Frontiers of Earth Science

Frontiers of Earth Science A Festschrif for Dr. Harsh Kumar Gupta Editors

Prof. K.L. Shrivastava Department of Geology Jai Narain Vyas University Jodhpur, India

Prof. P.K. Srivastava Department of Geology Jammu University Jammu, India

Published for: Indian Science Congress Association, Kolkata — Host: University of Mumbai, Mubai

by

Editorial Board

Prof. K. L. Rai, Bhopal Prof. B. K. Sahu, Mumbai

Prof. Arun Kumar, Imphal Prof. B. Satyanarayan, Hyderabad

Prof. P. K. Kathal, Sagar Prof. T. K. Pandya, Udaipur

Prof. S. C. Mathur, Jodhpur Dr. Ajai, Ahemdabad

Prof. A. K. Verma, Dhanbad Prof. R. K. Trivedi, Sagar

Prof. Sishir Sharma, Bikaner Dr. Virendra Gaur, Jodhpur

Prof. M. E. A. Mondal, Aligarh Prof. A. Pophare, Nagpur

Prof. Devesh Walia, Shillong Prof. V. C. Tiwari, Dehradun

Prof. T. N. Jowhar, Dehradun Prof. Sreeup Goswami, Cuttak

Prof. R. Baskar, Hissar Prof. Vinisha Singh, Bhopal

Prof. Anita Pandey, Nainital Prof. G. K. Panda, Bhubneshwar

Prof. J. Mukhopadhyay, Kolkata Prof. S. K. Nag, Kolkata

Prof. Vibhuti Rai, Lucknow Prof. Rajesh K. Srivastava, Varanasi

Published by:

Scientific Publishers (India) 5 A, New Pali Road, P.O. Box 91 Jodhpur 342 001 (India) E-mail: info@scientificpub.com Website: www.scientificpub.com

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© Author, 2015

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Disclaimer: Whereas every effort has been made to avoid errors and omissions, this publication is being sold on the understanding that neither the editors (or authors of chapters in edited volumes) nor the publishers nor the printers would be liable in any manner to any person either for an error or for an omission in this publication, or for any action to be taken on the basis of this work. Any inadvertent discrepancy noted may be brought to the attention of the publishers, for rectifying it in future editions, if published.

ISBN: 978-81-7233-929-6

eISBN: 978-93-86102-34-8

Cover Page: Courtesy NASA Earth images and IGC 33rd Norway.

Printed in India

Preface

The Earth have supplied valuable and significant products to the human

development since long and much before becoming an object of commercial exploitation

and scientific curiosity. Present era has witnessed an information explosion and

electrifying conceptual revolution in the field of Earth Science. Applications of computer-

based data treatment and simulation practices now become greatly significant as they

led to more quantitative definition of some of the theses. High speed computers allowed

to numerically model Earth processes in a reasonable amount of time with increased

accuracy. Seismic tomography of the Earth’s mantle and increasing space missions have

produce piles of data to study. The full emergence and advent of plate tectonic theory

have revolutionalized the Earth Science. Numerous discoveries of ‘live’ genesis of ores

and invensions of sofesticated geophysical and geochemical techniques have gave many

logical explanations to unanswered questions related with the Earth.

The ‘Frontiers of Earth Science’ is an upshot of recent and revolutionary scientific

and academic race of discoveries and evolution of new concepts in the discipline of the

Earth Science. The Indian Science Congress Symposium in Earth Science, hence,

provided an opportunity so this pre-conference volume is in hand. This pre-conference

volume is first volume ever in the history of any section of the Indian Science Congress,

now running in its one hundred and second year.

The purpose of the present edited volume is to produce and assembled orderly these

newely emerging researches in the field of Earth Science. Also to emphasize the many

areas in which problems still exists with a view to encourage and contribute further

research. The volume ‘Frontiers of Earth Science’, incorporates selectively invited sixty

papers from distinguished earth scientists. It has seven sections on Mineral deposits;

Climate Change and Environment; Remote Sensing; Stratigraphy and Palaeobiology;

Petrology; Groundwater, and Seismology and Tectonics. We the editors feel that it would

not find it truly rewarding unless the book delivered the desired goods to the specialized

readers. In a work of this nature, errors of omission and commissions are inevitable,

vi Frontiers of Earth Science

although every care has been taken from our end. We would unhesitantingly own

responsibility for the same. We hope, wish and pray that the volume should delivered

the desired goods to the specialized readers of Industry and academia.

K.L. SHRIVASTAVA

P.K. SRIVASTAVA

1st Nov 2014

Jodhpur

Acknowledgement

We express our gratitude to all the contributors for responding to our request and

submitting the papers to this volume. The following geoscientists of distinction and

authors have extended their positive gesture. Prof. B. K. Sahu, IITB; Prof. K. L. Rai,

Chairman SAAEG; Dr. P. S. Parihar, Director, AMD; Prof. N. Kochhar, Punjab Univ.;

Prof. Rajesh Srivastava, BHU; Prof. V. Subramanian, IITB; Prof. P. K. Kathal, H. S.

Gour Univ.; Prof. A. Pophare, Nagpur Univ.; Prof. S. C. Mathur, JNVU; Prof. R. K.

Trivedi, H. S. Gour Univ.; Prof. P. Kundal, Nagpur Univ.; Prof. S. K. Nag, Jadhavpur

Univ.; Prof. Erfan Mondal, AMU; Prof. A. K. Verma, ISM; Prof. J. Mukhopadhyay,

Jadhavpur Univ.; Prof. Devesh Walia, Shillong Univ.; Dr. Ajai, ISRO; Dr. Trilochan

Singh, WIHG; Dr. R. K. Bajpai, BARC; Dr. T. N. Jowhar, WIHG; and Dr. P. K. Jain, IBM

and Dr. V. K. Sharma, GSI.

We are greatly oblised to the following geoscientists who gave their valuable

suggestions and help in preparation of this volume. Prof. V. K. Verma, Prof. R. S.

Sharma, Prof.O. P. Verma, Prof. N. C. Powar, Prof. Viladkar, Prof. T. K. Biswal, Prof. S.

S. Thigale, Prof. Dr. G. Parthsarthy, Prof. P. K. Verma, Prof. H. B. Srivastava, Prof. A.

K. Sinha, Prof. Ravindra Kumar, Prof. J. P. Srivastava, Prof. Hema Ahyuthan, Prof.

manoj Pandit, Prof. Vinod Agarwal, Prof. A. K. Shandilya (Bikaner), Prof. D. C. Gupta,

Dr. D. K. Sinha, Prof. T. K. Pandya, Prof. Pankaj Khare, Prof. A. K. Maheshwari, Prof.

R. P. Tiwari, Dr. Sakir Adil, Dr. K. K. Sharma, Dr. S. K. Trivedi, Dr. Sishir Sharma, Dr.

Beena Tripathi, Dr. S. N. Mohapatra, Dr. S. R. Jakhar, Dr. Arun Vyas, Dr. P. K. Jain

(Gwalior) and Dr. Devesh Khandelwal.

We are thankful to our research groups, doctoral students; present and former; for

providing us assistance. The assistance is gratefully acknowledged.

We both are indebated to our families for their endless support and continuous

patience and undying encouragement that has been a continuous source of motivation.

viii Frontiers of Earth Science

KLS is thankful to his wife Dr. Raka Srivastava and daughters Krati and Srasti. PKS is

thankful to his wife Mrs. Nishima Srivastava and daughter Arishima.

The completion of this book would not have been possible without trust and

confidence best owned on us by the Scientific Publishers (India), specially Mr. Pawan

Kumar, Mr. Tanay Sharma and Mr. Rajesh Ojha. Our cordial thanks is due to them for

their patient assistance in rising the technical quality of the book.

K.L. SHRIVASTAVA

P.K. SRIVASTAVA

1st Nov 2014 Jodhpur

Dr Harsh K. Gupta :

An Appreciation

Dr Harsh Gupta, born on June 28, 1942; obtained his BSc (Hons), MSc and AISM from the Indian School of Mines and PhD from the University of Roorkee. He was Director, Centre for Earth Science Studies, Trivandrum (1982-87) and Leader of the 3rd Indian Scientific Expedition to Antarctica (1983-84), which established a permanent base for India. He was Vice-Chancellor, Cochin University of Science & Technology (1987-90); Adviser, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India (1990-92); Director, National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad (1992- 2001); and Secretary to the Government of India, Department of Ocean Development (now Ministry of Earth Sciences, 2001-05). He was an Adjunct Professor at the University of Texas at Dallas (1978-2001) and Visiting Professor to the Universities of Hamburg and Paris Sud. He has also been a Visiting Scientist to US Geological Survey and Adviser/Consultant to UNESCO, ICSU, IAEA and the Commonwealth Science Council. Dr Gupta is currently Raja Ramanna Fellow at the National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad and

Member of Atomic Energy Regulatory Board of India..

Dr Gupta specialized in Earth Sciences and their application to address problems of continents and oceans. He is globally known for his work on artificial water reservoir-triggered earthquakes for developing criteria to discriminate them from normal earthquakes. He has also developed procedures to estimate potential of occurrence of reservoir- triggered earthquakes at a given site. In the recent years, he has contributed to understanding the genesis of stable continental region earthquakes. Dr Gupta carried out detailed investigations of regional crustal structure of the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea using the state-of-the-art surface-wave dispersion techniques.

Dr. Gupta has Provided the first geophysical evidence for an enormously thick crust (65-70 km) below the Tibet Plateau and Himalayan region in 1967, found to be accurate as confirmed by detailed field seismic surveys conducted in 1980s. Over the past 40 years, through detailed studies of earthquake focal mechanism, surface wave attenuation and other related work, threw much light on the geodynamic processes responsible for the high elevation of Tibet Plateau and tectonics of the Himalaya and nearby region. Pioneered investigations of artificial reservoir induced earthquakes and developed criteria to discriminate reservoir induced earthquakes from normal earthquakes. These criteria are now internationally applied. Also developed procedures to estimate potential of occurrence of reservoir induced earthquakes at a given site. He discovered that reservoir induced earthquakes of

x Frontiers of Earth Science

magnitude ≥ 5 are generally preceded by a couple of M ≥ 4 earthquakes. Completed a detailed study in 1986 of earthquake swarms and quiescence that precede major earthquakes in the northeast India region and concluded that major earthquakes are preceded by well-defined swarms and quiescence. Also made a medium term forecast of a 8± ½ magnitude earthquake to occur in area bound by 21°N and 25 ½ ° N, and 93°E and 96°E with a focal depth of 100 ± 40 km before the end of 1990. This has come true. Completed ‘stress pattern’ for the Himalayan and the Andaman-Nicobar Region as inferred from earthquake focal mechanism. Dr Gupta has carried out detailed studies of Latur earthquake, one of the deadliest stable continental region earthquakes, and shown that fluids existing at shallow crustal depths played an important role in the genesis of Latur earthquake. Dr. Gupta has developed the concept of spectral magnitudes and showed its application in learning about characteristics of seismic sources using broadband recordings. One latest application has been in characterizing the nuclear explosion. Dr. Gupta made a successful short-term forecast in May 2006; of an M 4 earthquake in the Koyna region in India. The forecast made in May 16 and communicated to Current Science & Geological Society of India said “On the basis of the data available from 7 seismic stations operating in the Koyna region, we have identified a nucleation, which started on May 12th, 2006. This may lead to the occurrence of an M~4 earthquake in the next 15 days. This shallow earthquake (focal depth less than 8 km) will occur within a radius of 10 km centered at 17.1° N,73.8°E. On the basis of our previous experience of studying nucleation-preceding earthquakes in the Koyna region, we expect this earthquake to occur over the next 15 days time (till 31st May, 2006), with a 50% probability”. An earthquake of M 4.2 occurred on May 21st, 2006 with in specified parameters.

Dr Harsh Gupta has been very deeply involved with investigations related to oceans. Early in his career during 1964-65 he participated in the India Ocean Expedition Programme where joint expeditions were undertaken in the Arabian Sea by the German research vessel Meteor and Indian research vessel Kistna. In 1968 he carried out very detailed investigations of regional crustal structure of the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea using the state-of-the-art surface wave dispersion techniques. Later, as the Director, Centre for Earth Science Studies (1982-87), Trivandrum, he pioneered efforts to generate wave atlas of the west coast of India. Detailed work on placer deposits on the west coast was also carried out.

He was the Leader of the 3rd Indian Scientific Expedition to Antarctica (1983-84) which established a permanent base for India in a record time. This station fulfilled a very urgent scientific requirement of the country.

In the recent years, at the National Geophysical Research Institute, he initiated a very detailed work on Gas Hydrates in the Exclusive Economic Zone of India. Sponsored by the Gas Authority of India Limited, a comprehensive report has been prepared under his leadership entitled “Gas Hydrate Exploration along the Continental Margins of India – Evaluation of Available Geophysical and Geological Data”. Another landmark work has been the analysis of 80,000 line km of single channel seismic data in the Indian Exclusive Economic Zone to identify locations where bottom simulating reflectors occur. This has been extremely helpful in identifying zones of gas hydrate occurrences.

One of the major requirements in Antarctica has been the setting up of a permanent seismic station as well as permanent GPS station. Under Dr Gupta’s stewardship these two major objectives were achieved during 1996-97 and 1997-98. India now boasts of one of the best state-of-the-art GPS station and a digital seismic data acquisition system in Antarctica.

At the Department of Ocean Development, he has implemented several new programmes, such as, scientific work necessary for submitting India’s claims on Legal Continental Shelf where India may gain 1.5 million sq. km of additional ocean area over and above the 2 million sq. km Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ); detailed bathymetry surveys in the entire EEZ of India; building of an Indo-Russian Gas Hydrate Centre at Chennai; acquisition of new research vessels; and latest being putting India on the global map by designing an Early Warning System for Oceanogenic Hazards (Tsunami and Storm Surges) for India, as well as successful commissioning of a 1 million litre per day Low Temperature Thermal Desalination Plant at Kavaratti, Lakshadweep Islands.

Dr Harsh K. Gupta: An Appreciation xi

Dr. Gupta has authored four books. (1) Gupta, H.K. and B.K. Rastogi (1976). “Dams and Earthquakes”, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 229 p. (Translated into Russian in 1979 and Chinese in 1980). (2) Gupta, H.K. (1980). “Geothermal Resources: An Energy Alternative”. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 227 p. (3) Gupta, H.K. (1992). “Reservoir Induced Earthquakes”, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 364 p. (4) Gupta, H.K. and Sukanta Roy (2006). “Geothermal Energy: An Alternative Resource for the 21st Century”, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 306 p.

He has published over 150 papers in scientific journals of international repute. To include SCIENCE/NATURE (5), BULLETIN OF SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA (25), TECTONOPHYSICS (12), OTHER INTERNATIONAL JOURNALS (39), and INDIAN JOURNALS (57).

He has edited volumes of Tectonophysics (3), I.G.U. (2), A.G.U. (1), Current Science (2), Inter Union Commission on Geodynamics (1), Department of Ocean Development (GOI) (1), Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interior (1), Geological Society of India (3), Pure & Applied Geophysics (1), INSA Proceedings (2).

As Secretary, Department of Ocean Developmetnt, Dr Gupta implemented several new programmes, such as, scientific work necessary for submitting India's claims on Legal Continental Shelf; detailed bathymetry surveys in the entire EEZ of India; building an Indo-Russian Gas Hydrate Centre at Chennai; designing an Early Warning System for oceanogenic hazards (Tsunami and Storm Surges) for India, as well as successful commissioning of a 1 MLD low temperature thermal desalination plant at Kavaratti, Lakshadweep islands. Dr Gupta has revolutionized application of earth sciences by significantly contributing to water resource finding, rainwater harvesting and water pollution related studies as well as ways and means of assessing and safeguarding against earthquake hazards. He is the President of the Geological Society of India, a Member of the CSPR/ICSU as well as ICSU Planning Group on natural and human-induced hazards and disasters; Vice President of IUGG; Founder President of Asian Seismological Commission; and has been Councilor of IUGS; Bureau member of IASPEI and ILP. He was the General President of the Indian Science Congress (2007).

Dr Gupta has been involved from a very young age in senior administrative positions of institution building. He built Centre for Earth Science Studies at Trivandrum from a scratch. This included development of a whole campus in a short time of two years (1984-86). He also had the responsibility of building Indian Scientific Station in Antarctica which he did with distinction and completed all the tasks in a record time of one Antarctic summer (1983-84). In his capacity as Vice-

Chancellor of Cochin University of Science and Technology (at the age of 45 years he was the youngest Vice-Chancellor in the country), among several things, he created DRDO – Cochin University of Science & Technology, Computer Centre equipped with the then latest available computers for joint research projects. He also hosted the Science Congress in January 1990, the first Science Congress in Kerala, which, people still remember as one of the best conducted Science Congress meetings. At DST, during his stay of two years (1990-92) he initiated many new programmes including consolidating DST inputs on IGBP projects.

During 1992-2001, Dr Gupta was the Director at the National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI), Hyderabad. NGRI has risen to the position of one of the top few CSIR laboratories. From a meager rupees one crore external cash flow during 1993-94, it has grown to 11 crores during 1996-97 and the same level is maintained since then. NGRI won the prestigious Technology Prize for Business Development and Technology Marketing during 1997. At NGRI, Dr Gupta has revolutionized application of earth sciences to the basic needs of the country. This has included delineation of Mesozoic sediments (which could be petroliferous) under Deccan Trap cover, and a new chapter has been opened in looking for Gas Hydrates in offshore region of India. NGRI has also significantly contributed in water resource finding, rain water harvesting and water pollution related studies as well as ways and means of assessing and safeguarding against earthquake hazards.

xii Frontiers of Earth Science

Dr Gupta received the SS Bhatnagar Prize (1983), USSR Academy of Sciences' "100 Years of International Geophysics" Memorial Medal (1985), National Mineral Award (1991), the Indian Geophysical Union Millennium Award (2000), Indian Society of Applied Geochemists Millennium Award (2000), Jawaharlal Nehru Birth Centenary visiting Fellowship (2003) and Professor K Naha Memorial Award (2004) of INSA, National Mineral Award for Excellence (2002), Padma Shri by Government of India (2006), Nayudamma Memorial Gold Medal Award (2008), National Award in Ocean Science & Technology (2008) and the Waldo E Smith Medal Award of the American Geophysical Union (2008). He is a Fellow of National Academy of Sciences (India), Allahabad.

Dr Gupta has been very active internationally. He is currently a Bureau Member of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), and Member of the Committee on Scientific Planning and Review of ICSU. Earlier he has been Councillor of the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS); the Chairman of the Steering Committee of Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Programme (a UN initiative); Chairman of IASPEI/UNESCO/ICL Working Group on Seismology and Related Sciences in Africa, as well as Bureau Member and Chairman of several Committees of the International Lithosphere Programme. He was the Founder President of Asian Seismological Commission. Dr. Gupta is currently a Member of the CSPR/ICSU as well as Member, ICSU Planning Group on Natural and Human-induced Hazards and Disasters. He has convened several international symposia at IUGG, IASPEI and IGU Assemblies. During January 1998, he convened a Chapman Conference on “Stable Continental Region Earthquakes” at NGRI, Hyderabad, this being the first Chapman Conference ever held in Asia.

It is matter of great honour for India to have a scholar of distinction like Dr. Harsh K. Gupta, who has given a new scientific and administrative directions for this country to grow. The scientists of this great nation, specially Earth Scientists, and those who have contributed to this volume, by joining hands with we, the editors, wish from the core of their hearts, all the best to Dr. Harsh Kumar Gupta for his future.

K.L. Shrivastava

P.K. Srivastava

Contents

Preface

Acknowledgement

Dr. Harsh K. Gupta : An Appreciation

Section - I MINERAL DEPOSITS

1. A New Type of Uranium Deposit Prospects in The Indian Desert

– K. L. Shrivastava 1-80

2. Kerguelen Plume Induced Mantle Derived Early Cretaceous Ultramafic-Alkaline-Carbonatite Complexes from the Shillong Plateau, North-Eastern India: Evidence for Multiple Magmatic Intrusions

– Rajesh K. Srivastava 81-98

3. Adoption of United Nations Framework Classification of Mineral Resources in India: Current Status, Constraints and the Way Forward

– K.L. Rai 99-108

4. Malanjkhand Polymetallic Copper Sulhide Porphyry Deposit, Madhya Pradesh, India: Review and Future Prospects

– B.K. Sahu 109-115

5. Prospects of Mineral Prospecting in India

– Pratap Singh Parihar 116-119

6. The Malani Supercontinent

– Naresh Kochhar 120-138

7. Economic Deposition of Emerald Near village Kaliguman, Tehsil Amet, District Rajsamand of Rajasthan, India

– Neeraj Srivastave 139-146

8. Geophysical Investigations of Panihar Iron Ore Mine in Gwalior District of Madhya Pradesh, India: A Case Study

– P.K. Jain and R.K. Agrawal 147-161

9. BIF-hosted Iron Ores of the Paleo-Mesoarchean Iron Ore Group, Singhbhum Craton: An Insight into the Recent Advances in the Understanding of Iron Ore Genesis

– Joydip Mukhopadhyay 162-167

xiv Frontiers of Earth Science

10. Issues Pertaining to Sand Mining In India

– P.K. Jain 168-174

11. Prospect and Constrain of Small Scale Mines of Rajasthan, India

– Neeraj Srivastave, Shiv Kumar Lakhara and Vandana Mehra 175-182

12. Heat Capacity at Constant Volume of NaCl Crystal Under High Pressure

– Arun Kumar Khan 183-185

13. Phosphorous Problem in the Iron Ores with Special Reference to Donimalai Iron Ore Deposits of Bellary District, Karnataka State, India

– P.S.N. Murthy 186-198

14. An Overview on the Geological Attributes of the Barmer Basin, Western Rajasthan, India: Implication for Hydrocarbon Prospects and Economic significance

– S.C. Mathur, V.S. Parihar, S.L. Nama, Kapil Gehlot, S.D. Gour, Saurabh Mathur, Akashdeep, Snehlata Mathur, Lokesh Mathur, N.S. Shekhawat and C.P. Khichi

199-215

15. Thermo-elastic Properties of (Mg1-xFex) SiO3 Perovskite under High Pressure

– Seema Gupta 216-221

16. Hydrocarbon Generation Potential of Selected Borehole Coal and Shale Samples from Jharia Basin, Jharkhand

– Atul Kumar Varma, Piyush Ranjan Das, Vinod Atmaram Mendhe, Bodhisatwa Hazra, Suresh Kumar Samad and John Buragohain

222-224

Section - II

CLIMATE CHANGE AND ENVIRONMENT

17. Geological Challenges in Permanent Disposal of Radioactive Wastes in India: An overview

– R.K. Bajpai 227-242

18. Himalayan Speleothems as Proxy for the Past Climatec Change and Paleomonsoon

– Vinod Chandra Tewari 243-250

19. Characteristic Study of Solar Activity During Solar Cycle 23

– A.K. Singh and Amarendra Kumar 251-253

20. Indigenous Knowledge for Weather Forecasting in Dhule District of Maharashtra (India)

– More, B.C., Shaikh, H.I., Bagul, P.K. and Patole, S.S. 254-257

21. Hydropower Development in the Himalaya : Constraints and Challenges, with Emphasis on Geological Investigations

– Trilochan Singh 258-267

22. Change in Land Use Land Cover Dynamics in Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area - A Case Study of Anupgarh and Vijayanagar tehsils

– Sandhya 268-274

Dr Harsh K. Gupta: An Appreciation xv

23. Dynamics of Human Rights and The Environment

– R.N. Sharma and Nitesh Saraswat 275-286

24. Fluoride Contamination in Groundwater of Nagaur District, Rajasthan and Health Hazards: A Review

– Arun Vyas 287-296

25. Hydro-geochemical Study of High Fluoride in Ground Water with Help of GIS Application: A Case Study of Kishangarh, District Ajmer, Rajasthan

– Manoj Panwar; Madan P. Jha; Devesh Khandelwal and Kalpana Khandelwal 297-304

26. Study of Irrigation Water Quality with Reference to Coastal Andhra Pradesh, India

– Sudhakr Gummadi, Swarnalatha, G., P. Brahmaji Rao and V. Venkataratnamma 305-310

27. Village and Social Transformation

– T.M. Varat 311-322

Section- III

REMOTE SENSING

28. Early Warning of Desertification

– Rimjhim Bhatnagar Singh and Ajai 325-333

29. Geomorphometric Analysis Using GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques in Some Part of Wardha River Basin, Maharashtra, India

– B. S. Manjare 334-342

30. Snowmelt Runoff Modeling and its Implications in Hydropower Potential Assessment in Dhauliganga Catchment of Pithoragarh district, Uttarakhand

– B.K. Bhadra, G. Arun, Sagar S. Salunkhe and A.T. Jeyaseelan 343-354

31. Geological Investigation and Mapping of Basaltic Terrain of Shirpur Taluka, Dhule district, Maharashtra using High Resolution Cartosat-I Data

– A. K. Joshi, P. Kundal and Mamta S. Mishra 355-361

32. Application of Remote Sensing Technology for Assessment of Landuse and Land Cover Change Analysis for Sustainable Development : A Case Study of Sandur Taluk of Bellary District of Karnataka

– S.S. Hangaragi 362-373

Section - IV

STRATIGRAPHY AND PALAEOBIOLOGY

33. An overview on the discordant Radiochronology and Biochronology, Lower Vindhayn Supergroup (LVS), Central India

– P.K. Kathal and D.R. Patel 377-384

34. New report of Arumberia banksi (Ediacaran affinity) Mat Structures from the Girbhakar Sandstone of Marwar Supergroup, Bhopalgarh area, Jodhpur, Western Rajasthan, India.

– V.S. Parihar, V. Gaur, S.L. Nama and S.C. Mathur 385-392

xvi Frontiers of Earth Science

35. Lithostratigraphy, Deformation History and Tectonic Framework of Imbricate Zones in The Frontal Part of Kashmir Nappe, Doda Area of Kashmir

– Beena Tripathi 393-402

36. Speleothems from Krem Mawsmai, Meghalaya, India: Some Biogenic Evidences

– Sushmitha Baskar and Ramanathan Baskar 403-407

37. Thalassinoides and its Associated Trace Fossils from Girbhakar Sandstone of Marwar Supergroup, Bhopalgarh Area, Jodhpur, Rajasthan

– V.S. Parihar, V. Gaur, S.L. Nama and S.C. Mathur 408-416

38. Basin Analyis of Neo- Proterozoic Sandstone Around Bidasar (Churu), Rajasthan, India

– Jakhar Sukesh and Sharma Shishir 417-430

39. Introducing Microbiology in the Indian Earth System Science Curriculum: A Game Changing Decision

– Ramanathan Baskar and Sushmitha Baskar 431-434

Section - V

PETROLOGY

40. Homogenization Experimental Studies of Alkali Feldspars from the Northwestern Himalayan Granites, India

– R.S. Rawat, T.N. Jowhar and Kalpana Bhandari 437-450

41. Regional metamorphism and zonal division of Darjeeling-Mangpu Region, Eastern Himalaya, West Bengal

– Divya Prakash and Suparna Tewari 451-456

42. P-T paths from Gibbs Method and its Applications

– T. N. Jowhar 457-463

43. Modern Trends and Challenges of Classification and Genesis of Granitic Rocks

– M.E.A. Mondal 464-476

44. Petrographic Make up in Deciphering Depositional Environment of Damodar Valley Coal Basins

– Atul Kumar Varma, Debadatta Sen, Divya Kumari Mishra, Satabdi Misra, Anwita and Piyush Ranjan Das

477-480

Section - VI

GROUNDWATER

45. Deciphering Groundwater Quality for Irrigation and Domestic Purposes – A GIS based case study of Suri I and II Blocks, Birbhum District, West Bengal, India

– S.K. Nag and Shreya Das 483-498

46. Groundwater Resource Development and Management in Suketi River Basin, Himachal Himalaya, India

– Anil M. Pophare and Umesh S. Balpande 499-526

Dr Harsh K. Gupta: An Appreciation xvii

47. Journey of the Jodhpur City Since its Foundation through Water Impounding Structures

– Shiv Singh Rathore and Suresh Chandra Mathur 527-550

48. Quality of Groundwater and F- contamination in the Granitoids of Chhindwara District (M.P.), Central India

– Jemini Khatik, P. K. Kathal and R. K. Trivedi 551-556

49. Assessment of Wetland Resources for Sustainable Development of Belgaum District of Karnataka: Using Multispectral Satellite Data

– Sunanda and I. Kittali 557-566

50. Quantitative and Spatial Assessment of Fluvial Erosion in Relation to Morphometric Properties:A Case Study of Parvati River Basin

– Padmini Pani 567-575

51. Vertical Electrical Sounding Technique to Delineate Aquifer Zones in The Hard Rock Terrain Around Jowai Town, West Jaintia Hills District, Meghalaya

– Edmund K. Mawkhiew and Devesh Walia 576-586

52. Geomorphological Evolution of the Rushikulya Basin

– D. Panda and M. Devi 587-596

Section - VII

SEISMOLOGY AND TECTONICS

53. The Seismic Scenario of Mumbai

– V. Subramanyan 599-601

54. Crustal Velocity Structure of the Dharwar Craton by Seismic Refraction Studies and its Tectonic Implications

– A.S.N. Murty and V. Vijaya Rao 602-611

55. Moon Forms When Axis Tilts

– Krishna Mohan Agrawal 612-620

56. Formation of Mother Earth

– R.S. Muduli 621-625

57. Radon and Active Tectonics in the Shillong Area – Devesh Walia, Y. Sharma, A. Saxena, D. Maibam, A. Lyngdoh and P. Wahlang 626-631

58. Tunnelling in the Soft Rocks of Manipur, India: A Case Study

– Dolendro Thingujam and Yogesh Verma 632-637

59. Evaluation of Seismic Hazard Potential Along Active Naga-Disang Thrust Belt in NE India

– Arun Kumar 638-645

60. Geodynamic Evolution of Himalaya

– Ram S. Sharma 646-650

Section - I

MINERAL DEPOSITS