Clean Energy Accessand Reduction in Fuelwood Consumptionaround Protected Areas

Project Partners

1) CentreforPeople’sForestry,Adilabad,Telangana2) GorakhpurEnvironmentalActionGroup,WestChamparan,Bihar3) HimalPrakriti,Pithoragarh,Uttarakhand4) Jagriti,Kullu,HimachalPradesh5) JagranJanVikasSamiti,Udaipur,Rajasthan6) JanSewaParishad,Hazaribagh,Jharkhand7) KhangchendzongaConservationCommittee,WestSikkim,Sikkim8) Laya,EastGodaveri,AndhraPradesh9) RiverResearchCentre,Thrissur,Kerala10) SocietyforRuralDevelopmentandAction,Mandi,HimachalPradesh11) SahyadriWildlifeandForestConservationTrust,UttarKannada,Karnataka12) ThembangBapuCCAManagementCommittee,WestKameng,ArunachalPradesh13) WWFIndia,SawaiMadhopur,Rajasthan

Thedatagiveninthisdocumenthasbeenprovidedbythepartnersmentionedabove.Allthepartnershavesuccessfullydemonstratedadoptionof cleanenergyoptionsby rural forestdependenthouse-holds.SEED,DSTandWWFIndiareallyappreciatetheirhardworkandattributethesuccessofthisinitiativetothepartnersdeterminationandsustainedengagementontheground.

AspecialwordofappreciationforTIDEespeciallyMsSwatiBhoglewhohastirelesslytrainedourpart-nersandstaffandalsoaddressedtheirconstantqueries.WealsothankTIDEforlettingusadapttheirresourcematerialonFEDefficiencytestingwhichhasbeenincludedinthisdocument.

Introduction 1Overview of the Intervention 2 Typeofdevicesintroduced 2 Fuelwoodusagebeforeandafterintervention 2 Overallfuelwoodreductionthroughenergyefficientdevices 3 Fuelwoodusageperhousehold 4 Majorforestspeciesusedasfuelwood 4 Roughestimationofwoodandcarbonsaved 5Guidance from the Ground 8 BriefoverviewofanEnergyEfficientDevice 8 PartsofFuelEfficientDeviceanditscontributiontoitsperformance 8 UserNeedsAssessmentQuestionnaire 10 Insightsintospecificadaptationsandfabrication 12 ARTI-ImprovedLaxmiChulha 12 DeepCookstove 12 ModifiedTandoor 18 EfficiencyTesting 18 Waterheatingtest 19

Contents

IntroductionOne of the main objectives of the networkprogramme “People and Protected Areas:Conservation and Sustainable Livelihoods inPartnership with Local Communities aroundProtected Areas, Phase 2” was to providesite specific clean energy solutions to localcommunities living within or around ProtectedAreas by using appropriate technology forreducingfuelwoodconsumptionfromforests.

Theprogrammehasbeenimplementedwith15partnerNGOs/CBOscoveringmorethan4000households. The duration of the programmewasfrom2014-2017,duringwhich13partnerswere involved in the clean energy componentof theprogrammeand introducedsitespecificenergyefficientdevicesinhouseholdstoreducefuelwoodconsumptionfromforests.

Various energy efficient devices have beenintroduced in 1360HHs in 65 villages around13 PAs. A compilation of decrease in use offuelwood from forests,post the introductionofthe diverse variety of energy efficient deviceshasbeenundertakentoassessthereductionofuseoffuelwoodintheselectedhouseholds.

In addition, these households also have asmoke free environment which has healthbenefitsespeciallyforwomenandchildren.Theinstallation of thesedevices has also reduceddrudgeryaslessfuelwoodhastobecollectedfor cooking. The utensils also do not becomeblackduetotheFEDinstallationwhichhasledto easy cleaning of utensils and lesswork forwomen.

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Overview of the Intervention

Type of devices introduced

Differenttypesofenergyefficientdeviceshavebeenintroducedatthehouseholdandcommunitylevelforbothcookingandheatingwaterdependingupontypeofecosystemandterrainoftheprojectsites.Thedifferenttypesofdevicesintroducedarefuelefficientcookingstoves,biogas,LPG, hamam, tandoor and solarwater heater. Fuel efficient devices have been introducedin925HHsand177HHshavestartedusingLPG forcooking. Inaddition,another80HHshaveoptedforFEC+LPGcombination.FoursolarwaterheatershavebeenintroducedatthecommunitylevelaroundtwoPAsandonesolarwaterheaterhasbeenintroducedbyapartnerattheschoolhostelwhichislocatedinaCommunityConservedArea.

Fuelwood usage before and after intervention

Theaverageamountoffuelwoodusageperhouseholdperdaybeforetheintroductionofthefuelefficientchulhawasfoundtobe16.6kgsandafter introductionanduseof thedevicehasbeenfoundtobe11.3kgs.Theaveragereductionoffuelwoodfromtheintroductionoffuelefficientchulhawasfoundtobe5.3kgsperday.Theaveragereductionoffuelwoodaftertheintroductionofthesolarwaterheaterwasestimatedat80.1kgsforcommunityaswellasHHuse.Thedataforthegraphoffuelwoodusagebydifferentdeviceshasbeencalculatedonthebasisofaveragestakenfromall13locations.

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Type of Energy Efficient Device Introduced

Thetotalfuelwoodreductionperdayfromallthedevicesinthe65villagesisabout6797.2kgs. It can be extrapolated and assumedthataround24,80,978kgsisbeingsavedby1360HHsin65villagesinayear.

It hasbeenestimatedonbasisof sanctionlettersthataonetimeinvestmentofRs14,47,402lakhswasincurredforthisinitiative.Of this, an amount of Rs 4,36,902 hasbeenspentoncommunity levelsolarwaterheaters. The balance Rs 10,10,500 wasusedonallotherdevices.

Thus, it has been estimated that perhouseholdcostforreducingfuelwooduseis:

CostperHHforotherdevices=1010500/1355HH=745INRonly

Costperpersonforcommunitysolarheaters=436902/200=2184INR

Overall fuelwood reduction through energy efficient devices Theoverallandtotalfuelwoodreductionperdayfrom the introductionandusageof theenergyefficientdevices isgivenbelow.Thisdatahasbeencalculatedonbasisoftheactualmeasureddatathathasbeenreportedbythepartners.

Fuelwood usage before and after installation

FEC

fuelwood fuelwood

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Fuelwood usage per household

ThefuelwoodusageintheFEDalsodependsonthefamilysizeofthehousehold.MajorityofthehouseholdsinwhichFEDhavebeenintroducedhaveafamilysizeof1to5.While43%oftheHHswhereFEDhavebeenintroducedinafamilysizeof6ormoremembers.

Itwasestimatedthatonanaverage,8.2kgsperHHperdayoffuelwoodwasusedbyfamilieswith1to5membersaftertheintroductionoftheFEDdevice.Whilethefuelwoodusedbyfamiliesof6ormoremembersaftertheintroductionoftheFEDestimatesto15.2kgsperHHperday.

Major forest species used as fuelwood

Acrossall13sites,itwasfoundthatdifferentfuelwoodspeciesareusedforcookingandheatingpurposes.Tectona grandisisbeingusedasfuelwoodspeciesatfivesiteswhileRhododendron aboreumisbeingusedat3sites.

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Rough estimation of wood and carbon saved

A rough calculation was done to estimatethe wood and carbon saved through thisintervention. The biggest drawback for thisexercise is that the fuelwood headloadscomprise of different species and it is notpossibletoestimatethequantumoffuelwoodusedspecieswiseineachhousehold.Thus,densityofthespeciesusedandtheestimatedfigureshavebeengivenbelow

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Wood Density of species used

Species Wood Density (Kg/m3)

Bombax ceiba 330Alstonia scholaris 360Pinus lambertiana 450Samanea saman 450Rhododendron arboreum 490Grevillea robusta 540Cedrus deodara 560Eucalyptus globules 600Artocarpus hirsutus 640Tectona grandis 650Terminalia arjuna 680Quercus incana 700Cassia fistula 710 Shorea robusta 720Acacia leucophloea 760Anogeissus latifolia 760Dalbergia sissoo 770Robinia pseudoacacia 770Acacia nilotica 780Terminalia elliptica 850Acacia catechu 880Senegalia catechu 880Manilkara hexandra 890

Average Density 661.7391304Source: FAO

Rough Calculation

Volume of wood saved

Average Trunk density-- 660 (as per tableabove)

Branch density has been taken as anapproximate and has been halved from trunkdensity--300

Totalfuelwoodsaved6797kgsperday

Volumeofwoodsaved6797/300=22.65cum/day(takingthelowestdensity)

22.65 x 365 days = 8267.25 cu m of wood saved per year

Carbon saved

2480978kgsoffuelwoodissavedinayear.Using0.4asconversionfactortocalculatetheCarboninwood.

2480978 x 0.4 = 992391.2 eq. kg of Carbon is saved annually

Toestimatethecarbonfrombiomassdataifnospecificdataisavailable,adefaultvalueof0.4hasbeenused.

Listofspecieswhosedensityisnotavailable 1. Alnus nepalensis

2. Alnus nitida

3. Anogeissus pendula

4. Berberis aristata

5. Diasporus melanoxylon

6. Ficus palmata

7. Holigarna arnottiana

8. Pinus wallichiana

9. Prinsepia utilis

10. Prunus persica

11. Quercus robur

12. Senna auriculata

13. Syzygium cumini

14. Terminalia paniculata

15. Vachellia nilotica

16. Vitex agnus-castus

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Energy efficient devices being used across in project villages

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Guidance from the Ground Brief overview of an Energy Efficient Device

An energy efficient device is any equipmentoramachinewhosepurpose is to reduce therequirementofenergyrequiredforanyserviceorproduct.ThePeopleandPAsnetworkinitiativehasfocusedonreducingfuelwoodconsumptionforhouseholdlevelcookingandwaterheating.Diverse energy efficient devices have beenintroducedbytheNGOpartnersinthevillagesdependingupontheneedsandsuitabilityofthearea.Thetechnologyhasbeenmainlysourcedfrom the technical partners like ARTI Pune,DEEPSolan,andEnvirofitBangalore.

Partno PartoftheFED Contributiontoimprovedcooking performance

1 Grate Thegrateallowsairentryfrombelowthefuel intotheFED.Thisensuresbettermixingbetween airandfuelandmorecomplete,cleaner combustion

2 Secondaryairhole ThisenablesintroductionofmoreairintotheFED asneededsothatcombustioniscleanerand complete

Insome instances the technologysourcedwaseither modified and improved to suit the localneeds and increase its acceptability. In somecases, thesewere also then locally fabricated.Forall of this, capacitybuildingwasalsodonethrough TIDE for our partner NGOs and fewcommunity leaders to create awareness aboutthe technical aspects of the FED, the basicrequirements like efficiency tests and otheraspectsofagoodfuelefficientdevice.

Parts of Fuel Efficient Device and its contribution to its performance

The parts of an improved FED have beenexplainedinthecontextofPYROMiniwhichhasalmostallthefeaturesthatneedtobepresentinanaturaldraftfuelefficientdeviceneededforHHcookingneeds.

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Partno PartoftheFED Contributiontoimprovedcooking performance

3 Ashbox Thishelpsincollectionofresidualashafterburning offuel.Quickandeasycollectionofashfromthe grateensuresthattheprimaryairfrombelowthe grateisasperdesignwithoutanyblockage

4 Combustionchamber Thisensuresgoodmixingbetweentheairand thefuel.Italsoensuresthattoomuchairdoes notenterthestoveandthattheflametemperatures areashighaspossibleunderthecircumstances

5 Insulation Thisisarefractorylinerforthestovetoprevent heatlossfromthebodyoftheFED.

6 Topplate Thetopplatedefinesthedistancebetweenthe stoveandthevessel.Itensuresthatmaximum convectiveheatistransferredtothevesseland thattheflamestouchthevessel

7 Chimney Thisistheconduitfortransferringfluegasesor productsofcombustionfromtheFEDbodyinto theambientair

8 Reducer Thisisanattachmentthatisusefulwhensmaller vesselsareused

Some of the FED designs used by thepartners in this programme that can beeasily replicated and scaled up in similargeographical locations and community isdetailedbelow.

In addition it is very crucial to ensurethat the first thing one carries out beforeintroducing the device is a user needsassessment.ThisisneededtounderstandwhattypeofFEDthecommunityislookingfor and what are their requirements. Theuser needs assessment form which hasbeendevelopedandused inselectareasisgivenbelow.Thiscanbeadaptedfurtherand used before initiating selection andinstallationofFEDs.

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User Needs Assessment Questionnaire

The questionnaire helps the project teamunderstandwhatkindofFEDshouldbeidentifiedand selected based on the requirements of thedifferentstakeholders.Thisquestionnairelooksatthesituationfromthepointofviewoftheuseraswellasthepartnerdisseminatingthedevice.

Thefirststepistoassessthecurrentconventionaldeviceinuse.Userscanratetheperformanceoftheconventionaldeviceonascaleof1to5(5verygood,1verybador5mostpreferredand1leastpreferred)fromtheirperspective.ThisenablesanunderstandingoftheconveniencesandhardshipsinvolvedincookingonconventionalFEDs.

Thesecondstep is to thenask theuser toalsoassess the proposed device along the sameparameters.ThelocalpartneralsohastoobserveandinformtheuseraboutthespecialfeaturesoftheFED.

Feature Characteristic Conventional stove (user) FED (User)

Versatility Boilingperformance (cookrice,dal,sabji)

Roastingperformance (cookrotisofdifferentkinds)

Fryingperformance (puris,pakodas,samosasetc) Subtotal

Convenience Abilitytocontrolor regulatetheflame

Abilitytocookmultiple dishesatthesametime

Usefulforotherapplications (spaceheating,fooddryingetc.)

Timeforstartandstop

Abilitytokeepthefoodhot

Subtotal

Economics Operatingexpense/day

Capitalcostofstove

Anyotherdirectearningfrom stove(foodforsale,scrapvalue)

Anyother(pl.add)

Subtotal

Based on the above, it is important that adiscussion is held between the users andthepartnersonwhat isneeded,whatshouldoneuse,howtouseandwhyweneedtousea FED. Besides the reasons for fuelwoodconsumption,theneedforsmokefreeindoorsandbettercookingconditionsalsoneedtobestressedupon.

Thiswillalsohelptoanalyseifthereareanycontradictionsinthechoicesorpreferencesofdifferentstakeholders.

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Safety Smoke&sootemissions Stability

Temperatureofouterbody

Anyother(pl.add)

Subtotal

Supply&support Durability/longlife

Provisionofother support/assistance

Credibilityofmanufacturer

Subtotal

Environmentalimpacts Energyefficiency

Emissionreduction

Arresteddeforestation

Anyother(pl.add)

Subtotal

Fuelenergysource Stoveismultifuel

Canuseagroresidues

Localavailabilityoffuel

Fuelprocessingrequired

Subtotal

Overall total

Feature Conventional FEDsA.VersatilityB.ConvenienceC.EconomicsD.SafetyE.Supply&supportF.EnvironmentalimpactsG.FuelenergysourceOverall total

Sub totals of different stove features

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Insights into specific adaptations and fabrication

ARTI- Improved Laxmi Chulha

Himal Prakriti in villages aroundAskotWildlifeSanctuary, Pithoragarh district, Uttarakhandhas introduced the above mentioned model.Aftera fewdemonstrationsand feedback fromcommunity,thedesignfromARTIwasmodifiedtosuitthelocalneedandmakeitmoreacceptable.

Deep Cookstove

This model was introduced in villages aroundNargu Wildlife Sanctuary, Mandi District,Himachal Pradesh. The partner actuallyconducteda in-situ trialofmultiplemodelsandthen based on local community feedback andactualobservation,identifiedthistobethemostsuitedfortheregion.

Besides being acceptable to the people andpopular, the other advantages offered by thisdesignwere: • Fabrication possible at the locallevelweldingshop • Multiple benefits including inbuiltwater heating arrangement (without havingto use an additional utensil), high thermalefficiency (>40%, resulting in lesser fuelwoodconsumption)andreductioninindoorsmoke • Compactdesignofferingpossibilityoftwoorthreepot-holes • Easy post-installation mainte-nancepossibleatthehouseholdlevel.

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This model also incorporates a hamam (atraditionalwaterheatingarrangementusingwood)withapipedsystemforlettingincoldwateranddeliveryofhotwateraswellasanarrangementtoeject thesmokeoutof thekitchen.Althoughthewaterheatingand thepipingarrangementsmakethedesignmoreexpensivethanothers,thevariousadvantagesofferedbydesignmadethethismodelattractivefor the localpeopleasthevillagesarelocatedinacoldvalleyinHimachalPradesh.

Steps for Local Fabrication

The Steel Structure

The basic framework of the DEEP cookstoveconsistsoftwointerconnectedsteeltanksaroundwhichtherestofthecookstoveisconstructed.These tanks are shaped out of 16 gaugemildsteel sheet folded and welded to form twoidenticaltanksofsize6”x7”x9”(widthXheightXdepth)thatareinterconnectedusingweldedMSsocketsandathreadedpipenippleofsize3/4”(seedrawing)usingplumber’spaste.

Atthebackofthetanks,one1/2”MSsocketisweldedineachforthewaterinletandoutletpipestobethreadedin.

The socket for connecting the inlet is placednear the topof thesteel tankwhile theone forconnectingtheoutlet isplacednearthebottomoftheother.

Tank Testing

Themostimportantstepafterthetanksarereadyistotestitforleaks.

Thereare twowaysofdetecting leaks in thetanks: a) Plug one of the 1/2” sockets atthebackofoneofthetanksandfita6”GIpipenippleontheotherone.Usingafunnel,fillupthetankswithwatertoseeifanyiscomingoutofanygapsorholesinthewelding. b) Plug one of the 1/2” sockets atthebackofoneofthetanksandfitaLshapedGIpipeandelbowcombinationbigenoughtoimmersethetwotanksintoatubordrumfilledwith water.After immersing the two tanks inwater,air ispressedintotheopenendoftheLshapedpipearrangementtodetectifanyaircomesoutofanyholesorgapsinthewelding.

If leakshavebeendetected, theyhavetoberectifiedatthefabricator’senditself.

Spacing and Siting

TheDEEPcookstoverequiresminimumof23inchesofspacefromthefronttotheback(uptothefacingwall)forthetwopot-holedesign.Before initiating installationof thecookstove,the user preference regarding its placementwithin thekitchenand the locationof thehotwateroutletandcoldwater inletneeds tobediscussedandidentified.

Accordinglythesitingisfinalisedandthesteeltanksareplacedon thegroundasshown inthe drawing and their positionmarked usingchalk.

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Plumbing System

Theplumbingsystemofthecookstoveismadeout of threaded 1/2” GI pipe and compatibleaccessories.Itprovidesaccessforintroducingcoldwaterintothetanksaswellastoreceivehotwaterattheappropriatelocation.

Thecoldwaterinletisconnectedtopipedwatersupply through a valve meant to control theinflow.

Inhouseswithoutpipedwatersupply(aswasmostlythecaseintheNarguSanctuaryarea),theinletpipeisextendedabout33”abovethecookstoveandalargefunnelattachedtoitstoptofacilitatelettingwaterintothepipe.

Theheightofthehotwateroutletiskeptatleast18”lowerthanthecoldwaterinletandislocatedatasuitableplacewithin/outsidethekitchentoreceivehotwaterinabucket.

Where thewater inlet isnot connected to thepipedwatersupplysystem,thereisnoneedtohaveatapatthehotwateroutlet.

The hot water pipe can be insulated usingbiodegradablemateriallikericestrawtoimprovethermalefficiencyofthewaterdeliverysystem. 14

Mud Plastering

Once the plumbing has been completed,plasteringworkcanbeundertaken.Plasteringisdoneusingmoistenedclayearthofaconsistencythatmakesitworkable,neithertoorigidnortoosoft/watery.

Beforeinitiatingplastering,itisensuredthattheclayhasbeenkneadedenough to removeanylumps,stonesandmakeiteven. The consistency is adjusted by adding morewaterormudtothemud-watermix.Oftensomewheatstraworgoathairismixedwiththeclaytoaddstrengthtoit.Ittakesabout2cementbagsfullofpreparedmudtoplasteronecookstove.

Plastering isfirstundertakenat thebaseof thecookstove. For this purpose, the steel tanksare lifted fromtheirpositionanda1/2” layerofplasterplacedonthefloorwhere the tanksaretobeplaced.

Thisistofixthesteeltankstructuretothegroundwhich is important not just during the periodwhenthecookstoveisinusebutalsowhiletheplasteringisbeingdone.

• A baffle (raised ridge shapedstructure)fashionedoutofclayisplacedwithinthesecondpotholetodirecttheflametowardsthebottomof theutensil.Thedistanceof thetopofthebaffleandthebottomoftheutensiliskeptat3/4”. • Theplaster takes a fewdays todryoutbeforethecookstovecanbeused.Thisperiodvarieswiththeambienttemperatureandhumiditybetween3daysandaweek.

The Smoke Pipe

Thesmokepipeisoneofthemostimportantbutoftentheleastcaredforpartofthecookstove.Itnotonlyprovidestheexitforthepollutingsmokefrom the cookstove but also helps create theairdraftthatincreasestheingressoffreshairintothecookstove’sfirebox,makingthewoodburningprocessmoreefficient.

For these households, the smoke pipe wasmade out of 0.63mmGI sheetmetal that isusedtomakesteeltrunksbylocalfabricators.Alternately, it can be made from reinforcedcementpipesthatareavailableinmanypartsofthecountry.

The pipe is 3” in diameter and consists ofpiecesof3’heightthattelescopeintothenext.The smoke pipe has a slit at the appropriatepositionforinsertingaGIsheetmetaldamperwhich isused to regulate theflowofair, (andhence theburn rateof thewood) through thepipe(openwhilestarting thefireand insertedoncethehigherrateofburningisreached.

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Thereafter,theinsidesofthefirebox,thetopandthesidesofthesteeltanksareplasteredasperthethicknessgiveninthedrawings.Careistakentothinlyplastertheinnerwallsofthecookstove(1/2”) or thewater inside the tankswould takelongertimetogetheated.

Plasteringisdoneaccordingtothemeasurementsgiveninthedrawing.Careistakentoensurethat: • Adequate space (3”) is providedbetween the two pot-holes to ensure that twoutensilsofmediumsizecanbeaccommodated. • Reinforcement in the form ofsteelrebarsalsohastobeprovidedtogivethevulnerableportions (between the twopot-holesand between the rear pot-hole and the smokebox)greaterstrength. • The shape of the potholes is asround as possible and the top surface of thecookstove is leveled so that no gaps remainbetween utensils and the stove surface duringuse.Ifthegapsremainsmokewouldbereleasedand air draft for the proper functioning of thecookstove would not be created. This shapeis given by using a utensil of adequate shapeand size (often a small karahiwith a sphericalbottom). • Stones/pieces of baked brickscanbeused to fill upareasat thebackof thecookstoveorbelowtheplumbing. • Atunnelofadequatesizeisshapedbetween the two potholes at the appropriatelocationsothatjusttherightamountoffiregoestothesecondpot-hole.Anothertunnelisfashionedbetweentherearpot-holeandthesmokeboxtoensure that the smoke and hot air are ejectedthroughthefluepipe,unhindered.

Thesmokepipeisejectedoutoftheroofofthehouse where a GI sheet metal flange can beusedtopreventwateringress.

The Grate

Thegrateisanotherimportantbutleastfocuseduponpartofthecookstove.Inthismodel,thegratewas6”x6”sizewith2”highlegs,madeoutof8mmweldedsteelrebars.Theintroductionofthegrateinto theoriginaldesignof theDEEPcookstoveincreased the thermalefficiencybyabout10%.The grate facilitated more efficient combustionof wood and lesser smoke generation. In thisdesign, thegratedevelopedwas removablesothat the ash can be easily removed from thefireboxbottom.

Cost of the fabrication

The following estimate of cost is a roughcalculationbaseduponthecostsincurredforthecookstovesfabricatedfortheproject.Thesecostswould vary from place to place and fabricatortofabricator(for thesteel tanksandthesmokepipe). 1. Steel tanks (fabrication andmaterial)–Rs.1200(includingGST) 2. GI pipes for plumbing – Rs. 30per running foot, accessories like elbows andsockets,unioinsareadditional 3. Smokepipe–Rs.35per runningfoot 4. Flange–Rs.150.00 5. Capforsmokepipe–Rs.50.00 6. Damperforsmokepipe–Rs.20.00 7. Installation–Rs.600.00TotalcostcomestoaboutRs.3000.00that10’ofsmokepipeand15’ofwaterpipesareused.

Some Important Aspects

The installationof thecookstove isan intricateprocess thatcalls forprecisionandattention todetailsifthedesiredresultsaretobeachieved.The following points have to be kept in mindduringtheinstallationofthecookstove: 1. The smoke pipe should be of alengthbetween8-12’. A longerandwiderpipewouldresultingreaterdraftandquickerburningoffuelandhencewastageofheat/fuel.Anarrowor shortwould result inweakdraft, resulting inmoresmokeandwastageofheat/fuel.

2. The height of the fireboxshouldbejustadequate(between6”and7”)toensurethattheflamestouchthebottomof the utensil while providing adequatespaceforthewoodtoburnfreely.Also,theheightofthefireboxshouldbesuitedtothesizeofthefuel-stickstobeusedaswellastothelocalrequirementofmakingchapatisofaparticularsizeetc. 3. Thetop2”oftherimofeachpot-hole is given a conical shape using aroundbottomedutensilofasizejustlargerthanthepot-holetoensurethatitisabletoaccommodateutensilsofvarioussizes. 4. Using too big a utensil on apot-holewouldresultinlessamountofheattransferred to its bottom and greater timetaken for food togetcooked. In theeventthat there is no other option but to use alarger-than-optimumsizedutensil,agapisintroducedbetweentheutensilandthetopofthecookstovebyusingsmallstones.Thiswouldallow theflames to touchagreatersurfaceareaoftheutensilsothatthefoodgetscookedfaster. 5. The inlet of the tunnelbetweenthefrontpot-holeandtherearpot-holeshouldnotbetoolowastoallowmostflames to be transmitted to the rear pot-hole.Itshouldbeabout3”abovethefloorofthefirebox. 6. Whenthereisnoutensilovertherearpot-hole,itshouldbecoveredwithafittingplate/cover to forceallsmoke intothechimney. 7. Thesidesof thesmokepipeoften get filled with soot which has to beremoved periodically. The bottom of thesmokepiperestsuponaboxlikechamberthatcanbeopenedbyremovingthestonesthatformitssidetofacilitatethecleaningofthepipe. 8. Thecookstoverequiresathinlayerofplastereveryfewdaysasameansofrepairandreinforcingthestructure.Thiscanbeeasilydoneusingarunnyemulsionmadeofmudandwater.

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CHULHA TOP AND FRONT VIEW

Modified Tandoor

Thiswascarriedout forvillages inandaroundKhokhan Sanctuary, Kullu district, HimachalPradesh. The traditional tandoor has beenreplaced by the modified tandoor in selecthouseholdstoimproveitsefficiencyandreducefuelwoodusageforspaceheating.

Someofthemodificationsare 1) Agratehasbeenintroducedwhichhelpsincombustionandleadstolesssmoke. 2) Removable ash tray has beeninstalledwhichhelpstotakeasheasilyfromthetandoor. 3) The improved tandoor has a twoslidesystemwhichprovidesbetteraircirculationandmakesiteasytostartthefireinthetandoor.

Efficiency Testing of FEDs

The most important aspect of fuel efficientdevices is to ensure that they are efficient. InthecontextofFEDs,efficiencymeanstheratioof the usefulwork performed by amachine orin a process to the total energy expended orheat taken in. Testing of an FED develops anunderstanding on how good or bad a stove isandalsoassesswhat is thedeviation fromtheperformanceexpectedorcommitted.

Thetestingofstovesisimportantforthefollowingreasons:

• Developsabetterunderstandingof the process of combustion, heat utilizationandoperation • Provides an opportunity toobserve the reactions of the users and toassesstheacceptabilityofthestoves. • Provides a basis for comparingdifferentstoves

There are two methods for assessing theperformanceofFEDsatthefieldlevel.

a)Thewaterheatingtest.

b)Thespecificfuelconsumptiontest.

The details of only the water boiling test areprovidedbelowasthiswasfollowedinthefieldandthetrainingforthesamewasalsoprovided.

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Water heating test

Note:ThistestisdifferentfromthestandardstovetestingmethodologyofBISwhichisveryrigorous.HoweverthetestrecommendedissimplertocarryoutinthefieldandtheefficiencynumberswouldbeclosetoBIStestresults.(notidentical)

Thewaterheating testmeasures theamountoffuelandtimerequiredtoheataweighedquantityofwaterfromambientto90deg.C.

Thedatatobenotedwhencarryingoutthistestandthecalculationsaregivenbelow. Itisrecommendedthatthetestiscarriedoutforonehourwhichisthestandardhouseholdcookingtime.

Cover the vessels containing water with a lidduringtheexperiment.

Whenthewaterinthevesselsreaches90deg.Coneshouldexchangevessels.

The first vessel should be replaced by anotherweighedvessel+waterandsoonforthedurationofthetestwhichwouldbeforonehour.

DATA SHEET FOR WATER BOILING TEST

Vessel1Initialweightofvessel+Lid: W1kgsWt.ofvessel+water: w1kgsWeightofwater:w=(w1–W1)kgs

Vessel2Initialweightofvessel:W2kgsWt.ofvessel+water:w2kgsWeightofwater:w=(w2–W2)kgs

Initialweightoffirewood:X1kgs

InitialtemperatureofwaterT1:degC

Experimentstartedat: time Temperatureprofile

Experimentstoppedat:[time]Durationoftest:[inhours]Finaltemperatureofwaterinvessel1T2:[degC]Final temperatureofwater in last vesselT3:[degC]

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Finalweightoffirewoodremaining: X2kgsWeightoffirewoodconsumed: Xfuel=(X1–X2)kgs

Hout=[(n–1)×(W×Cv+w×Cw)×(t2-t1)]+[(W×Cv+w×Cw)×(t3–t1)]

Hin=(Xfuel×Hfuel)+(Xk×Hk)

Efficiencyη=100×Hout/Hin

Abbreviations used in the data sheet and for calculations

w=wt.ofwaterinvessel,inkg.W=wt.ofvesselwithlidandstirrer,inkg.Xfuel=wt.ofsolidfuelconsumed,inkgHfuel=calorificvalueofwood(orsolidfuel),inkJ/kgXk=wt.ofkeroseneusedforignition(kg)Hk=calorificvalueofkerosene,inkJ/kgt1=initialtemperatureofwaterin°Ct2=finaltemperatureofwaterin°Ct3=finaltemperatureofwaterinlastvesselatthecompletionoftestin°Cn=totalnovesselusedCw=specificheatofwater(=4.12kJ/kg/°C)Cv=specificheatofthematerialofthevessel(aluminium)(=0.896kJ/kg/°C)Hout=heatoutputofthestove(heatutilized)inkJHin=heatinputintothestove(heatproduced)inkJη=thermalefficiencyinpercent

(Source: TIDE)

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