FRUIT FLY ATTACK AND CONTROLLING

METHODS

Content

01. Introduction

02. Different types of fruit fly

03. Attack of fruit fly

04. Control methods

05. Reference

01. Introduction•Improving productivity and quality of fruit and vegetable enhances food security , employment and trade opportunities.

•Asian countries produced 178 million ton of tropical fruit which amounted to 66% of the global production.

•However , several factors constrain fruit and vegetable production such as tephritid fruit flies.(Bactrocera dorsalis)

•These fruit flies cause direct damage to fruit and vegetables which can lead up to 90-100% yield loss depending on fruit fly population , locality , variety and season.

•Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are among the world’s most serious pests of horticultural crops due to their direct economic impact as females oviposit inside the fruits and consequently young larvae feed on the pulp thus render them unmarketable.

A). What is the fruit Fly

•Fruit fly is any of numerous small, black or steely green flies of the family Tephritidae, whose eggs are deposited in fruit for the larvae to feed on after hatching.

•Also known as Drosophila.

B). Importance of fruit flies

•In India, Oriental fruit fly B. dorsalis is the most destructive fruit fly of mango, followed by Peach fruit fly B. zonata Saunders and Guava fruit fly B. correcta

•The flies attack fruits at different stages of maturity but damage is more obvious at harvest maturity stages.

02. A). Different types of fruit fly•There are several types of fruit flies,

- Bactrocera dorsalis- Bactrocera cucurbitae- Bactrocera correcta- Bactrocera carambolae- Bactrocera papayae- Bactrocera occipitalis- Bactrocera philippinensis- Bactrocera invadenns

•Bactrocera dorsalis is one of the most common species in the world

Bactrocera dorsalis B. cucurbitae

B. Correcta B. diversa B. tau

B). Lifecycle of the fruit fly(Bactrocera dorsalis)

Egg laying Starts

After 2-3 weeks

Adults2-3 months

Pupa8-10 day

LarvaePupate in soil

Larvae6-9 day

C). Identification of different stage of fruit fly life cycle

•Adult – Reddish brown with transparent wing

•Larva – creamish yellow apodous maggots.

•Pupa- ranges in color from dull red or brownish yellow

03. Attack of fruit fly

•The damage from fruit flies normally start when the female fruit fly punctures the fruit with its long and sharp ovipositer. The fruit skin is breached, bacteria enter, and the starts to decay.

•The larvae that hatched from the eggs feed on the decaying fruit tissue, and on the yeasts and bacteria that multiply in it .

A). Nature of attack

•It is believed that fruit fly females carry bacteria with them that they inject into the fruit at oviposition so that the fruit decays, making it more nutritious for the larvae.

B). Nature of Damage•Brownish rotten patches on fruits.•Fruits finally drops down. •The larvae pupate in soil (5-10 cm) and flies start emerging from April onwards with maximum population during May to July which coincides with fruit maturity.

C). Severity of the Damage

•The emergence of the fruit fly starts from April onwards and maximum population is reached in May-July.

•The adults are flies with transparent wings while larvae are apodoses. Larvae feed upon the pulp of fruit .

•Asian countries produced 178 million ton of tropical fruit which amounted to 66% of the global production.

D). Type of Fruit

•Mango :- Mangifera indicaAttacking stage : Mature fruit & Ripening fruit

Nature of the attack :

•Watermelon :- Citrullus lanatus Attacking stage : Mature fruit

Nature of the attack :

•Avocado :- Attacking stage : Mature fruit & Ripening fruit

Nature of the attack :

•OrangeAttacking stage : Mature fruit & Ripening fruit

Nature of the attack :

•Banana :- Musa spp.Attacking stage : Mature fruit & Ripening fruit

Nature of the attack :

•Papaya :- Carica papaya L.Attacking stage : Mature fruit & Ripening fruit

Nature of the attack :

•Rambutan

•AppleAttacking stage : Mature fruit

Nature of the attack :

Attacking stage : Mature fruit

Nature of the attack :

•GuavaAttacking stage : Mature fruit & immature fruit

Nature of the attack :

04. A). Control methods

There are main two type of controlling methods,

1. Traditional methods- Physical methods- Biological methods

2. Conventional methods- Physical methods- Chemical methods- Biological methods

1. Traditional methods

Traditional methods ,

These methods are easy to practice and mostly done by traditional farmers & small holders.

These methods are environment friendly & no hazardous effects to other organisms.

Conti…..Sanitation

Removal of fallen fruits (damaged); each fruit canproduce up to 400 FF adults. Removal and

destruction is very import for FFIPM; collected fruits should be buried 6 inches

deep in soil. some part of China achieved good success in reducing population of FF using sanitation

Covering Immature fruits should be completely covered by using polybags.

Correct harvesting time

Fruits are harvested at the correct time period.

Hot water treatment

Immerse the fruits in mild water (50 c) for 2 to 3 minutes.

2. Conventional methodsThese are newly practice methods.

- Cover spraying of insecticides- Bagging & Sanitation- Para-pheromone trapping- Sterile Insect Technique- Mesh Bags and Mesh Sleeves- Biological Controls- Male annihilation- Protein baits

a). Physical conventional method

1. Mesh Bags and Mesh Sleeves Young fruits should be completely

bagged, bags must not have any holes, prevent oviposition. Initially labor intensive.

2. Sanitation All damaged fruits must be destroyed to

break the cycle of infection. Remove every fruit from the tree with dimples.

b). Chemical conventional methods

1. Cover spraying of insecticides Not recommended in IPM as there are other

robust tools available. however in citrus fruits FF can be suppressed by a single spray, limited use of pesticides in protein baits .

2. Sterile Insect Technique Available in some countries like in Thailand.

Better when working with a low population can also be used in combination of other methods .Some researches are already being conducting in Our country also.

3. Male annihilationUsing lures (ME) and cue- lures large number of

traps are needed traps are excellent tools for ministering flies population.

4. Protein baits There are Various types / formulations of protein

baits available. So when this use,Sexually immature males, sexually immature, mature females.

6. Para-pheromone trapping Synthetic compounds - similar in action

to natural secretions of female para-pheromones.

c). Biological conventional methods•Fruit fly has no specific predator.

•Generalist predators include: braconid wasps which are egg parasites. ants and ground beetles feed on maggots, spiders catch adults in webs.

•Predatory flying insects such as dragonflies and robber flies. birds such as swallows, Restless Flycatchers and Willy Wagtails. Increasing the range of habitats available will not give full control but will inevitably give a wide range of benefits.

B). How to control the population

As an example

• let’s stay the method that we can control fruit fly by using male sterility.

•When we are producing male sterile fruit fly an if we release them in to the normal environment. •The population automatically decline due to production of un fertile eggs.

05. Reference

http://ipm.ait.asiahttp://www.thefreedictionary.comwww.vegeableipmasia.org.

THANK YOU.