fuel explosions - wydział...
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FUEL EXPLOSIONS
EXPLOSIONS
Explosion or chemical explosion is a violent chemical
reaction with intensive heat evaluation, capable to
selfsupporting propagation in space.
Necessary conditions for explosion occurrence: a) gaseous, b) dust
GASEOUS AND DUST EXPLOSIONS
gas air
ignition
a)
airdust
limited space
mixing
ignition
b)
Initiation of an explosion occurs as a result of ignitionof combustible mixture.
Ignition of a combustible mixture may have a following character:– forced ignition, – self-ignition.
INITIATION OF EXPLOSION
CHARACTER OF INITIATION OF EXPLOSION
Self accelerating character of explosion initiation (ignition) occurs when the temperature of the combustible mixture reaches such value that accelerating development of the chemical reaction appears without any outer stimulation.
This preliminary explosion stage may have thermal or chain character.
Forced (external) ignition can be caused be different sources which produce enough energy to start combustion.
The necessary condition of ignition is to attain the required temperature of a combustible mixture by delivery a sufficient amount of energy.
IGNITION
Minimum of ignition energy (MIE) is one of the majorparameters characterizing the explosion properties of a fuel. It depends on the type of fuel, mixture content and conditions of ignition.
Ignition delay τin is a time interval (delay) after which the pressure rise of explosion in observed as an effect of burning.
For conventional fuels (e.g. gasoline) the ignition delay isin range of20–40 ms.
IGNITION DELAY
THERMAL EXPLOSION
Container with exothermically reacting substance
( )ot2 TTSq −= α
Rate of heat loss
Thermal equilibrium between the container and surroundings occurs when the rate of heat
evaluation q1 is equal to the rate of heat lossq2
q1 = q2
CONDITIONS FOR THERMAL EXPLOSION
a) Critical conditions of thermal explosion: q1 = q2 and dq1/dT = dq2/dTb) Temperature behaviour in the container depending on the walls
temperatureTs
time
CRITICAL TEMPERATURE OF EXPLOSION VS. SIZE OF A CONTAINER
Substance Size of container, mm Tcr, °C
Wool51204610
177125109
Activated coal
51204610
1189060
Tetryl142149
167153136
THERMAL EXPLOSION LIMITS for H2 + O2 REACTION
Thermal explosion limits on the temperature – pressure plane
slowreaction
explosion
CHAIN EXPLOSIONS
Oscillations during ignitions of aldehyde in oxygen
LIMITS OF CHAIN IGNITION
Limits of chain ignition in the mixture of propane and oxygen
slowreaction
explosion
FORCED IGNITION
History of the temperature profiles in combustible material ignited by hot
body (5 – flame)
hot b
ody
combustiblematerial
Diesel oil
gasoline
Influence of flow velocity u on minimum energy of electric spark E j
MINIMUM IGNITION ENERGY OF ELECTRIC SPARK
EXPLOSION LIMITS
Explosion limits mean the same as ignition limits.
Explosion limit is a minimum (maximum) content of fuel in the mixture, in which
explosion is possible.
EXPLOSION LIMITS OF MIXTURES
nnm VPVPVP
V/...//
100
2211 +++=
Explosion limit of the combustible mixture can be calculated from the Le Chatelier formula knowing the explosion limits of the components of the mixture:
where: Vm – lower or higher explosion limit of the mixture, Pi – concentration of a single, combustible component of the mixture (∑ Pi = 100%), Vi – lower or higher explosion limit of a single component.
Explosion limits
hydrogen H2carb. monox. CO
methane CH4ethane C2H6
propane C3H8n-buthane C4H10n-pentane C5H12n-hexane C6H14ethylene C4H10acetylene C2H2benzene C6H6
methanol CH3OHethanol C2H6OH
gaslower upperupperlower
% of gas in mixture with oxygen % of gas in mixture with air
explosion limits in air and in oxygen for chosen gases
GASODYNAMICSOF EXPLOSIONS
Explosion in stoichiometric mixture of air-propane, central ignition: a) flame size, b) pressure vs. time
pres
sure
edges of container
MECHANISM EXPLOSION PROPAGATION IN DUCT WITH OBSTACLES
Flame development after obstacles
FUMES
velo
city
pro
file FRESH
MIXTURE
recirculationzone
fron
tof
flam
e
afterburning in pits
MECHANISM OF TURBULENT FLAME ACCELERATION IN CHANNEL WITH OBSTACLES
ignition COMBUSTION
turbulence
instabilityof flame
dilution of gas–rise of pressure
flow of gas
Detonation is the combustion wave induced by the preceding shock wave.
DEFLAGRATION AND DETONATION
Mechanism of detonation propagation is based on adiabatic compression of the combustible mixture by a
shock wave, so that after a few microseconds self--ignition occurs and the combustion wave follows the
shock wave.
STRUCTURE OF DETONATIONfront of detonation
front of shock wave end of reaction zone
fumesfreshmixture
flame congestion wave
freshmixture
flamecorrugation turbulization
turbulent flame next congestion waves
flame explosion zone
detonation waveretonation wave
fumes
DEFLAGRATION TO DETONATION TRANSITION
Not in every combustible mixture a detonation can occur.There are detonation limits, which are much narrower then explosion limits
Detonation limits
Combustible gas
in air in oxygen
lower,% vol.
higher,% vol.
lower,% vol.
higher,% vol.
Methane CH4Propane C3H8Isobutane (C4H10)Ethylene C2H4Acetylene C2H2Diethyl ether (C2H5)2OHydrogen H2Hydrogen+carbonmonoxide H2+COCarbon monoxide COAmmonia NH3
4,12,1
5,54,52,815,019,0
12,515,0
15,49,5
11,5100,04,563,559,0
75,028,0
10,03,22,83,53,52,715,017,2
38,025,4
56,037,031,173,0100,040,090,091,0
90,075,4
Detonation limits in air and in oxygen for chosen gases
CHARACTERISTICS OF
EXPLOSION/FIRE PROPERTIES
OF GAS AND DUST
GAS AND DUST EXPLOSIONS
Major explosibility parameters of gases and dusts:
– maximumpressure of explosion pmax,
– maximum rate of explosion pressure rise (dp/dt)max
or K factor:K = (dp/dt)maxV1/3,
– explosion limits,
– detonation limits,
– temperature of self-ignitonTz,
– minimum energy of ignitionEmin .
EXPLOSIBILITY PARAMETERS
Maximum pressure of explosionpmax is the highest pressure recorded during explosion in the closed container.
MAXIMUM EXPLOSION PRESSURE
ignition
Record of the explosion pressure in a closed container –
determination ofpmax and (dp/dt)max
EXPLOSIBILITY RANK OF DUSTS
00–2020–30> 30
KMPa ⋅ m/s
nonexplosive dustsweakly explosive dustsstrongly explosive dusts
very strongly explosive dusts
Dust characteristic
0123
Dust explosibilityrankP
No Parameter Unite Value
1.2.3.4.5.6.7.
Temperature of self-ignition of dust cloud TscTemperature of ignition in dust layer TZOLower explosion limit LELMaximum pressure of explosion pmaxMax. rate of explosion pressure rise (dp/dt)maxReduced max. rate of explosion pressure rise KstRank of dust explosibility P
oCoC
kg/m3
MPaMPa/s
MPa⋅m/s-
5602650.090.829.98.11
FIRE/EXPLOSION PROPERTIES OF BITUMINOUS COAL
Powierzchnia właściwa S, m2/kg
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Mak
sym
aln
e ciś
nie
nie
wyb
uch
u p m
ax,
bar
6
7
8
9
10
PW1, V/A = 3,70PW2, V/A = 3,61PW3, V/A = 1,99PW4, V/A = 3,04PW5, V/A = 2,47
max
imum
pres
sure
of e
xplo
sion
, pm
ax, b
ar
specific surface, s, m2/kg
MAXIMU M PRESSURE OF EXPLOSION VS. SPECIFIC SURFACE OF COAL DUST
pyłów węglowych PW1, PW2, PW3, PW4 i PW5.
Powierzchnia właściwa S, m2 / kg
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Wsk
aźn
ik w
ybu
cho
woś
ci K
st,
max
, m
ba
r / s
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
PW1, V/A = 3,70PW2, V/A = 3,61PW3, V/A = 1,99PW4, V/A = 3,04PW5, V/A = 2,47
expl
osib
ility
fact
or, K
st,m
ax, b
ar*m
/s
specific surface, s, m2/kg
K FACTOR VS. SPECIFIC SURFACE OF COAL DUST
Powierzchnia właściwa S, m2/kg
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Min
imal
na
tem
per
atu
ra z
apło
nu
war
stw
y py
łu
T5m
m, o C
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Rys. 6 Zależność minimalnej temperatury zapłonu warstwy pyłu od powierzchni
PW1, V/A = 3,70PW2, V/A = 3,61PW3, V/A = 1,99PW4, V/A = 3,04PW5, V/A = 2,47
specific surface, s, m2/kg
tem
pera
ture
of i
gniti
on in
laye
r, T
5mm
, o C
TEMPERATURE OF IGNITION IN LAYER VS. SPECIFIC SURFACE OF COAL DUST
Powierzchnia właściwa S, m2/kg
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Min
imal
na e
ner
gia
zao
łonu
ob
łoku
pył
u Wm
in, m
J
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
PW1, V/A = 3,70PW2, V/A = 3,61PW5, V/A = 2,47
specific surface, s, m2/kg
min
imum
ene
rgy
of ig
nitio
n of
clo
ud, W
min, m
J
MINIMUM ENERGY OF IGNITION OF CLOUD VS. SPECIFIC SURFACE OF COAL DUST
PROTECTIVE MEASURES AGAINST the OCCURRENCE and EFFECTS OF EXPLOSION
There are two types of measures reducing explosion hazard:
1. Preventing explosion protection.
2. Explosion protection through design measures.
REDUCTION OF EXPLOSION HAZARD
– prevention of explosive fuel/air mixtures,
– prevention of effective ignition sources,
– prevention of autoignitions (hot surfaces),
– static electricity,
PREVENTIVE EXPLOSION PROTECTION
1. Explosion pressure-resistant design for the
maximum explosion pressure
2. Explosion pressure venting
3. Explosion suppression
4. Diversions/arresting explosions
EXPLOSION PROTECTION THROUGH DESIGN MEASURES
EXPLOSION PROTECTION THROUGH DESIGN MEASURES
EXPLOSION FLAP
EXPLOSION PROTECTION THROUGH DESIGN MEASURES
SAFETY MEMBRANE
EXPLOSION PROTECTION THROUGH DESIGN MEASURES
EXPLOSION FLAP
THORWESTEN VENT
EXPLOSION PROTECTION THROUGH DESIGN MEASURES
FLAME TRAP
EXPLOSION PROTECTION THROUGH DESIGN MEASURES
SUPPRESSION EXPLOSION SYSTEM
frontof flame
opticaldetector
pressuredetector
control unit
pyrotechnical valve
EXPLOSION PROTECTION THROUGH DESIGN MEASURES
EXPLOSION SUPPRESSION OF PIPELINES
front of flame
detectorcontrol unit
pyrotechnicalvalve
extinguishingpowder
EXPLOSION PROTECTION THROUGH DESIGN MEASURES
EXAMPLES OF PROTECTING MEASURES AGAINST
EXPLOSIONS
EXPLOSION PRESSURE VENTING
Boiler
Coal mill
Coal silo
Membrane of explosion pressure
venting
EXPLOSION PRESSURE VENTING
EXPLOSION PRESSURE VENTING
MEMBRANE OF EXPLOSION PRESSURE VENTING
Roof of coal dust separator
EXPLOSION PRESSURE VENTING
DECOMPRESSION OF DUST SEPARATOR
EXPLOSION PRESSURE VENTING
Roof ofcoal dustseparator
Membranes
SELF-IGNITION OF COAL IN PILES
SELF-IGNITION OF COAL DURING ITS STORAGE
The phenomenon of spontaneous ignition (self-ignition) of coal when it is storage in silos, bunkers, containers and piles, and during its milling in coal mills is not well understood.
Hazard of self-ignition occurs also when organic materials are stored, like: grain, hay and straw, and municipal wastes.
This phenomenon is also important during food processing. Also some explosives undergo self-ignition.
DEVELOPMENT OF SPONTANEOUS IGNITION WHEN SOLD EXOTHERMIC
MATERIAL IS STORED
a) Development of self-heating during storage of solid fuels, b) temperature development during self-ignition in pile, Tz – temperature of self-ignition
tem
pera
tura
udział tlenu
autoutlenianie
tlenie
żarzenie
spalaniepłomieniowe
piroliza
tem
pera
ture
oxygen level
pyrolisis
flamecombustion
glowing
smouldering
self-oxidation
Okres inkubacji
Tz
T
t
Okres samonagrzewu
incubation time self-heatingtime
a) b)
EFFECTS OF OXIDATION OF COAL IN PILES
a) Coal weathering
�loss of reactivity,
� partial loss of volatile matter.
b) Lowtemperature oxidation of coal
�Rate of lignite oxidation in pile Rśr = 0,09 %/24h.
c) Self-heating of coal
�Self-heating of coal (temperature range of 60−80 °C),
�Loss of v.m. and hydrogen in coal
�After crossing of the temperature of self-ignition (>100 °C ) a stage of glowing occurs, which can go into the fire.
FIRE HAZARD OF COAL IN PILES
�Coal belongs to the materials very reactive with oxygen.
�Oxidation reactions in coal is self-accelerating at normal conditions.
�The most capable for self-ignition in piles are: lignite and and young bituminous coal.
�There are no simple method for determination of self-ignition conditions of coal in piles.
MAJOR FACTORS INFLUENCING SELFHEATINGOF COAL IN PILES
Properties of coal Properties of pile
Volatile matter contentMoisture contentPyrite contentEgxynite contentCoal particle mean size
Mass of stored coalContent of small fractions of coal particles Type of backgroundVentilation in the pileShape of the pile (inclination of the slope)
FACTORS WHICH INCREASE HAZARD OF SELFIGNITION OF COAL IN PILES
�High content of small fractions of coal particles
�Moisture
�Pyrite and egyxinite
�Large size of a pile
�Access of oxygen inside the pile
DEVELOPMENT OF THE SPONTANEOUS IGNITION PROCESS IN THE COAL PILE
Stages:
�Incubation stage (preliminary): takes from few to twenty days and undergoes at only slightly increased temperature.
�Selfheating stage: causes increase the temperature inside the pile to 60−80 °C. Its further development is manifested by the appearance of steam above the pile, and by the presence of CO and aromatic hydrocarbons at the approximate temperature100 °C.
�Selfignition: is revealed by the temperature rise in the coal pile and appearance of milky smoke above the pile. Access of air to the coal pile causes its fire then.
TEMPERATURE OF SELFIGNITIONOF COAL IN A PILE
Temperature of self-ignition depends of the type of coal:
– lignite: 150 °C,
– bituminous coal: 200 °C,
– coke: 250 °C,
– anthracite: 300 °C.
MECHANISMS OF SELFIGNITIONOF COAL IN A PILE
I. Incubation stage
� Low temperature oxidation of coal
� Micro-biological metabolism
� Adsorption-desorption of water
� Oxidation of pyrite
II. Selfheating stage
� thermal
LOW TEMPERATURE OXIDATION OF COAL
Oxidation of coal at the low temperature range (approximately up to150° C) can be described by the following physical/chemical mechanism:
Ccoal + O2, gas→ O2 (physical absorption)
O2 (absorbed)→ O2 (chemical absorption), Q I
Ooxycoal→ CO2 + H2O (main reaction), QII
Ooxycoal→ CO, CnHm (aside reaction)
where Ooxycoal is oxygen absorbed at the surface of coal.
CONTROL OF COAL OXIDATION IN THE PILE
The factor controlling rate of coal oxidation in the pile is:
Oxygen content inside the pile
The entrance of oxygen into the pile is governed by two mechanisms:
�The major mechanism of oxygen, products of oxidation and heat transport inside the pile is natural convection.
�Also an important part is played by the wind – in most casesspontaneous ignition took place from the lee side of the pile.
AIR FLOWS IN THE PILE OF COAL
Processes of oxygen transportation in the pile of coal
konwekcjawymuszona
wiatr
powietrze powietrze
Q
O2
CO2
CO wilgoć
konwekcjaswobodna
T>Tot
węgiel
powietrze
forced convection
air
wind
humidity
airair
naturalconvection
coal
HOW TO PROTECT THE COAL PILE AGAINST SELFIGNITION
I. The problems of spontaneous ignition of coal in a pile and its oxidation losses haven’t found satisfactory solution yet.
II. Practically the only factor which allow control of of oxidation processes in a pile is access of air into the pile.
III. The effective technique of preventing spontaneous ignition is using of inert matter in the pile, which means the replacement of air by some neutral gas, like nitrogen. Because of economic reasons this method have found application only to silos, e.g. to a silos with activated coal.
ACTION UNDERTAKEN TO PREVENT SPONTANEOUS IGNITION IN A COAL PILE
I. – periodic empty of a pile (silo, bunker),
II. – decline of a slope of pile side,
III. – the use of curtains,
IV. – cover of the pile by a layer of material impeding access of air,
V. – condensing of a pile,
VI. – monitoringof the process of self-heating in a pile.
PILE OF LIGNITE
COURTAIN IN THE PILE OF LIGNITE