Name:

Unit 1 PacketPrinciples of Government

Bring this packet with your to class every day. All of the assignments for this unit are contained within and will be turned in the day of the unit test.

Purposes of GovernmentWhy is government important?

Step One:In the box below, draw a colored image representing life WITHOUT government. What would it look

like?

In the box below, draw a colored image representing life WITH government (or the benefits of having a

government. What would it look like?

Describe the above scene: Describe the above scene:

Step Two: Read pages 8-10 (the Preamble to the Constitution), and do the following:Form a more perfect union

Define:

Draw a picture/icon to represent this purpose of government:

Establish justice

Define:

Draw a picture/icon to represent this purpose of government:

Insure domestic tranquility

Define:

Draw a picture/icon to represent this purpose of government:

Provide for the common defense

Define:

Draw a picture/icon to represent this purpose of government:

Promote the general welfare

Define:

Draw a picture/icon to represent this purpose of government:

Secure the blessings of liberty

Define:

Draw a picture/icon to represent this purpose of government:

Step Three: Look back over your “Life With Govt.” picture…which of the 6 purposes of government does your picture look like? Why?

Government and where it came from…Name:Date:

1. The four main theories…The Force TheoryThe ____________ TheoryThe Divine Right TheoryThe ________________Theory

2. The Force TheoryMany scholars believe that the idea of ______________ came about because of force.One person or a small group claimed __________over an area and forced all within it to ____________ to their ______. When that rule was established the basic elements of the _________; ________________, _____________, ________________, and _______________ were present.

Draw a picture here to illustrate this theory.

3. The Evolutionary TheoryOther scholars argue that the idea of government developed naturally out of the early ________.Within the primitive family there was one person at the ________, in other words the one that __________. Over time the one family developed into a __________ of related families or a ______. Eventually the clan became a ________.Eventually the tribe went through the _______________________ and tied itself to the land- a state was ________. (Awww!)

Draw a picture here to illustrate this theory.

4. The Divine Right TheoryWhen you learned about European politics from the 15-18th centuries you learned about ________________.

Divine Right stated that ______ created the state and that God had given those of _____________ a “divine right” to rule. The people had to obey their __________ as they would obey God. Any who opposed Divine Right were charged with _________ and _______ sin.

Draw a picture here to illustrate this theory.

5. Questioning the Divine Right TheoryRemember that event in European history called the _____________? During the Enlightenment many people started to question ________________ and people eventually began to govern using the present-day ____________ government model. 6. The Social Contract TheoryBefore governments all people were free to do what they pleased. Meaning they could take what they wanted from whoever they wanted…utter _________ right?The Social Contract Theory states that people decided to form a _____________ so that they could all be safe. All people living in the given area of the state gave up the same __________ of _______________ and in return received ____________ and _____________.The state exists only to serve the ______________.

Draw a picture here to illustrate this theory.

What acronym will help you remember all 4 theories?

Systems of Government

System based on geographic distribution of power

Confederation/ConfederateGovernment

Federal Unitary

Define and explain the system. Who

has power? How is it shared?

Structure (Draw a diagram/picture to illustrate the structure)

Example Countries

Advantages of this system?

Disadvantages of this system?

System based on relationship between executive and legislative branch

1. Could a parliamentary or presidential system also be a dictatorship? Why or why not?

Parliamentary Presidential

Define and explain the system. Who has power? How is it shared?

Structure (Draw a diagram/picture to illustrate the structure)

Example Countries

Advantages of this system?

Disadvantages of this system?

2. Based on what we have discussed, what geographic distribution of power do you think a dictatorship would best operate under? Explain your reasoning?

3. What does it mean to be sovereign and why is it important (page 6)

4. What is legitimacy and why is it important?

5. Based on the map below and the definition of a federal government, why do you think so many large countries have a federal government?

Communism vs. DemocracyDemocratic and communist political systems are based on different ideological principles. Although superficially they seem to share the "power to the people" philosophy, in practice

Federal Government

Unitary Government

the two systems of government structure the economic and political fabric of society in markedly different ways.In the economic sphere, communism calls for the government to take control of all the capital and industry in the country in an effort to get rid of economic inequality. On the other hand, a democracy respects individuals' right to own property and means of production.The political landscape is also very different in a democracy vs. under communism. In a democratic society people are free to create their own political parties and contest in elections, which are free of coercion and fair to all contestants. In a communist society, however, the government is controlled by one political party and political dissent is not tolerated.

Comparison chart

Communism Democracy

Philosophy

From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs. Free-access to the articles of consumption is made possible by advances in technology that allow for super-abundance.

All eligible citizens get equal say in decisions

Definition

International theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, with actual ownership ascribed to the community or state. Rejection of free markets and extreme distrust of Capitalism in any form.

is ruled by the omnipotent majority. In a Democracy, an individual, and any group of individuals composing any minority, have no protection against the unlimited power of the majority. It is a case of Majority-over-Man.

Political System

Usually takes the form of totalitarianism as Marx described in The Communist Manifesto. Cronyism common.

Elected officials

Economic System

The means of production are held in common, negating the concept of ownership in capital goods. Production is organized to provide for human needs directly without any use for money. Communism is predicated upon a condition of material abundance.

Elected by the voters. Usually capitalist.

Religion Abolished - all religious and metaphysics is rejected.

Permitted

Free ChoiceEither the collective "vote" or the state's rulers make economic and political decisions for everyone else.

Permitted within legal limits

Social Structure

All class distinctions are eliminated. Class distinctions can become pronounced due to capitalist society.

Communism Democracy

Varies from state to state

Private Property

Abolished. The concept of property is negated and replaced with the concept of commons and ownership with "usership".

Permitted

Discrimination

In theory, all members of the state are considered equal.

In theory, all citizens have an equal say and so are treated equally. However often allows for the tyranny of the majority over the minority

1. In your opinion, what is the biggest difference between communism and democracy?

2. In your opinion, what is the biggest similarity between communism and democracy?

3. If you had a choice, which of the two ideologies would you rather live in?

Democracy: Representative vs. Direct pp notes

1. What is democracy?

_____________________________________________________– People have a __________________ in what happens

Direct DemocracyAka- “Pure Democracy”, or “Athenian Democracy” because it was first used in Athens, GreeceDefinition: __________________________________________________

Video clip:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_wYywEW9aTY

What is happening?

There are small towns who still operate like this– US– ___________________________– Germany

But no ____________________________ operate like this today…too many people

Many countries that are representative democracies allow for three forms of political action that provide limited direct democracy: – Referenda -people vote, and can reject (____________________) a current law – Initiatives -people vote, and _____________________– Recalls -give people the right to ____________________________________________________ before the end of their term, although this is very rare in modern democracies (Kwami Kilpatrick-Detroit Mayor).

Representative Democracy

Aka- “Indirect Democracy”, because the people are indirectly involvedDefinition: __________________________________________________________________________

Video clip:– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=64zihFzj8Iw

What is happening?

Who has a representative democracy today?• The United States (Congress, President)• Canada (Parliament, Prime Minister)• England (Parliament, Prime Minister)• Germany (Chancellor, Bundestag)• Etc…many more!

Why are we a Representative Democracy?• Our founding fathers insisted from the beginning that we be a Representative Democracy. • BUT-could we have a direct democracy today?

Pros to having a direct democracy Cons to having a direct democracy

Do you think a direct democracy could work in the US today? EXPLAIN.

Core Democratic Values reading/note assignment

1. The American concept of democracy rests on these basic notions: worth of the individual, equality of all persons, majority rule with minority rights, the necessity of compromise, and individual freedom. These are what we as Americans should value, and hold dear. Describe each below.

a. Worth of the Individual

b. Equality of all Persons

c. Majority Rule with Minority Rights

d. the Necessity of Compromise

e. Individual Freedom

2. In the United States, we DO NOT have equality of condition. What does this mean? Why do we not have it?

3. Sometimes Core Democratic Values conflict with other Core Democratic Values. Give an example of where individual freedoms and life (worth of the individual) might conflict.

4. Why is “Necessity of Compromise” so tough in a diverse society?

5. Which Core Democratic Value seems to be the MOST important? Explain.

6. Describe some basic elements of the American economy. Does a Democracy HAVE to be a free-enterprise (capitalist) society? Explain.

Make 2 Generalizations about the video history clip “March of Democracy” from the Maps of War website

ISIS: The first terror group to build an Islamic state?Video: http://www.cnn.com/2014/06/12/world/meast/who-is-the-isis/

The face of a balding, middle-aged man stares unsmilingly into the camera. He is dressed in a suit and tie and could pass for a midlevel bureaucrat.

But the photograph is that of Abu Bakr al Baghdadi, who has transformed a few terror cells harried to the verge of extinction into the most dangerous militant group in the world.

The Islamic State in Iraq and Syria has thrived and mutated during the ongoing civil war in Syria and in the security vacuum that followed the departure of the last American forces from Iraq.

The aim of ISIS is to create an Islamic state across Sunni areas of Iraq and in Syria.

With the seizure of Mosul, Iraq's second-largest city, and advances on others, that aim appears within reach.

ISIS controls hundreds of square miles where state authority has evaporated. It ignores international borders and has a presence all the way from Syria's Mediterranean coast to south of Baghdad.

What are its origins?

In 2006, al Qaeda in Iraq -- under the ruthless leadership of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi -- embarked on seemingly arbitrary and brutal treatment of civilians as it tried to ignite a sectarian war against the majority Shia community.

It came close to succeeding, especially after the bombing of the Al-Askariya Mosque, an important Shia shrine in Samarra, which sparked retaliatory attacks.

But the killing of al-Zarqawi by American forces, the vicious treatment of civilians and the emergence of the Sahwa (Awakening) Fronts under moderate Sunni tribal leaders nearly destroyed the group.

Nearly, but not quite.

When U.S. forces left Iraq, they took much of their intelligence-gathering expertise with them.

Iraqi officials began to speak of a "third generation" of al Qaeda in Iraq.

Two years ago, a former spokesman for the U.S. military in Iraq, Maj. Gen. Jeffrey Buchanan, warned that "if the Iraqi security forces are not able to put pressure on them, they could regenerate."

The capability of those Iraqi forces was fatally compromised by a lack of professional soldiers, the division of military units along sectarian lines and a lack of the equipment needed for fighting an insurgency, such as attack helicopters and reconnaissance capabilities.

The new al Qaeda was rebranded in 2006 as the Islamic State in Iraq (ISI). It would add "and Syria" to its name later.

The group exploited a growing perception among many Sunnis that they were being persecuted by the Shia-dominated government led by Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki, starved of resources and excluded from a share of power.

The arrest of senior Sunni political figures and heavy-handed suppression of Sunni dissent were the best recruiting sergeants ISI could have. And it helped the new leader re-establish the group's influence.

Who is its master of terror?

Abu Bakr al Baghdadi graduated to the top job in 2010 -- at the age of 39 -- after Abu Omar al Baghdadi was killed in a joint U.S.-Iraqi operation.

Al Baghdadi's group was in a pitiful state. But with U.S. forces and intelligence on the way out, he launched a revival.

Very little is known about Abu Bakr al Baghdadi, but a biography posted on jihadist websites last year said he held a Ph.D. in Islamic studies from a university in the capital.

He formed his own militant group in the Samarra and Diyala areas, where his family was from, before joining al Qaeda in Iraq.

Al Baghdadi even served four years in a U.S. prison camp for insurgents, at Bucca in southern Iraq -- a time in which he almost certainly developed a network of contacts and honed his ideology.

He was released in 2009 and went to work.

What is ISIS trying to accomplish?

It wants to establish an Islamic caliphate, or state, stretching across the region.

ISIS has begun imposing Sharia law in the towns it controls. Boys and girls must be separated at school; women must wear the niqab or full veil in public. Sharia courts often dispense brutal justice, music is banned and the fast is enforced during Ramadan.

Sharia law covers both religious and non-religious aspects of life.

Where does the group's money come from?

In the beginning, al Baghdadi focused on secrecy -- with loosely connected cells making it more difficult to hunt down the leadership -- and on money.

Extortion, such as demanding money from truck drivers and threatening to blow up businesses, was one revenue stream; robbing banks and gold shops was another.

It seemed the group had become little more than gangsters, but the income would help finance a growing stream of suicide attacks and assassinations that would poison the political atmosphere.

It would also aid the recruitment of Sunni tribal fighters and finance spectacular prison raids that liberated hundreds of fighters, as well as attacks on police patrols and the assassination of officials.

Now, al Baghdadi has a new strategy for generating resources: large-scale attacks aimed at capturing and holding territory.

Ayham Kamel of the Eurasia Group, a U.S.-based consultancy, says that in the latest iteration of this strategy, ISIS will "use cash reserves from Mosul's banks, military equipment from seized military and police bases and the release of 2,500 fighters from local jails to bolster its military and financial capability."

What's been its key to survival?

Al Baghdadi avoided al-Zarqawi's mistakes by avoiding the alienation of powerful tribal figures.

When it captured Falluja, west of Baghdad, in January, it worked with local tribal leaders rather than raise its black flag over the city.

One of the group's ideologues, Abu Mohammed al-Adnani, even admitted: "As for our mistakes, we do not deny them. Rather, we will continue to make mistakes as long as we are humans. God forbid that we commit mistakes deliberately."

How is it drawing support?

ISIS is, in essence, trying to capture and channel the resentment of the Sunni street. And in both Syria and Iraq, it is trying to win favor through dawa -- organizing social welfare programs and even recreational activities for children, distributing food and fuel to the needy, and setting up clinics.

Again, having the money matters. The price it demands is enforcement of the strict Sharia code.

How does Syria fit into the picture?

A senior U.S. counterterrorism official told CNN this week that ISIS looks at Syria and Iraq as "one interchangeable battlefield and its ability to shift resources and personnel across the border has measurably strengthened its position in both theaters."

The explosion of violence in Syria was a gift to al Baghdadi.

Syrian President Bashar al-Assad lost control over large parts of the North and the long border with Iraq.

The group, still known as ISI at the time, could build a rear base where it could recruit foreign fighters, organize and escape from any Iraqi army operations.

Al Baghdadi may have sent operatives across the border as early as the autumn of 2011, and the group later changed its name -- adding "al Sham" for Syria.

It moved swiftly to take control of the Syrian province of Raqqa, aided by the al-Assad regime's focus on Homs and Aleppo.

What is its relationship with other al Qaeda groups?

As it has grown in strength, the group's vision of a caliphate under its control has expanded.

Its ambition extended to declaring early in 2013 that it was absorbing another militant group in Syria, the al-Nusra Front. According to some accounts, al Baghdadi had been instrumental in creating the group; now he wanted its obedience.

The declaration -- and al-Nusra's rejection of it -- set off a rare public clash between two groups that both saw themselves as part of al Qaeda.

From his hideout somewhere in Afghanistan or Pakistan, al Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri at first tried to mediate between the two, and then disowned ISIS when it refused to concentrate on Iraq.

Rather than seek reconciliation, ISIS has hit back. Earlier this year, the group's spokesman, Abu Mohammed al-Adnani, told al-Zawahiri in a recording: "Sheikh Osama (bin Laden) gathered all the mujahideen with one word, but you divided them and tore them apart."

"You make the mujahideen sad, and make the enemy of the mujahideen gloat because you support the traitor, and you make the heart bleed," he said -- referring to the leader of the al-Nusra Front, Abu Mohammed al-Jolani.

It was another sign of the extraordinary confidence of the ISIS leadership.

Despite the rift, ISIS' success against what are seen by militant Sunnis as loathsome Shia regimes in Syria and Iraq has attracted thousands of foreign fighters to its ranks, enabling it to continue battling al-Nusra in Syria while preparing for its big offensive in Iraq.

What is its strategy?

For Western counterterrorism agencies, the combination of fanaticism and disciplined organization is the nightmare scenario. ISIS has plenty of both.

While the world was shocked by its sudden capture of the city of Falluja, ISIS was still focused on a bigger prize: Mosul and the province of Nineveh. Operations in Falluja and elsewhere in the western province of Anbar were meant to (and did) draw Iraqi forces away from the north.

It has developed an ability to conduct operations -- from suicide bombings and attacks on the security forces to wresting control of towns -- in several regions at once, keeping the demoralized Iraqi army off balance.

And battle experience has created a resilient force capable of ever more sophisticated attacks.

In raids on Samarra, for example, its fighters used bulldozers to remove barriers that had been in place since the U.S. occupation.

Some analysts expect critical parts of the Iraqi oil infrastructure around Mosul to be among its future targets.

Where does its weakness lie?

ISIS runs the risk that its rapid expansion -- and threat to the Iraqi state -- will overstretch the group.

In northern Syria, it has retreated from some towns it held after clashes with al-Nusra and other groups.

Al-Nusra is making common cause with other groups in an anti-ISIS front.

And by taking Mosul, which Iraq's Kurds see as in their sphere of interest, ISIS may invite greater cooperation between the Iraqi army and experienced Kurdish fighters.

A U.S. counterterrorism official told CNN that ISIS "still has significant weaknesses. It has shown little ability to govern effectively, is generally unpopular, and has no sway outside the Sunni community in either Iraq or Syria."

To many analysts, that smacks of complacency.

How significant is its threat?

The weakness of the governments ISIS is confronting -- and the hatred for those governments among Sunnis -- means that a few dozen truckloads of fighters can seize towns and cities, overcoming forces many times larger by their sheer ferocity and battle experience.

In the words of the Soufan Group, a political risk consultancy, "ISIS has become indisputably the most effective and ruthless terrorist organization in the world."

"It now challenges the authority of two of the largest states in the Middle East, and has attracted significant numbers of fighters, not just from Iraq and Syria, but also from Saudi Arabia and other Arab states including Jordan."

There is no doubting the group's confidence and ambition.

ISIS spokesman al-Adnani took to Twitter Wednesday to declare, "The battle is not yet raging it, but it will rage in Baghdad and Karbala. Put on your belts and get ready," according to a translation by the SITE Intelligence Group.

Al-Adnani openly mocked al-Maliki as an underwear salesman who had lost Iraq for the Shia.

"You lost a historic opportunity for your people to control Iraq," he said, "and the Shi'ites will always curse you for as long as they live."

Who is ISIS and what do they want? How concerned should the United States be?

Lessons in Forced DemocracyBy Shankar VedantamMonday, September 17, 2007

Four years ago, during a speech in Manila, President Bush drew an analogy between the history of the Philippines and the history he was rewriting in Iraq.

"Democracy always has skeptics," Bush said. "Some say the culture of the Middle East will not sustain the institutions of democracy. The same doubts were proved wrong nearly six decades ago, when the Republic of the Philippines became the first democratic nation in Asia."

Since 2003, Bush has rarely mentioned the Philippines. But as the nation debates Gen. David H. Petraeus's recent report on the state of the Iraq war, a new study by political scientists Andrew Enterline and J. Michael Greig shows that the president ought to revisit his analogy.

Bush got some of his historical facts wrong, but his analogy turns out to be unintentionally accurate -- the Philippines is an excellent example of the risks, stakes and odds of imposing democracy on another country. By contrast, the oft-cited success stories of Japan and Germany turn out to be outliers.

Enterline and Greig's as yet unpublished study is a detailed examination of 41 cases over about 200 years where one nation has tried to impose democracy on another. As Washington debates the success of the recent U.S. "surge" in Iraq, the study offers a sobering glimpse of the big picture -- not the odds that the Iraqi insurgency will go up or down, but the odds that a stable democracy will emerge in the country.

A third of all democracies imposed by one nation on another fail within the first 10 years of their establishment, Enterline and Greig found. Strong democracies, such as the ones set up in Germany and Japan, that last beyond 20 to 30 years seem to survive indefinitely.

But 75 percent of weak democracies, where elections are held but the civic institutions that shore up a democracy are weak or missing, die within the first 30 years. According to the definitions used by the political scientists, the democracy in Iraq, like others established by European colonial powers in Africa and Asia, is extremely weak.

"Their trajectory of failure deepens so that 90 percent have failed by their 60th year, and most have failed well before that," said Greig, who teaches with Enterline at the University of North Texas.

Contrary to what Bush suggested in Manila, American involvement in the Philippines began at the turn of the 20th century. It was only after running the Philippines as a colony for decades, losing it to Japan during World War II and then wresting it back, that the United States established a weak democracy -- and it proved short-lived. Strongman Ferdinand Marcos was in power for two of the six decades Bush hailed, and the country suffered severe repression. An indigenous democracy movement sprouted in the late 1980s but remains precarious.

"President Bush mentioned the Philippines early on, but he stopped because the implication was it could take 50 years to get a very weak democracy," Enterline said. But "that might be a better analogue than West Germany and Japan."

Those two success stories had all four of the ingredients that Enterline and Greig found make for successful impositions of democracy: large occupation forces early on to stamp out nascent insurgencies; a clear message that occupation forces were willing to spend years to make democracy work; an ethnically homogenous population, where politics was less likely to splinter along sectarian lines; and finally, the good fortune to have neighbors that also were democratically minded, or at least neighbors who could be kept from interfering.

Iraq, unfortunately, has none of the four ingredients.

"Trying to create a democracy in an ethnically diverse society is very dicey and historically very difficult, so to expect the opposite in Iraq runs counter to what has happened historically," Enterline said. "The initial plan was democracy in Iraq would radiate outward and democratize the Middle East, but if you place a democracy in the middle of authoritarian regimes, what we found is the democracy oftentimes fails and becomes like its neighbors."

Enterline and Greig said there is one large exception to their finding: India, with its myriad internal divisions, but which still has become a strong democracy. Civic culture and a strong desire for representative government undoubtedly play a role in whether stable democracies emerge, Greig said -- meaning that Iraq might yet defy the odds.

But should the U.S. effort to impose democracy on Iraq fail, Enterline and Greig's historical data show that the chance of reestablishing democracy there will be even dimmer than it was before the war. Imposed democracies that fail seem to undermine subsequent attempts at democracy.

"We have to get it right now, or it would be much more difficult to do in the future," Greig said. When an imposed democracy fails, "citizens learn that democratic institutions are not effective in dealing with the problems in their societies, so the society becomes less likely to push for democracy in the future."

Vocabulary list

Imposition- When something is forced upon something from the outsideDemocracy- rule by the peopleOccupation forces- Outside military powers Nascent – newCivic Institutions – trial by jury, open media, individual liberties Insurgences – revolts against a government in powerEthnically homogenous – people in acountry that are mostlythe same culturally (religion, language, customs, beliefs, etc.)Splinter – divide, split apartSectarian – groupDemocratically minded – nations who are looking to become democracies, or do not mind if others are

Questions

1. “A third of all democracies imposed by one nation on another fail within the first 10 years of their establishment” What does this mean? Why does this happen?

2. According to this article, what four things does a country need to become (and stay) a democracy? Do you agree? Why/ why not?

3. After reading this article and using our discussions in class as a reference, in what ways is a democracy dependent upon its citizens? Why is it dependent on its citizens?

Review Guide: Systems of Government and Democracy (chapter 1).

Define:Government (include how they are classified)

Public Policy

Legislative power

Executive power

Judicial power

Sovereignty

Dictatorship

DemocracyRepresentative

Direct

What is a state? What do you need to have a state?

Explain each of the four theories of government:Force theory

Evolutionary theory

Divine right theory

Social Contract theory (use the word popular sovereignty)

Explain each of the following purposes of government:Form a more perfect union

Establish justice

Insure domestic tranquility

Provide for the common defense

Promote the general welfare

Secure the blessings of liberty

Explain each of the following systems of government:Dictatorship

Oligarchy

Autocracy

Democracy

Unitary

Confederate

Federal

Parliamentary

Presidential

Explain each of the following CDVs:Worth of the Individual

Equality of all persons

Majority rule, minority rights

Necessity of compromise

Individual freedom

Explain why democracy seems to work well with a free enterprise system (capitalism).