fruit and pecan culture master gardener program dean mccraw extension horticulturist oklahoma state...
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Fruit and Pecan CultureMaster Gardener Program
Dean McCrawExtension Horticulturist
Oklahoma State UniversityStillwater, OK
Time (Years) Required to Bear
• Fig 2• Plum 2• Peach 3• Nectarine 3
• Persimmon 4• Apple 4• Pear 5• Apricot 5• Pecan 7
Pollination
• Fruit– Usually by insects– Cross pollination may be required
• Pecan– Pollen moves by wind– Cross pollination needed– Protandrous vs Protgynous
OCES F-6229 Pollination requirements for fruit and nuts
Pecan Male Flower• Catkin is male
flower• Produces pollen• Borne at end of last
season’s growth• May release before
female flower is receptive
• Variety selection– OCES F-6201
Pecan Female Flower• Borne at end of
current season’s growth
• Must be pollinated by male flower (catkin)
• Develops into the nut
• Variety selection– OCES F6201
Soils For Fruit & Nut Trees
• Depth– Effective rooting depth– May be limited by rock, water– minimum of 3 feet in most cases
• Drainage– Internal: berm, perk test – External: slope to open areaRefer to OCES F-6216 Soils for Fruit Trees
Tree Spacing
• Fruit trees– About 400 square feet per tree
• Pecan– No closer than 40 feet apart
Tree Root System
• Tap root– Nut trees e.g. pecan– Generally require deeper soils– Taproot essentially for anchorage only
• Fibrous root systems– Tree fruits e.g. peach, apple– Tolerate more shallow soil
Peach Tree Planting• Do not prune root
system• Do not let dry• Keep from freezing• Plant before buds
break• Hole big as the root• Bud at ground level
Pecan Rootstocks
• Important to cold hardiness• May impart some characteristics to
scion– Bud break– Vigor
• Recommendations– Adapted native– Northern variety e.g. Giles
Pecan Root System
• Tap root for tree stability
• Feeder roots near surface
• Severed taproot re-establishes
• Expansive root system
Pecan: Bare Root Tree Planting• Plant in Spring• Cut tap root to 18”• Plant in hole large
enough to accommodate roots
• Graft union at or slightly above ground level
Bare Root Pecan Tree Roots: Two Years After Planting
• Roots regenerate at cut surface
• Tap root re-establishes its self
Top Pruning of Bare Root Trees
• Cut pecan about half
• Cut peach to about 18”
• Balances top and root
• Can force bud growth
Container Pecan Trees
• Plant in fall• Graft if seedling• May have air
pruned root system
• Remove any circular roots
• Do not prune top
Non Air Pruned Container Grown Pecan Trees
• May have taproot• Remove taproot
at planting• Remove any
circular growing roots
Pruning
• Reasons to prune– Control tree size or shape– Correct injuries– Control bearing
• Types of cuts– Heading– Thinning
Training Fruit/nut Trees
• Peach - OCES F-6228– Open center
• Apple– Modified leader
• Pecan – OCES F-6245 – Central leader
• Many other specialty methods
Time of Pruning
• At or after flowering if time allows
• Can alter pruning to account for freeze damage
• Heavy crop, prune more; light crop, prune less
Peach Tree Pruning
• Remove wood to establish open center structure
• Remove upright, crossover, branches
• Refer to OCES F -6228
2nd Leaf Pecan Tree Prior to Pruning
• Vigorous growth• Many shoots• Objective is central
leader• Refer to OCES F
6245
2nd Leaf Pecan Tree After Pruning• Central leader• Temporary scaffolds
spaced along leader• No
– narrow crotches– crow’s feet
• Emphasis on structure
• Refer to OCES F 6245
Preventative Maintenance
• Pruning to eliminate narrow crotch angle
• Outward pressure with growth forces split
• Proper cut to prevent split and aid wound heal
Major Pruning Cut• Three point cut
with final outside “collar”
• Pruning paint not necessary
• Callus formation and “healing” or over growth
• Refer to OCES F 6245
Micro-sprinkler Water Application• Broader pattern
than in line emitters• Apply more water• Subject to wind
blow of pattern• Diameter and gph
varies with type• Mature tree 50
gal/day in August
Tree vs. Turf• Competition for
– Moisture– Nutrients
• Fescue or Bermuda• Chemical inhibition• Greater grass free
area means better growth
OCES CR-6242 Weed Control in Pecans, Apples, and Peaches
Mulch Effect on Pecan Tree Mulch Effect on Pecan Tree GrowthGrowth
• Mulch– None– 3 ft square– 6 ft square
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6T
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. (in
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)
1996 1997 1998
None3 ft6 ft
Tree Nutrition Monitoring
• Soil test (F-2207)– Generally useful for pre-plant needs only– Soil content and tree content usually not
same– Nutrients not always available
• Leaf tissue analysis (F-6232)– Sample collected in July– Measures tissue content– Sample must reflect lab criteria
First Year Fertilizer Application
• One pound (pint) of complete fertilizer (10-10-10) in band about 6” from trunk
• Apply half at bud break, remainder in May/June
Sample Fertilizer Schedule (10-10-10 per tree)
• Pre-plant - soil sample, adjust pH, P, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn as needed
• Year 1 (apply after bud break)– Apple, peach, pecan 1 lb – water and control weeds
• Year 2 (apply before bud break)– Apple, peach 2 lbs– Pecan 2 - 3 lbs
Sample Fertilizer Schedule (10-10-10 per tree)
• Year 3– Peach - 1.5 lbs March, 1.5 lbs May– Apple 3 lbs in March– Pecan - 3 lbs in March
• Zinc as needed • 36% zinc 1 lb per 50 gallons water
• Year 4 and up– fertilize IAW leaf analysis
Bearing Pecan Tree General Fertilization
• Complete fertilizer e.g. 10-10-10– 1 lb/inch of diameter up to 15”– 2 lb/inch of diameter up to 25”– 3 lb/inch of diameter over 25”
• Zinc– 2 lbs 36% zinc sulfate in 100 gallons– 2 to 4 applications from bud break to mid
July– OCES F-6232
Peach Half Bushel Carton
Common Rootstocks
• Peach: Lovell, Halford• Pear: P. calleryana• Plum: P. besseyi• Apple
– M-111 85% of standard– M106 70% of standard– M9 or M27 30% of standard
Variety Selection
• Fruit quality• Season of maturity• Pest resistance• Tree characteristics e.g. size• Bearing habit• Climatic adaptability • OCES F-6210 Apple and Peach Varieties for
OK
Peach Variety Selection
• Many choices– flesh color– pit adherence– maturity– disease resistance
• Individual preferences are key factor
Peach Variety Ripening Season
• Start in early June• Can continue
through September
• Early are cling, freestone later
• All bloom about the same time
Peach Variety Selection• White flesh
varieties e.g. ‘Indian Red’, ‘Georgia Belle’, ‘Summer Pearl’
• May be red streaked
• Little disease resistance
• Soft fruit
Bounty ripens late July,Loring Early August
Peach Fruit Thinning
• Remove fruit before pit hardens inside the fruit
• Usually about 4 weeks before ripening
• Thin to average 4-6” between fruit
Peach Fruit Size
• Most common size in OK is 2 1/4 - 2 1/2 inch diameter
• Larger size may be uneconomical for grower
• Larger fruit have more edible peach per bushel
Apple Variety Selection
• Color• Shape• Use
– Cooking– Dessert
• Clone selections
Apple Varieties• Good eating
quality • Often have poor
color• Strains of ‘Gala’
and ‘Fuji’ are usually good
• Delicious types are hard to grow in OK
• OCES F-6210
Specialty Pruning of Apples
• “A frame”, or other shapes
• Require more time
• May require special rootstock e.g. dwarfing
Dwarfing Apple Rootstocks• Affects only tree
size• Fruit
characteristics remain same
• The most dwarfing stocks (e.g. M-26) require support to prevent lodging under load
Asian Pears
• Well adapted to Oklahoma
• Susceptible to fire blight
• Shape like apple• Good as dessert
fruit• Not grainy as
common pears
Early Peach Flowers
• Snow may not be damaging
• Snow can insulate • Usually greatest
chance of injury the day after the snow
Peach Critical Temp: Shuck Split
• 10% kill @ 31F
• 90% kill @ 29F
• 30 minutes or more
Peach: Healthy Flower
• Freeze can damage only parts of flower.
• Anther, style,
Peach: Freeze damaged flower
• Petals intact, ovary dead
Freeze protection
• Plastic cover• Irrigation prior to
freeze• Irrigation during
freeze• Supplementary
heat
Propagation
• Sexual– Accomplished through the seed– Variability prevents use on orchards
• Asexual– Without seed– Eliminates variability– Results in clones with identical members
Pecan Scion Wood
• Good wood must have viable buds
• Primary and secondary buds are visible
• Has two more buds for emergency use by the plant
F-6217 Collecting and Storing Pecan Propagation Wood
Bark Graft
• Use on stock up to 4 inches
• Top working larger trees
• Put on two, remove one if both take
• F-6204 Bark Grafting Pecans
Four Flap Graft• Use on stock up to
size of scion wood• Use to convert
seedling trees to variety
• Remove wrapping in late summer and apply brace to prevent blow out
• F-6230 Four-Flap Grafting of Pecans
Shuck Split
• Nut is mature and ready for harvest
• Nut is released from shuck
• No longer susceptible to freeze
• Nut begins to dry• Time varies with
variety (F-6201)
Excellent Kernel Quality• Harder to achieve
with large nuts• Requires persistent
management• Usually requires
crop load management
• Usually related to nut load and stress
Pecan Nut Thinning in Home Situation
• Remove with cane pole
• Nuts at 50% kernel expansion
• About Aug 3 - 10 in Central OK
• Knock nuts from clusters
OCES F 6251 Pecan Crop Load Management
Home Pecan Harvesting• Wind may cause
drop • Long harvest period
increases loss• Cane pole may be
best option for home owners
• Knock nuts from clusters after shuck split
Pecan: Kernels• 35-55% of in shell
wt.• 70-75% fat
– 92-97% unsaturated– Healthy diet
• Get rancid with age• Storage
– 700 F 3 Month– 320 F 12 Month– 00 F 6-10 years
‘Maramec’ ‘Pawnee’
Latest News on Dietary Benefits of Pecans
Pecan oils (fats)56% monounsaturated29% polyunsaturated
Pecans in diet lower cholesterolLoma Linda Univ.; New Mexico State Univ.
Dietary benefits exceed olive oil
Table Grapes• Non- slip skin
– Jupiter – blue, mid July, hardy, muscat– Neptune – white, Aug, hardy, fruity & pleasant– Saturn – red, late July, mod hardy, sweet & fruity
• Slip skin– Mars – blue, Aug, very hardy, labrusca flavor– Reliance – pink, late July, hardiest, delicate & highest
rated– Venus – blue, mid July, mod hardy, labrusca & muscat– Sunbelt – seeded, blue, mid Aug, hardy, Concord flavor
Peach: :Physiological Disorders
• Split pit caused by rapid growth in cling varieties
• Color splotches can be caused by shade from leaves or can be variety specific
Diagnosing Disorders
• Look for patterns of occurrence
• Look for insects• Lawn herbicides?• Variety?
Beneficial Insects Aid Pest Management
• Lady beetle adult and larva
• Learn what they look like
• Others include– lacewing– assassin bugs
• F-7307 Beneficial Insects
Peach Tree Borer Control
• Trunk drench in early spring
• Use traps to determine when to apply
F-7319 – Home Fruit Tree Production & Pest Management
Peach Tree Borer
• Adult moth lays eggs on trunk
• Larva bores into trunk
• Will kill tree
Peach: Plum Curculio• Larva result from
egg laid on fruit
• Larvae migrate to pit
• Most prominent “worm” in OK peaches
Peach: Plum Curculio Traps
• Use to time spray application
• Screen or pyramid traps
OCES F-7190 – Monitoring Adult Weevil Populations in Pecan & Fruit Trees
Sources: Blarney Toe Enterprises, Stillwater, OK. 405-743-8116
Gemplers, Weevil top only,1-800-382-8473
Peach: Bacterial Spot
• Best control is resistant varieties
• Tree loses leaves in mid summer
• Lesion on fruit prior to harvest
Pecan Weevil Larvae
• Results from egg lay inside nut
• May be in nut at harvest
• Leaves “buckshot” hole at exit
• Must control prior to egg lay
Pecan Weevil Adult
• Overwinter in soil under tree
• Emerge after rain in July-September
• Must treat soon after emergence
• Must get full tree coverage with spray
F-7190 Monitoring Adult Weevil Populations in Pecan & Fruit
Circle Traps for Weevil Monitoring
• Instructions in OCES F 7190
• Trap catches adult upon emergence
• No catch, no spray• May help reduce
population in landscape situation
Sources: Blarney Toe Enterprises, Stillwater, OK. 405-743-8116
Gemplers, Weevil top only,1-800-382-8473
Peach: Spider Mites
• Usually occur in hot, dry summer
• Yellow spots on leaf surface due to mite on lower surface
• Usually associated with broadleaf weeds
Peach: Scale
• First found on twigs
• Heavy infestation goes to fruit
• Control with dormant oil
Peach Leaf Curl
• Fungal disease• Infests leaves at
bud break• Control with
copper fungicide before bud break
• Lesions may be various colors
Pecan Scab
• Black splotches on nuts and leaves
• Results in– leaf drop– poor nut fill– shuck stick
• Treatment– Resistance– Fungicide spray
OCES F 7642 Pecan Diseases Prevention & Control
Pecan Phylloxera• Galls on stem or
leaf• Stem is more
serious• Insecticide must be
applied shortly after bud break in spring
• Resistance in some varieties
Pecan Nut Casebearer Damage• Adult is moth• Damage in
May/June• Time sprays based
on egg lay• Use traps to help
scout for eggs• Use Bt formulations
in home landscape
Pecan Nut Casebearer Trap
• Bait with pheromone
• Hang in tree at convenient height
• Catches adult male moth
• Use along with egg scouting
OCES F 7189 – The Pecan Nut Casebearer