fs 2016 class 2: inflectional morphology - uzhbaec8995-26c8-48c2-8399... · inflectional morphology...
TRANSCRIPT
Linguistic typology
FS 2016
Class 2: Inflectional morphology
Formulate research question
Decide what and how to
measure
Collect data
Summarize data Analyze
data
Interpret results
1
2
3
4
5
6
Report results
7
Comparability and variables
The research cycle
Derivation Inflection
Provides new
lexemes
Provides forms
of lexemes
Lexicon Morphosyntax
Inflectional morphology
Derivation Inflection
Provides new
lexemes
Provides forms
of lexemes
Lexicon Morphosyntax
Inflectional morphology
1. Nature of meaning
2. Change of category
3. Regularity of meaning
4. Productivity
5. Position in the template
6. Obligatoriness
7. Relevance to syntax
Inflectional morphology
1. Nature of meaning
2. Change of category
3. Regularity of meaning
4. Productivity
5. Position in the template
6. Obligatoriness
7. Relevance to syntax
Inflectional morphology
Relevance to syntax
Inflection is relevant to syntax, derivation is not.
Agreement: Some systematic covariation between a semantic or formal
property of one element and a formal property of another. Steele (1978: 610).
the system works
controller target
feature: number
value: singular
domain
Corbett 2008:5
Inflectional morphology
Domain
Inflectional morphology
Controller
Inflectional morphology
Prototypically nominal, but some (partial) exceptions are possible; - clausal controllers [That he came] was surprising - No controllers piov-e ‘(it is) raining.' - Modifiers as controllers Corbett 2006: 37-39
Controller
Inflectional morphology
Upper Sorbian moj-eho muž-ow-a sotr-a my-M.SG.GEN husband-POSS-F.SG.NOM sister(F)-SG.NOM ’my husband’s sister' Basáa (slightly simplified, A and B are different classes) mín-laŋgá mí dí-nuní míní /*tíní A-black A.CONN PL-bird(B) A.this/*B.this ‘these black birds' Corbett 2006: 37-39
Target
Inflectional morphology
Common targets: Adjectives (and other modifiers) Verbs Adpositions Mai Brat [MAYBRAT], Dol (1999: 88), cited in Bakker (2013) t-ai m-kah ara 1SG-hit 3SG.N-with stick(N).SG ‘I hit with a stick.’
Target
Inflectional morphology
Some less common targets: Adverbs (Archi) buwa-mu b-ez dita<b>u ��walli a<b>u mother(II)-ERG III-1SG.DAT early(III) bread(III)[ABS] made<IV> ‘Mother made bread for me early.' Complementizers (Flemish) k=peinzen dan=k (ik) morgen goan 1SG=think COMP=1SG (I) tomorrow go ’I think that I’ll go tomorrow.’ From Corbett 2006
Features & feature values
Inflectional morphology
Number Person Gender Honorificity Definiteness? Case?
Kiwai [Kiwaian], Foley (1986: 130-131)
nimo-to-go nau nori n-omidia-duru-do we-dual-emph one sweet.potato 1-take(sg)-pres-dual.a ‘We two took one sweet potato.’
nigo-ibi-go go-otoboa-bi-ru-mo
you-trial-emph 2/3past-step-trial-past-pl.a ‘You three stepped.’
Features & feature values
Inflectional morphology
Number Person Gender Honorificity Definiteness? Case?
Features & feature values
Inflectional morphology
Number Person Gender Honorificity Definiteness? Case?
Swahili [Niger-Kordofanian, Bantu], Marten (2006: 306) vi-tabu vi-le vi-zuri cl.8-book cl.8-dem cl.8-beautiful ‘those beautiful books’
Features & feature values
Inflectional morphology
Number Person Gender Honorificity Definiteness? Case?
Features & feature values
Inflectional morphology
Number Person Gender Honorificity Definiteness? Case?
Features & feature values
Inflectional morphology
Number Person Gender Honorificity Definiteness? Case?
Dutch [Indo-European, Germanic] een mooi meisje het mooi-e meisje indef beautiful girl.dim[n] def beautiful-agr girl.dim[n] ‘a beautiful girl’ ’the beautiful girl'
Features & feature values
Inflectional morphology
Number Person Gender Honorificity Definiteness? Case?
Hungarian [Uralic] az-t a könyv-et kér-ed András egy könyv-et kér that-acc the book-acc want-def.3sg Andrew a book-acc want.indef.3sg ‘Do you want that book?’ ‘Andrew wants a book.’
Features & feature values
Inflectional morphology
Number Person Gender Honorificity Definiteness Case?
Russian [Indo-European, Slavic], Corbett (2006: 133) v nov-om avtomobil-e in new-m.loc car[m]-loc ‘in a new car’
Canonical agreement (in the sense of Corbett 2006): Based on a list of
principles and criteria mentioned in the literature
Inflectional morphology
C-14 (domains): asymmetric > symmetric «If two items match for the same external reason, this is not canonical agreement. If one stands in a particular form because of the properties of the first, then this is potentially canonical agreement» (p. 19)
Agreement: what to count?
Inflectional morphology
Baure [Arawak], Danielsen (2007: 176)
pi-am-ri wapoeri-ye pi-kowyoco ti monc i 2sg-take-3sg.f river-loc 2sg-bathe dem.f child
‘Take her to the river and bathe the child.’
Controller must be present - YES Controller may be present - YES “Controller” is in complementary distribution with person marker - YES
Relevance to syntax
Inflection is relevant to syntax, derivation is not.
Government (in a broad sense): the relation between a head and its
dependents.
Haspelmath & Sims 2010
Inflectional morphology
Blake Case is a system of marking dependent nouns for the type of relationship they bear to their heads.
Included are: • Those dependents that are determined by the verb • Genitives (with N as their head) • Dependents of adpositions • Modifiers of the verb
Inflectional morphology
Inflectional morphology
Ingredients of a case-marking construction 1. Governor (or head) 2. Governee (or dependent) 3. Relationship between 1 and 2 4. Marker of that relationship,
morphosyntactically associated with the Governee (dependent)
Head
[Dependent
Relationship
Marker]
Inflectional morphology
Typical heads or governors Verbs Adpositions Nouns
Verb
[Complement
Relationship
Marker]
Ich sehe dich [acc] Ich folge dir [dat]
Inflectional morphology
Typical heads or governors Verbs Adpositions Nouns
Adposition
[Complement
Relationship
Marker]
mit, nach, bei, seit, von, zu, aus, ausser, gegenüber + Dativ
Inflectional morphology
Typical heads or governors Verbs Adpositions Nouns
Noun
[Complement
Relationship
Marker]
Der Hund des Mannes
Inflectional morphology
Ingredients of a case-marking construction 1. Governor (or head) 2. Governee (or dependent) 3. Relationship between 1 and 2 4. Marker of that relationship,
morphosyntactically associated with the Governee (dependent)
Head
[Dependent
Relationship
Marker]
Inflectional morphology
Verb (e.g. ‘to hit’)
Someone who hits AGENT
Someone who is hit PATIENT
the agent and patient are arguments of the verb ‘to hit’
Devadatt-ena pac-ya-te odana-h Devadatta-INST cook-PASS-3SG rice-NOM ‘The rice has been cooked by Devadatta.’
Devadatta odana-m paca-ti Devadatta.NOM rice-ACC cook-3SG ‘Devadatta cooks the rice.’
From Blake (2008:19) The history of the research on case. Oxford Handbook of Case, Malchukov & Spencer (eds)
Inflectional morphology
Semantic roles versus case: Sanskrit
Devadatt-ena pac-ya-te odana-h Devadatta-INST cook-PASS-3SG rice-NOM ‘The rice has been cooked by Devadatta.’
Devadatta odana-m paca-ti Devadatta.NOM rice-ACC cook-3SG ‘Devadatta cooks the rice.’
Agent
Patient
Nominative
Accusative
Instrumental
Inflectional morphology
Semantic roles versus case: Sanskrit
Devadatt-ena pac-ya-te odana-h Devadatta-INST cook-PASS-3SG rice-NOM ‘The rice has been cooked by Devadatta.’
Devadatta odana-m paca-ti Devadatta.NOM rice-ACC cook-3SG ‘Devadatta cooks the rice.’
Agent
Patient
Nominative
Accusative
Instrumental
Inflectional morphology
Semantic role ≠ Syntactic role
Semantic roles versus case: Sanskrit
Huánuco Quechua (Peru) Juan aywa-n Juan.NOM go-3 ‘Juan goes.’ Juan Pedro-ta maqa-n Juan.NOM Pedro-ACC hit-3 ‘Juan hits Pedro.’
Yup’ik (Alaska) Doris-aq ayallruuq Doris-ABS traveled ‘Doris traveled.’ Tom-am Doris-aq cingallrua Tom-ERG Doris-ABS greet ‘Tom greets Doris.’
Structural diversity
walk
hit
give
Agent (who walks)
Agent (who hits)
Patient (who is hit)
Agent (who gives)
Patient (which is given)
Recipient
In the library
At noon
With a stick
Inflectional morphology
Core vs. periphery
Inflectional morphology
Inflectional morphology
(sëë) tütü-y
I sit.down-1sg.s
‘I sat down.’
(mëë) mi-bëjta-y (sëë)
you 2sg.o-see-1sg.s I
‘I saw you.’
Grammatical relations vs. case: Yurakaré
Inflectional morphology
Hasan öküz-ü aldi Hasan ox-ACC bought ‘Hasan bought the ox.’
The farmer killed the duckling
lladdodd y ddraig y dyn
killed the dragon the man
‘The dragon killed the man.’
nahita ny mpianatra ny vehivavy
saw the student the woman
‘The woman saw the student
toto yahosiye kamara
man it-grabbed-him jaguar
‘The jaguar grabbed the man.’
Turks: SOV
Engels: SVO
Welsh: VSO
Malagasy: VOS
Hixkaryana: OVS
anana nota apa
pineapple I fetch
‘I fetch the pineapple.’
Apurinã: OSV
Inflectional morphology
Ingredients of a case-marking construction 1. Governor (or head) 2. Governee (or dependent) 3. Relationship between 1 and 2 4. Marker of that relationship,
morphosyntactically associated with the Governee (dependent)
Head
[Dependent
Relationship
Marker]
Inflectional morphology
Nouns or noun phrases.
Dependents/governees
Case on non-nouns
Ancient Greek Ho aneksetastos bios the.NOM.SG unexamined.NOM.SG life.NOM.SG ou biōtos anthrōpō not livable. NOM.SG man.DAT.SG ‘The unexamined life is not livable for man.'
Inflectional morphology
Nouns or noun phrases.
Dependents/governees
Case on non-nouns
Yurakaré matata sibbe =chi big house=DIR ‘to the big house’ sibbe matata=chi house big=DIR ‘to the big house’
Inflectional morphology
Marker
Typology of markers based on parameters (see in two weeks) Affixing (prefix, infix, suffix, circumfix) Cliticization Mutations of the stem (consonant, vowel mutation) Prosodic marking (tone, accent) Free marker
Inflectional morphology
na:ge:ndra vis'ala:kSiyannu maduveya:danu. Nagendra Vishalakshi-acc marry-pst-3sm 'Nagendra married Vishalakshi.'
Kannada
na:raNappa maravannu kaDiyatodagida. Naranappa tree-acc cut-inf-begin-pst-3sm 'Naranappa began to cut the tree.'
Human
Definite
Conditions on marking
Inflectional morphology
Case vs. adpositions
Looking for case markers in your grammar
Russian
ot=druga [addrugə] from=friend:gen.sg ‘from the/a friend’
s=drugom [zdrugəm]
with=friend:ins.sg ‘with the/a friend’
Bickel & Nichols (2007): 174
Lai Chin (Tibeto-Burman)
Tsew Máŋ niʔ ʔa-ka-thoʔŋ
Tsew Máŋ ERG 3SG.A-1SG.P-hit
ω ω ω ω
‘Tsew Mang hit me.’
Bickel & Nichols (2007), p. 173
Inflectional morphology
Inflectional morphology
Agreement versus case marking (Corbett 2006: 8)
Agreement Government
Feature specification of target/governee is determined by
Feature specification of controller
Presence of governor
controller/governor has the relevant feature specification
does not have the relevant feature specification
element which is normally nominal
Controller governee
Features involved direct features indirect feature
multiple targets/governees are
same as each other different from each other
Relevance to syntax
Predetermination
Consecutio temporum (predetermination)
I want to buy a car
He said that he wanted to buy a car
Inflectional morphology
Spanish mood
se que Barcelona ha ganado know.1sg.pres.ind that Barcelona have.3sg.pres.ind won ‘I know that Barcelona have won.’ espero que Barcelona haya ganado hope.1sg.pres.ind that Barcelona have.3sg.pres.sbjnc won ‘I hope that Barcelona have won.’
Inflectional morphology
Predetermination
Spanish mood
se que Barcelona ha ganado know.1sg.pres.ind that Barcelona have.3sg.pres.ind won ‘I know that Barcelona have won.’ espero que Barcelona haya ganado hope.1sg.pres.ind that Barcelona have.3sg.pres.sbjnc won ‘I hope that Barcelona have won.’
Inflectional morphology
Predetermination
Yurakaré Switch reference
ti-bejta-ø-ja ti-la-mala-ø samu 1sg-see-3=ss 1sg-mal-go.sg-3 jaguar ‘When the jaguar saw me, it ran away from me.’ se be jta-y=ti ti-la-mala-ø samu I see-1sg.s=ds 1sg-mal-go.sg-3 jaguar ‘When I saw the jaguar, it ran away from me.’
Inflectional morphology
Predetermination
Case markers do not usually combine with other case markers on one and the same host. Nevertheless, there are cases where this does happen. Consider the following example from the Australian language Kayardild (Evans 2003: 203, cited in Kibort 2010: 91). Kayardild [Tangkic] dan-kinaba-nguni dangka-naba-nguni mirra-nguni wangal-nguni this-abl-instr man-abl-instr good-instr boomerang-instr ‘with the man’s good boomerang’ Can you explain the double case markers in the above example?
Inflectional morphology
Exercises
Can you think of an argument why English words like to and from etc. are prepositions rather than case markers?
Inflectional morphology
Exercises
1. Nature of meaning
2. Change of category
3. Regularity of meaning
4. Productivity
5. Position in the template
6. Obligatoriness
7. Relevance to syntax
Inflectional morphology
Criteria for the distinction between derivation and inflection
1. Nature of meaning
Inflectional feature values
Derivational meanings
-
+
Semantic content
Inflectional morphology
Criteria for the distinction between derivation and inflection
2. Change of category
One characteristic that one often encounters in derivational affixes, is that they
change the lexical class category of the base they attach to. Inflectional affixes
do not do this.
Inflectional morphology
Criteria for the distinction between derivation and inflection
3. Regularity of meaning
The interpretation of inflectional markers is regular, that of derivational markers
often is not
Inflectional morphology
Criteria for the distinction between derivation and inflection
4. Productivity
Inflection is productive, derivation is semi-productive
Inflectional morphology
Criteria for the distinction between derivation and inflection
5. Position in template
derivation is closer to the root than inflection
Inflectional morphology
Criteria for the distinction between derivation and inflection
6. Monomorphemic replacability
Derivational constructions can be replaced by monomorphemic forms inflected
forms can’t
Patriot-ism is good for a nation
Oil is good for a nation
Lee always arrives at noon
*Lee always come at noon
Inflectional morphology
Inflectional morphology
Try to determine highest-order domains
inflectional morphology: morphology that is regularly responsive to the syntactic environment.
Agreement: systematic covariation between a semantic or formal property of one element and a formal property of another.
Case: a system of marking dependent nouns for the type of relationship they
bear to their heads
Predetermination: the restriction of choice in values of obligatorily
expressed categories in complex sentences.
Inherent versus contextual inflection
Inherent inflection: inflection that is relevant to the syntax, but which conveys
some independent information as well (e.g. tense, aspect, number on nouns,
some peripheral case markers)
Contextual inflection: required by the syntactic context (government and
agreement)
Inflectional morphology
Inflectional morphology
Try to determine highest-order domains
inflectional morphology: morphology that is regularly responsive to the syntactic environment.
Agreement: systematic covariation between a semantic or formal property of one element and a formal property of another.
Case: a system of marking dependent nouns for the type of relationship they
bear to their heads
Predetermination: the restriction of choice in values of obligatorily
expressed categories in complex sentences.
Contextual Inherent
Inflectional morphology
Syntactic Morphological
What counts as a case or agreement marker? Prototypical (potential) characteristics of morphological and syntactic units
Inflectional morphology
What counts as a case or agreement marker? Prototypical (potential) characteristics of morphological and syntactic units
Syntactic unit Morphological unit
Can be agr target + -
Can control agr + -
Can govern another element + -
Can be governed (take case) + -
Host selectivity - +
Prosodically dependent - +
Fixed position - +
...