of the text.• This may be an introductory paragraph.2 Materials needed for completing the procedure• This may be a list.• This may be a paragraph.• This step may be left out in some procedures.3 A sequence of steps in the correct order• Numbers can be used to show: first, second, third and so on.• The order is usually important.• Words such as now, next and after this can be used.• The steps usually begin with a command such as add, stir, or push.

Anzac biscuits

PROCEDURE

Models of a procedure

You will need:2 cups of rolled oats1 cups caster sugar

4 tablespoons golden syrup2 tablespoons boiling water

1 cup plain flour250 grams butter

1 teaspoon baking soda

21

GOAL

Structures

LIST OFMATERIALS

REQUIRED TOCOMPLETE THEPROCEDURE

1 Turn oven into 160 C.2 Lightly grease oven tray.3 Mix oats, flour and sugar in a large bowl.4 Melt butter and golden syrup in a pan.5 Mix baking soda and boiling water in a

cup.6 Add this mixture to melted butter and

golden syrup7 Add this to the oats mixture in the large

bowl, mix together well.8 Roll tablespoonfuls of the mixture into

balls. Put on tray 5 cm apart.9 Press lightly on top of each with a fork.10 Bake for 20 minutes

PROCEDUREModels of a procedure

Structures

SEQUENCE OFSTEPS IN THEORDER THEYNEED TO BECOMPLETED

o

SENTENCESBEGINNINGWITH VERBS

Grammatical features

SENTENCESWRITTEN ASCOMMANDS

How to reduce the risk of heart attack

Today I will tell you how to reduce the risk of having a heart attack.

Firstly, be a non-smoker. Secondly, see your doctor regularly for tests to check your cholesterol levels. Thirdly, eat a low-fat diet and keep to a healthy weight. Finally, exercise regularly.

PROCEDUREModels of a procedure

Structures

TITLEGIVES GOAL

ADVERBSSHOWING

ORDER

Grammatical features

SEQUENCE OFSTEPS TOACIEVE THE

GOAL

SENTENCESWRITTEN ASCOMMANDS

NEWS ITEM News item is a text which informs readers

about events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or important. Purpose: to inform readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important

Dominant Language Features:1. Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline2. Using action verbs3. Using saying verbs4. Using adverbs : time, place and manner.

Generic Structure of News Item1. Main event2. Elaboration (background, participant, time, place)3. Resource of information

TOWN CONTAMINATED Moscow – A Russian journalist has uncovered evidence of another Soviet nuclear catastrophe, which killed 10 sailors and contaminated an entire town.Yelena Vazrshavskya is the first journalist to speak to people who witnessed the explosion of a nuclear submarine at the naval base of Shkotovo – 22 near Vladivostock. The accident, which occurred 13 months before the Chernobyl disaster, spread radioactive fall-out over the base and nearby town, but was covered up by officials of the Soviet Union. Residents were told the explosion in the reactor of the Victor-class submarine during a refit had been a ‘thermal’ and not a nuclear explosion. And those involved in the clean up operation to remove more than 600 tones of contaminated material were sworn to secrecy.A board of investigators was later to describe it as the worst accident in the history of the Soviet Navy.

Main Event

Background events

Source

REVIEW TEXTA review is a text that gives a person’s response (judgement, opinion, reaction) to another text such as a book, film or poem. The purpose is to describe the artistic work and provide a judgement about it.

Examples of review texts include:• book reviews• theatre reviews• movie reviews• CD reviews

Grammatical features of a review text:• the use of present tense • adjectives to describe the text• words that express the writer’s judgements and attitudes.

Generic Structure:1. A paragraph introducing the text being judged

This section should contain information on the title of the text being judged, the name of the person who constructed it (the author/artist), when it was constructed and a brief summary of the work.

2. A description of the text This section gives details about the main features of the text and a summary on what happens in it. There can be one or more paragraphs in this section of the response.

3 A judgement of the text This section gives a judgement of the text by the person writing the response. There may also be some recommendations. This section can be one or more paragraphs.

So Much to Tell You

So Much to Tell You is Australian author John Marsden’s powerful novel in diary form about 14-year-old girl who records her thoughts on boarding-school life. It was first published in 1987 by Water McVitty Books and has gone on to become one of Australia’s best-selling books. So Much to Tell You appears in sixteen different languages and has won many prizes including the 1988 Book of the Year Award.

This absorbing story is written in the first person as a diary. Little by little, the reader learns from the girl’s past and the events that caused her to withdraw into herself. Simultaneously, she tells of day-to-day life at boarding school and the people around her.

This is a wonderful novel, full of powerful emotions and written in a fresh, original style. Although most suitable for teenage readers, adults will also find So Much to Tell You an intelligent, stunning piece of work.

Introduction, giving title of the work, author and context.

A description of the text

Judgement and recommend-ation

HORTATORY EXPOSITION

Purpose : to persuade the readers or listeners that something should or should not be the case.

Text OrganizationA thesisArgumentsRecommendation

Language Features:•The use of emotive words (e.g. worried, alarmed etc)•The use of words that qualify statements (e.g. usual, probably etc)•The use of words that link arguments (e.g. firstly, However, therefore etc)•The use of compound and complex sentence•The use of modals and adverbs (e.g. may, must, should, etc)•The use of subjective opinions using pronouns I and we

CorruptionDo you know what the meaning of corruption is? What is the

relation between money and corruption? Well, corruption is common everywhere in the world, even in the United States. It’s just a matter of intensity. However, it is quite shocking when one reliable survey claims Jakarta as the most corrupt place in Indonesia.

The survey has made me sad, actually, because I stay and earn a living here in the capital. As most people know, Tanjung Priok port smuggling is not a new thing at all. Entrepreneurs who want to minimize their tax payments tend to do such a thing more often. They even bribe the officials.

Well, I think the measures taken so far to overcome the problem by punishing the corruptors is still not far enough. We have to prevent the younger generations from getting a bad mentality caused by corruption.

I believe we should start at the earliest stages in school and I think everyone should be involved in the effort to eradicate corruption. We must not make any distinction.

ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION

Definition of Analytical ExpositionExposition is a text that elaborates the writer‘s idea about the phenomenon surrounding. Its social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter.

Generic Structure of Analytical Exposition1. Thesis: Introducing the topic and indicating the writer’s position2. Arguments: Explaining the arguments to support the writer’s position3. Reiteration: Restating the writer’s position

The Power of Music in Our LifeDo you agree that music is important in our life? Yes I do, music has

certain role completing our day to day activities. Here are some reasons why music is heard everywhere and anywhere.

Music is a way to express feelings. When we fall in love, the kind of music we’d listen to would be all about love. When we’re sad, we would go for music that is melancholic in nature and immerse ourselves in the sadness. When we’re happy, we’d choose songs with happy tunes too.

Song can help to memorize the last experiences. A favorite song is a powerful documentary. People with Alzheimer which are impaired the brain would remember details about songs they were familiar with. For example, an elderly woman who couldn’t even remember her husband’s name would remember the details of her favorite song; when it was played, how it made her feel and things about the song that made it especially memorable for her.

Further, music can unite people for a cause and changes the world. A song with good lyric and striking deep chord can stimulate the universal feeling of all people. We can see it in the case of the famous and legendary Michael Jacson's Heal the World. It can arouse humanism of a lot people in this world.

So what would the world be like without music? It would be lonely

SPOOFSpoof is a text which tells factual story, happened in the past time with unpredictable and funny ending. Its social function is to entertain and share the story.

Generic Structure of Spoof1. Orientation2. Events3. Twist: the unpredictable thing in the end of story which is often funny.

Language Feature of Spoof1. Focusing on people, animals or certain things2. Using action verb; ate, ran, etc3. Using adverb of time and place4. Told in chronological order

PENGUIN IN THE PARK

Once a man was walking in a park when he across a penguin. He took it to a policeman and said; "What should I do?" The policeman replied; "Take it to the zoo!".

The next day, the policeman saw the man in the same park. The man was still carrying the penguin. The policeman was rather surprised and walked up to the man and asked, "Why are you still carrying the penguin? Didn't you take it to the zoo?“

The man replied; "I certainly did. And it was a great idea because the penguin really enjoyed it. So, today I am taking it to the movie".

EXPLANATION

What is AN EXPLANATION ?

An explanation tells how or why something occurs. Explanations can be spoken or written and their purpose is to tell each step of the process (the how) and to give reasons (the why) for it.

Examples of explanations texts include:• how something occurs• why something happened• why things are alike or different• how to solve a problem

EXPLANATIONFeatures of AN EXPLANATION

Constructing an explanationA written explanation usually involves three steps. First, there is the general statement about the event or thing. Next follows a series of paragraphs that tell the hows and whys. The final step is a concluding paragraph.

Grammatical features of an explanationExplanations usually include the following grammatical features:• technical language• words that show cause and effect• use of timeless present tense

EXPLANATIONThe EXPLANATION scaffold

1 Description in the introductory paragraph

2 A sequence of sentences that tell how or why

3 A conclusion

EXPLANATIONSMODEL OF AN EXPLANATION

What causes food poisoning

Food poisoning is a disorder of the stomach and intestines caused by bacteria or chemical in foods.

The classic form of food poisoning is caused by staphylococci (bacteria commonly known as staph). The staph germs enter the food during preparation. As a result of the food not properly refrigerated the bacteria multiply hourly, contaminating the food with toxin (poison). As staph germs and their toxins are odourless and tasteless the contaminated food smells and tastes normal.

Eating contaminated food causes vomiting, abdominal cramps and diarrhoea within one to six hours.

Thus, food poisoning is frequently caused by staphylococci, which contaminate food during preparation and enter the stomach and intestines during eating.

QUESTIONHEADING

Structures

EXPLANATIONSEQUENCE

CONCLUSION

Grammatical features

TIMELESSPRESENT TENSE

USE OF TECHNICAL

TERMS

WORDS SHOWING

HOW AND WHY

GENERIC TERMS

INTRODUCTIONDECRIBINGSUBJECT

DISCUSSIONWhat is A DISCUSSION?

A discussion text type gives the for and against, the positive and negative, or the good and bad points. A discussion can be in oral or written form. The purpose of a discussion is to present to the audiences different opinions on a topic and, at the end, your opinion.

Examples of discussion texts include:• talkback radio• debates• current affairs interviews• letters to the editor• essays• newspaper articles

DISCUSSIONFeatures of a DISCUSSION

Constructing a discussion

A typical discussion text has an introductory paragraph that has a statement about the topic followed by a series of paragraphs that give evidence, opinions or arguments for and against the topic. The end of the discussion text is signalled by a conclusion that gives a final point of view, either for or against the topic.

Grammatical features of a dramatic textDiscussions usually include the following grammatical features:• the use of generic terms related to the topic• words that show a comparison or a contrast• words that link arguments.

DISCUSSIONThe DISCUSSIOn scaffold

Step 1• An opening paragraph that introduces the topic being discussed. It can

contain a question about the topic. It can state the view of the author of the text.

Step 2• Argument or point of view for, with supporting evidence or elaboration

(more details).• Another argument for, with supporting argument or elaboration.• Argument or point of view against, with supporting evidence or

elaboration.• Another argument against, with supporting argument or elaboration.Step 3• A conclusion that sums up the discussion and gives a recommendation or opinion.

MODEL OF a discussionShould Australia become a republic?

Recently, Australians have been debating the possibility of becoming a republic. There are arguments for and against Australia pursuing this course in the twenty-first century. I believe that Australia should become a republic.

Republicans see Australia as having moved beyond its British roots and desire change, not only because it is practical, but also symbolic. I believe that Britain is now less important to Australia economically as well as culturally, and that Australia should look at forming stronger links with nations situated in the same region.

On the other hand, those opposed to a republic argue that our parliamentary system and other major institutions, such as the law, are based on the British model, which has provided Australia with a stable system of government and they fear that any changes may threaten this stability.

It can be seen that there are reasons for and against becoming a republic. After looking at both sides, I still believe that Australia should become a republic.

GENERALSTATEMENT

THATINTRODUCESDISCUSSION

Structures

ARGUMENTS FOR

CONCLUSION

WORDS TO LINK

ARGUMENTS

Grammatical features

PHRASEINTRODUCES

ANOTHER POINT

OF VIEW

WORDSSHOWINGAUTHOR’SOPINION

ARGUMENTS AGAINST