fukushima nuclear accident ~ personal perspective on the human impact~

All Rights Reserved ©2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc.

Fukushima Nuclear AccidentFukushima Nuclear Accident~~Personal Perspective on The Human Impact~Personal Perspective on The Human Impact~

National RadiologicalNational RadiologicalEmergency Preparedness ConferenceEmergency Preparedness Conference

Austin, TexasAustin, TexasApril 8April 8thth, 2013, 2013

Kenji TateiwaKenji TateiwaManager, Nuclear Power ProgramsManager, Nuclear Power Programs

Tokyo Electric Power Company, Washington OfficeTokyo Electric Power Company, Washington [email protected]@tepco.co.jp

2 All Rights Reserved ©2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc.

’90~’96: Kyoto University

BS/MS in Nuclear Engineering

’96~: TEPCO

’96~’00: Fukushima Daini NPS

’00~’02: Nuclear Engineering Dept., Tokyo-H/Q

’02~’04: MBA, Stanford Graduate School of Business

’04~’05: Nuclear Engineering Dept.

’05~’11: International Affairs Dept.

Mar.~Sept.’11: Fukushima Response Int’l Team, Tokyo-H/Q Sept. ’11~: Washington DC Office

My Background

Pursued “Nuclear Renaissance” in Texas(June 2010)

TEPCO class of ‘96in Naraha-town, Fukushima(Jan. 2000)


My Post-Accident Activities

IAEA Preliminary Mission (4/6/2011@1F)IAEA: International Atomic Energy Agency


“Bedroom” of Emergency Response Center (5/21/2011@1F)



Discussion with U.S. INPO-Industry Support Team (8/19/2011@2F)

“Nothing has been more important in my career than supporting TEPCO.”

INPO: Institute of Nuclear Power Operations



http://archive.shinsai.yahoo.co.jp/


http://archive.shinsai.yahoo.co.jp/Cruise Ship Stranded

Houses Swept Away

March 11, 2011 at 2:46pmMagnitude 9.019,000 dead/missingLargest earthquake/tsunami

in recorded history of Japan

Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE)


Damage Caused by GEJE (cont’d)


Gas Tank Exploded

Fire Truck Abandoned



Comparison of Seismic Energy (Magnitude)

GEJE (2011)

Keicho-Sanriku(1611)

Jogan(869)

Meiji Sanriku(1896)

Hanshin Awaji(1995)

6,400 casualties

Virginia,USA(2011)

M5.8

x 63,000

http://wcrnews.wordpress.com/2011/08/23/5-9-earthquake-rocks-virginia-d-c/


Impact of GEJE to TEPCO Facilities

Epicenter

52 GW

31 GW

Beforeearthquake

Shortly afterearthquake

Lost 40% of power supply

capacity

Shutdown: Nuclear power: 7 units Thermal power: 12 units Hydro power: 25 units Substations: 8

Power outage: 4 million households Rolling blackout for 10 days

Massive interruption of infrastructure:

Public transportation Telecommunication Food/water supply


TEPCO’s Nuclear Power Stations

(source) JAIF

U-1U-2U-3U-4

Fukushima Daini (2F)

U-6U-5

U-1U-2U-3U-4

Fukushima Daiichi (1F)Kashiwazaki-Kariwa (KK)Kashiwazaki-Kariwa (KK)

U-1U-1U-2U-2U-3U-3U-4U-4U-5,6,7U-5,6,7


TEPCO Emergency Response Centers (ERC)

Video conference

among multiple ERCs played

instrumental role

Tokyo H/Q Fukushima Daiichi

12 All Rights Reserved ©2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. （ C)GeoEye

Impact of Earthquake/Tsunami at 1F

Unit1

Unit2

Unit3

Unit4

Unit6

Unit5

RadwasteProcessing

building

After the Earthquake (near design-basis):Loss of all off-site powerPlant responded as designed (automatic shutdown of operating units/startup of emergency diesel generators)

After the Tsunami (beyond design-basis):Station Black Out (SBO) for 5 out of 6 unitsLoss of almost all safety system, instrumentation, lighting, etc.

Seismically Isolated Bldg. (ERC)


11 22

33 44

Breakwater(height: 10m)

Tsunami Observed at 1F


撮影日： 2011/3/11 15:42

Tsunami Observed at 1F (cont’d)

撮影日： 2011/3/11 15:42 撮影日： 2011/3/11 15:43

撮影日： 2011/3/11 15:43 撮影日： 2011/3/11 15:43 撮影日： 2011/3/11 15:44

重油タンクTank (height:5.5m)

Ground Level (10m above sea)

Car Stuck in the BuildingTank Fully Submerged


Accident Response at 1F: In the Field

Roads blocked by tsunami debris

Roads damaged by earthquake

Continual aftershocks, tsunami alerts, open manholes, etc. exacerbated the situation.


Supervised operation wearing full-face mask.

Checked instrumentation in near-complete darkness.

Brought in heavy batteries to restore instrumentations.

Lack of: instrumentation, communication

means, lighting, food, water, sleep, ...Increase in: radiation level, fatigue, fear, despair, ...

Accident Response at 1F: In the Main Control Room


72AO

ボンベ

210MO ラプチャーディスク

排気筒

1AO

ボンベ

閉

閉

83AO

閉

閉90AO

0.549MPabsで破壊

RPV

D/W

RPVRPV

D/W

IA

IA

D/W最高使用圧力0.528MPabs

ベント実施圧力0.954MPabs

電磁弁

電磁弁

213AO

Remote operation unavailable due to SBO.

MO

AO

AO

AO

AO

MO

Exhaust stack

Rupture disc

Six men formed 3 “last-resort teams” to manually open 2 valves in highly-radioactive area.

Core damage already progressing by this time (3/12 9:04-9:30).

One operator exceeded 100 mSv (10 rem).

Venting required to

avoid catastrophic

failure.

Accident Response at 1F: Containment Venting (Unit 1)


inoperable

standby

Shallow Draft Quay

Sea

Valve Pit Valve Pit Valve Pit Valve Pit

Fire Cistern

Fire Cistern

Fire Cistern

Fire CisternFire

Cistern

Fire trucks played critical role in injecting water into reactors.

Fire brigade operated fire trucks amidst high radiation/successive explosions.

Status as of 3/14/2011

Accident Response at 1F: Water Injection by Fire Trucks


Date1F 2F

1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4

3/11

3/12

3/13

3/14

3/15

3/16-19

3/20

3/14 17:00

3/14 1:24RHR

3/14 7:13RHR

3/14 15:42RHR

3/14 18:00

3/15 7:15

3/12 12:15

3/20 14:30

3/19 22:14RHR

3/12 8:13D/G-6B

3/22 10:35P/C-4D

3/22 10:36P/C-4D

3/20 15:46P/C-2C

3/20 15:46P/C-2C

3/19 5:00RHR

3/20 14:30

Station Blackout

Loss of Ultimate Heat Sink

Cold Shutdown

3/12 15:36 Unit 1 Explosion

3/15 6:00-6:10 Unit 4 Explosion

3/14 11:01 Unit 3 Explosion

3/11 15:27 1st Tsunami, 15:35 2nd Tsunami 3/11 15:22~ Tsunamis

Water Injection: NOHeat Removal: NO

Water Injection: YESHeat Removal: NO

Water Injection: YESHeat Removal: YES

Overview of the 10-Unit Simultaneous Accidents


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

3/11

3/12

3/13

3/14

3/15

3/16

3/17

3/18

3/19

3/20

3/21

3/22

3/23

3/24

3/25

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Daily

Cumulative

Hundreds of Aftershocks Greater than M 5.0D

aily

Num

ber

of A

fter

shoc

ks

Cum

ulat

ive

Num

ber

of A

fter

shoc

ks

On March 11th alone179 times > M 5.038 times > M6.03 times > M7.0

cf. Earthquake in Virginia on Aug. 23, 2011: M 5.8

(Source) Japan Meteorological Agency


“In an attempt to check the status of Unit 4 D/G, I was trapped inside the security gate compartment. Soon the tsunami came and I was minutes away from being drowned, when my colleague smash opened the window and saved my life.”

“In total darkness, I could hear the unearthly sound of SRV dumping steam into the torus. I stepped on the torus to open the S/C spray valve, and my rubber boot melted.”

“Unit 3 could explode anytime soon, but it was my turn to go to the main control room. I called my dad and asked him to take good care of my wife and kids should I die.”

Voices from the Field

Unit 1 Main Control Room

Torus Room


“I was determined to stay behind to my death; however I was resolved to send my men back home alive.”

(Ikuo Izawa, Shift Manager)

“Let me go and vent the containment. I know where the valve is and I can run fast. Let me protect the unit that I love.”

(Kazuhiro Yoshida, Deputy Shift Manager)

Voices from the Field (cont’d)

“The Man Who SawThe Brink of Death”

“Book reveals human drama in Fukushima No. 1 crisis”

The Japan Times 12/11/2012http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2012/12/11/national/book-reveals-human-drama-in-fukushima-no-1-crisis/

“At that time, I was conjuring up faces of fellow colleagues who would die with me.”(Masao Yoshida, Site Superintendent)


Current Status of 1F

Live Camera Image(as of 3/10/2013)http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/nu/f1-np/camera/index-e.html

All reactors stably cooled by circulating water system Radioactivity release significantly reduced Preparation ongoing for removal of fuels from spent fuel pools Progress being made in investigating inside containment vessels


1 μSv/h = 8.76 mSv/y2.3 μSv/h = 20 mSv/y

Evacuation zones to be relaxed for areas below 20 mSv/y

Int’l consensus on health impact of low-dose radiation urgently needed

http://www.reconstruction.go.jp/topics/20130307_shiryo1-1.pdf

Aerial Radiation Dose Map(μSv/h at 1 m above ground; as of Dec. 2012)

Evacuation Zones(from April 2013)

1F

Mea

sure

dV

alue

1F

10km20km

30km

:Evacuation Release Prepared Area

:Residence Restricted Area

:Return Difficulty Area

:Restricted Area

:Deliberate Evacuation Area

Current Status of 1F: Off-site Radiation Dose and Evacuation Zones

http://ramap.jaea.go.jp/map/map.html


Water-tight doorsSeawall

D/G trucks (500kVA): 23GTG trucks (4500kVA): 2Fire trucks: 8

CurrentCurrent

AfterAfter

Width: 15 mWidth: 15 m

Length: 1.5 kmLength: 1.5 km

Hei

gh

t: 1

0 m

(15

m a

bove

se

a)H

eig

ht:

10

m(1

5 m

abo

ve s

ea)

Safety Enhancement Measures at Kashiwazaki-Kariwa NPS


Reforming TEPCO’s Nuclear Operation

Nuclear Reform Monitoring CommitteeDr. Dale Klein, Chairman (Former Chairman, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission)Lady Barbara Judge, Deputy Chairman (Former Chairman, U.K. Atomic Energy Authority)Dr. Kenichi Ohmae, Member (CEO, Business Breakthrough, Inc.)Mr. Masafumi Sakurai, Member (Former Superintendent Public Prosecutor)Mr. Kazuhiko Shimokobe, Member (Chairman, TEPCO)Mr. Kazuhiro Suzuki, Secretary-General (CEO, Nuclear Fuel Transport Co.)

TE

PC

O B

oa

rd o

f D

ire

cto

rs

Reporting Observation / Supervision

Supervision

TEPCO Nuclear Reform Special Task forceMr. Naomi Hirose (President)

Mr. Zengo Aizawa (Chief Nuclear Officer)

Mr. Takafumi Anegawa (General Manager, Nuclear Asset Management Dept.)

ReferenceReporting

Observation

Request

Proposal

Execution


My Post-Accident Activities in the U.S.

Nuclear Industry Gov’t Agencies

Professional Organizations, Think Tanks, NPOs

AcademiaGlobal Organizations

Committed to disseminating lessons learned globally and working together to make nuclear power plants safer.


References[Japan] Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/nu/fukushima-np/index-e.html

Nuclear Reform Monitoring Committee of TEPCO

http://www.nrmc.jp/en/index-e.html

Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI)

http://www.meti.go.jp/english/earthquake/

Nuclear Regulation Authority (NRA) http://www.nsr.go.jp/english/

Japan Atomic Industrial Forum (JAIF) http://www.jaif.or.jp/english/

Japan Nuclear Safety Institute (JANSI) http://www.genanshin.jp/english/index.html

[USA] Institute of Nuclear Power Operations (IN

PO) http://www.nei.org/filefolder/INPO_11-005_Fukushima_Addendum_1.pdf

Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) http://www.epri.com/Pages/Default.aspx

Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI) http://safetyfirst.nei.org/japan/

National Academy of Science—Fukushima Lessons Learned Committee

http://www8.nationalacademies.org/cp/projectview.aspx?key=49465

[International] International Atomic Energy Agency (IAE

A) http://www.iaea.org/

World Association of Nuclear Operators (WANO)

http://www.wano.info/

World Health Organization (WHO)http://www.who.int/entity/ionizing_radiation/pub_meet/fukushima_rep

ort/en/index.html

fukushima nuclear accident ~ personal perspective on the human impact~

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