FrontPage: What is the biggest obstacle to unity in the United States?

The Last Word: No homework

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Africa After Independence

Building Unity, Governments and Economies

Starting Out

Newly independent Africans faced a number of challenges…–Promote Unity–Establish Governments–Build Economies

From Colonization to Independence and Beyond…

Promoting Unity

This was difficult for the new leaders of Africa– Africans felt more loyalty to ethnic groups, tribes,

families and villages– Felt little attachment to distant central governments

in faraway capitals

Promoting Unity

Economic differences were another obstacle to unifying the disparate people of Africa– Some Africans lived in areas rich in

resources, others were poor farmers– Some Africans had benefited from

European rule, many had not…

Promoting Unity

Political borders were a final obstacle to unification– Europeans had drawn political borders at the Berlin

Conference• Had no regard for location of tribes

– These borders by and large become the borders of newly independent nations of Africa

• Some rivals placed in the same nation; some tribes split by political borders

Africa Then and Now

Case Study: The CongoWins independence in 1960; – 14 million people

belong to hundreds of ethnic groups and regions;

– Each has its own goals

Case Study: The Congo

Civil war begins when Katanga province tries to separate – Long fight to bring

it back

Case Study: The Congo

Dictator Mobutu Sese Seko took control and ruled the country from 1965 – 1997– Changes name to Zaire in 1970

Civil war resumes after he returns; disparate groups not held together by strong leader…– **Benefit of dictatorship?

This fighting prevents the Congo from developing as a nation– Similar cases arise in Rwanda and elsewhere

Establishing Governments

In many African nations, the military took power in order to bring order and promote progress.– Used brutal methods to stay in power– Though their original intentions may have been

benevolent, they often became corrupt

Why would people prefer military rule to other types of governments?

What does military rule promote?

Establishing Governments

In other nations, African leaders set up one-party governments– Believed that competing political parties

created divisions within society– One-party rule is similar to traditional African

values of consensus

**What are the disadvantages of one-party rule?

Establishing Governments

The most successful and stable nations are those that eventually made the move towards democratization– They allowed many different parties, held open elections,

and removed military or one-party rulers**Examples include Cote d’Ivoire, Gabon, Kenya and

Senegal

Building Economies

African governments needed to determine the type of economic system they would use– Main question: How much of the economy would

government control?

Building Economies

Some African nations chose Socialism– Government owns major industries, – Exercises a great deal of control over business,

but still allows some investmentAfricans felt this system would benefit them the most– Would take care of basic needs, health care and

education– Also would make all Africans equal and end the

privileges of the few

**By and large, these nations found little success…

Building Economies

Most African nations today have a mixed economy– Government owns only basic industries; controls

certain other segments of the population– Allows for a great deal of private business and

investment

A Little Help From My Friends…?

– These companies will invest in Africa’s resources; this helps the African economies

**Downside: much of the profit leaves Africa…

Some African nations are turning to multinational corporations for help

–These are large businesses with branches in many different nations

Economic Challenges

Economic Dependence– Many African nations are dependent on a single

crop for export or must import vital needs– If the price on the world market changes

drastically, the country is hard hit

**Example of oil: many nations must import; left vulnerable to outside forces

The Population Explosion

Africa’s population has risen steadily since independence– Currently 1.03 billion; high birth rate has

recently been moderated by impact of AIDS– Projected to double by 2025

Consequences:– Strain on government resources– Changing ideas about families

The Population Explosion

The Population Explosion

Review:Give one reason why Africans had trouble promoting unity after becoming independent.What was one cause of the civil war in the

Congo? Who took power and stopped it?

What 3 types of governments existed in Africa after independence?

What type of economy do most African nations have today?

How will Africa’s population change in the next 20 years?