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PANOECONOMICUS, 2008, 2, str. 167-184 UDC 331.56(4):339.923  ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPER Full Employment as a Possible Objective for EU Policy II. Review of Some Empirical aspects Massimo Cingolani *  Summary: A contribution appeared in the previous issue of Panoeconomicus reviewed the theoretical arguments brought by Alain Parguez and Jean Gabriel Bliek in support of their idea of assigning a full employment objective to European economic policies and their coordination (Bliek and Parguez (2007) and Parguez (2007b)). Without pretending at exhaustiveness, this contribution reviews and partly extends the empirical evidence they presented in support of their argument with reference to selected macroeconomic developments in several countries and different historical periods, in particular for the US, Canada, Japan and the EU. It confirms the descriptive power of the circuit and its relevance for the discussion of alternative economic policies, in particular in the field of employment. Together with the previous article, it shows that the circuit can be used to update economic policy thinking, nourishing also the necessary democratic debate amongst policy alternatives. Key words: Unemployment, Capacity utilisation, Circuit, Long-term interest rates, Dis- equilibrium JEL: D5, E12, H5, H6, E4 Introduction and background A previous contribution showed that using the theoretical approach of the mone- tary circuit as typical of “out of equilibrium” economic theories it is possible to discuss and propose active economic policy measures in the pursuit of objectives of social interest, such as full employment. It is thus natural to look for confir- mations of the empirical validity of this approach. Two obvious tests for the the- ory of the circuit concern the pricing behaviour and the causality between in-  * European Investment Bank. I thank Carlos da Silva Costa, Michel Deleau, and Jean-Paul Guich- ard for kindly accepting to read and sometimes comment on earlier drafts. Some of the ideas pre- sented here have been discussed at seminars organized by CEMAFI in Nice on 1.02.2008 and DEAS in Milano on 18.02.2008. Participants are thanked for their comments and questions, in particular, Claude Berthomieu, Antoine Brunet, Alain Parguez and Alessandro Missale. The edi- tors and the anonymous referees of Panoeconomicus are also thanked for their comments. The responsibility for views expressed and possible errors is personal: [email protected] Received: 21 January 2008.

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