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Full text of "History of the Indian Archipelago : Containing an account of the manners, arts, languages, religions, institutions, and commerce of its inhabitants"

i

'"^^r

HISTORY

or THE

r-

NDIAN ARCHIPELAGO

CONTAINING AN ACCOUNT

OF THE

ma:n:ners, arts, languages, religions, institutions, -and commerce of its inhabitants.

JOHN CRAWFURD, R R. S.

LATE BRITISH RESIDENT AT THE COURT OF THE SULTAN OF JAVA.

WITH MAPS AND ENGRAVINGS, IN THREE VOLUMES.

VOL. II. EDINBURGH: ^'^^^^

PRINTED FOR ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE AND CO. EDINBURGH;

AND HUEST, ROBINSON, AND CO. CHEArSIDE, LONDON.

1820.

CONTENTS

VOLUME SECOND.

BOOK V.

LANGUAGE.

Page Chap. I. Language and Literature of Java, - 3

Chap. II. Language and Literature of the Ma- lays, - - -- - - -40

Chap. III. Language and Literature of Celebes, 59

Chap. IV. Minor Languages of the Archipelago, 66

Chap. V. General Observations on the Polynesian

Languages, ----- - 71

Chap. VI. Vocabularies, - - - ' - 120

BOOK VI.

RELIGION.

Chap. I. AncientReligionof the Indian Islanders, 194 Chap. IL Religion of Bali, - - . - 236

VI CONTENTS.

Page Chap. III. ^^Charactcr of Mahomcdanism in the

Indian Archipelago, _ - - - 259

Chap. IV. State of Christianity in the Indian

Archipelago, 272

BOOK VII.

HISTORY.

Chap. I. Preliminary Remarks on the History of

the Archipelago, - - - * - 284

Chap. II. Ancient History of Java, - - 293

Chap. III. History of the Propagation of Maho-

medanism in Java, - - - _ , 303

Chap. IV. History of Java continued, - - 320

Chap* V.- Sequel of Javanese History, - - 337

Chap. VI. History of the Malays, - - 371

Chap. VII. History of Celebes, - - - 379

Chap. VIII. Portuguese History of the Archi- pelago, - - - - ^ - - 391

Chap. IX. Dutch History of the Archipelago, 410

Chap. X. Spanish History of the Archipelago, 445

Chap. XI. Chronological Table of the principal

Events in the History of the Archipelago, - 481

HISTORY

OP THE

INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO.

VOL. II.

BOOK V,

CHAPTER I.

LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE OF JAVA.

Alphabet.-^ Grammatical Form . Copiousness. Redundaticj^. Ordinary and Ceremonial Dialects. Analogy of Sound to Sense. Figurative Language.~^Derivation of the Laii" guage.'- Literature. Division into Ancient and Modern Literature. Lyrical Compositions.-^Hindu Literature.-^ Native Romances. Historical Composition.'-^Prose Com- position. Arabic Literature, Education. Books and Ma* 7iuscripts. General Character of Javanese Compositions.

Of all the languages of the Indian Isknds,^ the most improved and copious is that of the Javanese. It is written in a peculiar character, of great neat- ness, w^hich extends to the language of the Sundas, the Madurese, Balinese, and people of Lombok, and, in comparatively recent times, along w^ith the parent language, made some progress in Sumatra and Borneo. It is confessedly formed on the principles of the Sanskrit alphabet, but, unlike some other languages of the Archipelago, it has not fol-

VOL. II. *

4 LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE

lowed the well known and artificial classification of that alphabet.

The Javanese language has twenty consonants, and six vowel sounds. The letters of the alpha- bet, in the native enumeration of them, are con- sidered but twenty in number, the vowels being omitted, and considered only as orthographic marks, like the supplementary characters of the Arabic alphabet. Of the Dewanagari alphabet, the Java- nese wants no less than fourteen consonants. An European is most struck with the absence of the letters f and v, and of that sound for which sk stands in our own language. With respect to the vowels, the greatest peculiarity is the frequent sub- stitution of the vowel o for the a of other languages, ' or rather the transformation of the latter into the former. The Indian words kama, love, and sama, with, become, in the enunciation of the Javanese, komo and somo. But this happens without any change in the orthography ; for this commutable sound is that vowel of the Indian alphabet inherent in every consonant, without being expressed. This peculiarity I am inclined to consider as quite acci- xlental ; for we find, that while the o is the favour- ite vowel of the Javanese, their neighbours, on the same island, and on Madura, adopt the jampi

Javanese (a.

1 kachukluan bongsor

katumbu, crawan

Javanese (a/

usodo

Malay 2. Bali (0.)

Malay 2. Bali (0.)

ubat ubad

Bali (a) Madura (0.)

chachar chachar

Bali (c.) Madura (0.)

tatamba

Madura (c.)

Madura (c.)

jampi

Sunda (0.)

kachukluan

Sunda (0.)

ubor, tamba

^ Sunda (c.)

kuris

Sunda (c.)

Lampung

3. Biajuk

4. Bugis Macassar

kuris, poro

pura

Lampung

3. Biajuk

4. Bugis Macassar

ubat

pabale pabura

5. Timuri

5. Timuri

Rotti

Rotai

6. Atui

6. Atui

7. Siimang Madagascar

krir

7. Samang Madagascar

English

"venereal

English

lion

1 Javanese (0/ Javanese (c/ Javanese (a.^

rojosingo ) rojosingo )

banan raja-singha

L Javanese (0.) Javanese {c] Javanese (a.]

singo

singo

) singo

Malay 2. Bali (0.) Bali (c.)

Malay 2. Bali (0.) Bali (c.)

singa singha

Madura (0.)

Madura (0.)

singah

Madura (c.) Sunda (0.) Sunda (c.) Lampung

2, Biajuk

4. Bugis Macassar

bangangan

Madura (c.) Sunda (0.) Sunda (c.) Lampung

3. Biajuk

4. Bugis Macassar

singha

singa

singha singha

5. Timuri

5. Timuri

Rotti

Rotti

6. Atui

6. Atui

7. Samang Madagascar

.,

7. Samang Madagascar

144

VOCABULARIES.

English

tiger

English

monkey

1. Javanese (o

) nmchan

1 . Javanest (0.

) katek

Javanese (c

) simo

Javanese (c.

)katek

Javanese (a

) wogro

Javanese (a.

1 wanoro

RELIGION OF BALI.

In the year 1 633, four years after the last at- tack on Batavia by the sultan of Mataram, the Dutch, dreading a renewal of hostilities on the part of that prince, sent a mission to the island of Bali to request the assistance of the prince of Gel^ gely who appears at that time to have been sole sovereign of tlie island. The manuscript account of this mission has been translated by Mons. Pre- vost, and affords an interesting and most curious account of the funeral ceremonies of the Balinese princes. The ambassadors found the king in the deepest affliction on account of the death of his two eldest sons, and the dangerous illness of his queen, who, in fact, also died soon after their ar- rival. No business could be transacted until after that princess's funeral, which the king, according to the Dutch statement, gave orders, in compli- ment to the Europeans, should take plate in eight days, although, in conformity to ancient usage, the ceremony ought not to have taken place earlier than a month and seven days after death. The Dutch narrative proceeds as follows. " The same day, about noon, the queen's body was burnt with- out the city, with two and twenty of her female slaves j and we consider ourselves bound to render

pres< rver de la putrefaction. On i^nUTre cnfin dans le meme caisse, qu'on terme avec des chevilks c- tiial anarchy and violence. The character of the people and their rulers seem to have acquired a new energy on the adoption of the Mahomedan reli- gion. As early as the year i5I2, when the Por- tuguese first visited Macassar, they found among them a few Mahomedans, but it was not until near a century afterwards that the religion of Mahomed was generally adopted. * The principal agents in the conversion were inhabitants of various Malay

* *' To return to the king of Macassar, you must know that the Jesuits once endeavoured to convert him ; and perhaps they might have brought it to pass, had they not negkcted one proposal which he made them. For at the same time that the Jesuits laboured to bring him to Christianity, the Mahomedans used all their endeavours to oblige him to stick to their law. The king, willing to leave his idolatry, yet not knowing which part to take, commanded the Mahomedans to send for two or three of their most able MouUas, or doctors, from Mecca ; and the Jesuits he ordered to send him as many of the most learn- ed among them, that he might be instructed in botli religions, vhich they both promised to do. But the Mahomedans were more diligent than the Christians, for in eight months they fetched from Mecca two leafned Moulias; whereupon the king seeing that the Jesuits sent nobody to him, embraced the IMahomedan law. True it is, that three years after there came two Portugal Jesuits, but then it was too late." Taver- nier, Part 2. Book 3. There is some foundation for this story, but I have generally found Tavernier a superficial and un- faithful narrator.

HISTOilY OP CELEBES. SSS

States in Sumatra and the Peninsula ; and the most renowned i^Aa/i^ Tungal, a native of Menangkabao, commonly known by the name of Dutu Bandang\ The tomb of this person is still to be seen in the principality of T.a//o. Kraing Matonaga^ the king of this little state, always confederated with Goa, was the most zealous champion of the new faith, and it was through his influence that about the year 1605, in the reign o^ RiGaukanay it was generally adopted by all the tribes speaking the ikf