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Seeds are mature or ripened ovules. It has seed coat (testa and tegmen), reserved food, and the embryo.

Palay grains – monocot seed

Two types according to reserved nutrients

Endospermic – with reserved endosperm also called albuminous.

Non- endospermic(Exalbuminous)

food reserved in cotyledon

Seed types according to the number of cotyledons

Monocot seed –with one cotyledon called “scutellum”– an absorptive cotyledon.

Dicot seed –

with two cotyledons

FRUIT AND SEED DISPERSAL

Transfer of fruits and seeds from one place to another by themselves or by external agencies.

Two types of dispersal mechanisms

by itself - Autochory External – through several

agents like water, wind, animals.

External Agencies Water – hydrochory Animal – zoochory

attached to animal –epizoochory

eaten by animals –endozoochory

birds- ornithochory mammals –

mammaliochory bats – chiropterochory ants – myrmechory

Wind – anemochory

Blowing In The Wind

Seeds & Fruits Dispersed

By Wind

Squirrel-Tail Grass. The long awns function like the

parachute bristles (pappus) of composites.

Fuzzy brown cattail spikes (Typha latifolia)

contain dense masses of tiny seeds.

The remarkable winged seed of the tropical

Asian climbing gourd Alsomitra macrocarpa..

Seeds of kalachuchi, malunggay,

Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale).

The slightest gust of wind catches the elaborate

crown of plumose hairs, raising and propelling

each seed-bearing achene into the air like a

parachute.

Calyx modified into plumes

dandelions

Wings on pericarp

Thumble weeds

The quipo tree (Cavanillesia platanifolia),

a remarkable rain forest tree in the bombax

family (Bombacaceae) with huge winged

fruits.

Parachute seeds (plumose seeds) escaping

from the follicle of Nerium oleander. The crown

of silky hairs arises directly from the top of the

seed (not on an umbrella-like stalk.

An interesting one-seeded winged fruit that

spins as it falls through the air. It is called

"whirling nut“.

Gyrocarpus in the gyrocarpus family

(Gyrocarpaceae).

Helicopters

(Whirlybirds)

Spinning fruits from Thailand. The

species ID of these fruits would be

greatly appreciated.

Sailing in the water

Fruit and Seeds dispersed by Water

Lotus fruit – spongy receptacle

Coconut fruit – impervious and buoyant pericarp

Traveling with animals

Fruit and seeds dispersed by animals

Devil’s claw fruit catches on the legs of animals

epizoochory

Seeds that produce elaiosomes, oil bodies that attract ants, which disperse the seeds

while eating the elaiosomes as food.

(myremechory)

Thowhorn fruit – spiny fruits

Fruit with barbs, awns and spikes that get

entangled in fur of animals

Barbs or hooks that stick to the fur of animals

Cocklebur fruits are well known to hikers.

Endozoochory – seeds pass through animal’s digestive system, aids in

germination

Raspberries fruits

Edible but indigestible seeds– tomato, water melon, aratiles, santol

Unedible seeds –ampalaya, papaya, bell pepper, squash,

Thank you and good day

Ross D. Vasquez