1.From Water Problemsto Water SolutionsPhoto: Prue Loney/IWMIWater for a food-secure worldwww.iwmi.org

2. Humanitys greatest challenge To feed 9 billion people in2050, we need to produce70% more food and raisenutrition levels withoutdestroying the environment Rising demands are alreadycontributing to: Water scarcity Land degradation Loss of ecosystemservicesWater for a food-secure worldwww.iwmi.org 3. Global Demography, GDP and Water Withdrawals 1900 - 2000 Population increase about 3.6 times Water withdrawals increased 6.8 times GDP increased 19 times , about 3% per year (constant prices, IMF) Water for a food-secure world www.iwmi.org 4. Poverty and PopulationPopulation growth,dietary change andpoverty andmalnutrition will bekey drivers withrespect toPop. m Pop. m Growthagriculture 2009 2050 Africa 1010 1998 98% Asia 4121 5231 27% Europe 732691- 5% LA and 58272925% Caribbean Water for a food-secure world www.iwmi.org 5. Land and water availability are reducing0.80100Thousands90 Myanmar0.70 Cambodia80 Indonesia Malaysia0.6070 Lao PDR PhilippinesWatger availability (000m3/cap)0.50 Vietnam60500.40400.30300.20200.1010 00.001940 1960 1980 2000 20201950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Land area (ha) per personWater availability 1000m3 perperson 6. Water scarcityPhysical scarcity:Water resourcesdevelopmentapproaching orexceedingsustainable limitsEconomic Scarcity:Water resources canmeet needs; buthuman, institutionaland financial capitallacking to actuallyharness and usethese resourcesSource: Water for Food, Water for Life,IWMI, 2007 7. Consumption and income 1961-2000These trends are continuing 120 100meat consumption Meat (kg/cap/yr) 80 60ChinaUSA 40 200India10100100010000 100000GDP per capita (2000 constant dollars per year)120100 IndiaUSAmilk consumption(kg/cap/yr) 80 60 Milk 40 200 China10100100010000 100000GDP per capita (2000 constant dollars per year)Water for a food-secure worldwww.iwmi.org 8. Wheat in South Asia will be strongly affectedby climate change 2025: USD 15-20 billion losses pa (1216%) 2050: USD 32-48 billion losses pa (2030%) 10% Yield potential loss for every C0 increase Courtesy Dr M Banziger, CIMMYT Water for a food-secure world www.iwmi.org 9. problems are more than just scarcity0.806,0000.705,0000.604,0000.500.40 Water & Slow3,0000.30 landgrowth of2,0000.20 scarcity productivity1,0000.10 00.001940 1960 1980 2000 2020UnequalUnequal sharing of sharing ofbenefitsrisks INDIA NEWS CTOBER 1, 2009 Indias Drought Worst Since 1972 10. Impressive growth, but unsustainable trends in resource useGW pumps in Indus-Ganges basin Map: Sharma et al, 2009Photos: Fred PearceWater for a food-secure worldwww.iwmi.org 11. Sanitation Water Food Challenge in India About 128 million septic tanks andlatrines in India contribute to 80%of the pollution of Indias surfacewaters due to the lack of septagetreatment facilities. Inadequate sanitation costs IndiaRs. 2.4 trillion (US$ 53.8 million)per year or 6.4 percent of Indias2006 GDP. 12. Food safety and health at risk Can we turn a threat into an opportunity? 13. The ChallengeIt is not so muchthat water isscarcebut more about howit is managed andaccessed by themost vulnerableWater for a food-secure worldwww.iwmi.org 14. Looking forward .. some reasons foroptimism? Photo: Prue Loney/IWMI Water for a food-secure world www.iwmi.org 15. Food security and water scarcity We can produce enough food for 9 billion it isabout access to food and improved nutrition Feeding more people is not simply a question ofbio-physical innovation Water is as much a social issue as a physicalone and therefore we have to look to governanceand institutional solutions A critical aspect is scaling up R&D outcomes Water for a food-secure world www.iwmi.org 16. Global Water Withdrawals:historical and projected (after Peter Gleick) 17. Increases in productivity 6000 more crop per drop inirrigated and rainfed 5000 systemsCereal Production per Area (Kg/ha)Arab World 4000Sub-Saharan Africa (developing only)Burkina FasoBangladesh 3000IndiaPakistan 2000 ChinaVietnamThailand 1000 BrazilColombia 00 200 400 600 8001,0001,200 Area (Km2)Thousands Courtesy Simon CookWater for a food-secure worldwww.iwmi.org 18. Sustainable intensification the comingchallenge across many scales Closing the actual vs potential yield gap (on farmissue) Twice the yield off half the area? (on-farm issue) Capitalizing on natural infrastructure (nationalpolicy issue) Recognizing the value of ecosystem services(river basin/regional level issue) The water-food-energy-environment nexus(national-transboundary issue)Water for a food-secure worldwww.iwmi.org 19. Reasons for optimism #1: Upscaling the recoveryof groundwater tables and reduced electricityusageThe problem in GujaratFree electricity encouragedgroundwater overuseResulted in groundwateroverdraft Safe Semi-critical Critical Over exploited Saline 20. Jyotigram in Gujarat, India Issue was over-pumpingof groundwater becauseof subsidized electricity Pragmatic solutionsuggested by IWMI andpartners was separationof electricity supply tovillages and pumps Outcome was reducedelectricity use, lessgroundwater use,improved power supply Similar schemes now proceeding into domestic usersneighboring statesWater for a food-secure worldwww.iwmi.org 21. Jyotigram: technical solutionsSeparate reliable power feeds for farm and non-farm useGives villages 24 hour metered, three-phase power supply fordomestic uses, in schools, hospitals, village industriesTargets high-quality power supply on 30-50 days of peak irrigationdemandSupports on-farm storage, rewards groundwater recharge,subsidizes drip-irrigation 22. Result in GujaratHalved subsidy to agricultureReduced groundwater overdraftIncreased yieldsSpurred rural non-farm enterprisesNow rolling out in other states 23. Reasons for optimism #2: Ground Water Policy change Agricultural growth in WestBengal had slumped by morethan half Research identified that a majorobstacle to agriculturalproductivity was getting accessto groundwater New policies recommended byIWMI were adopted to reducered-tape and improvegroundwater access forsmallholder farmers. The policy change could benefitmore than 5.6 millionsmallholdersWater for a food-secure worldwww.iwmi.org 24. Why did we think of groundwater based solution for Bengal?Groundwater use status in IndiaHighGW potential Only 42% of its potential is usedand less than 10% blocks are critical, none are over-exploited 80% of farmers depend on GW Water for a food-secure world www.iwmi.org 25. Reasons for optimism #3: Renewedcommitment to irrigated agriculture Most countries are committed to revitalizeirrigation systems In Asia Modernization Capacity Building Policy Reforms underway In Africa, Investments in expansion Rehabilitation PPP ModelsWater for a food-secure worldwww.iwmi.org 26. Realities of meeting future demand Limited new cultivable areas 80 - 90% of increased production will come fromexisting cultivated area higher yield per ha, double or triple cropping installation of irrigation and/or drainage systems in areas withouta system modernization of existing irrigation and drainage systems installation of drainage in irrigated areas installation of irrigation in rainfed areas with drainage 10 - 20% from land reclamationWater for a food-secure worldwww.iwmi.org 27. Why Irrigate? Area per capita isdecreasing Approximately 20%irrigated It produces 45% ofcereals Irrigation increasesyield by about 300%per unit of landWater for a food-secure worldwww.iwmi.org 28. Reasons for optimism #4: Revitalizingsurface irrigation in areas ofgroundwater over- exploitation Water for a food-secure world www.iwmi.org 29. Surface Storage and Conjunctive Use to Minimize PowerSubsidies and Carbon Footprint of IrrigationDeep groundwaterareas are where largecanal systems operate 75-80 b kWh of power valued at US $ 9.0 billion/year used for groundwater pumping Surface storages and conjunctive use can reduce power and carbon footprintWater for a food-secure worldwww.iwmi.org 30. E.g. new approaches to rehabilitate and adapt For example, encourage distributed storage to improve system flexibility and reliability e.g. Rajasthan: farm-storages; Gujarat, Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh: village tanks replenished by canal water Modernize irrigation systems e.g. pressurized systems Water for a food-secure world www.iwmi.org 31. Reasons for optimism #5: Re-visit Participatory Irrigation ManagementSome results from research: Small sized schemes serving lesser number of farmers(lower transaction costs) Schemes with simple distribution systems (easy tooperate) Non-paddy systems where accurate water control is veryimportant Schemes producing high value crops (higher capacity offarmers to pay for professional help) Systems that have been rehabilitated before transfer In India, PIM succeeded where NGOs were involvedWater for a food-secure worldwww.iwmi.org 32. Distribution of success/failure based on case study authorscriteriaRegionSuccess FailureS Asia1820E Asia7 2SE Asia 1224C Asia4 14Water for a food-secure worldwww.iwmi.org 33. Indicators of success that were considered for creating a composite success score Outcome indicators (7) ISF collection; financial viability; maintenance; equity; reliability and adequacy; participation and reduction in disputes Impact indicators (2) Crop related (production, yields, cropping intensity) Livelihoods related (poverty, wages, employment) Water for a food-secure world www.iwmi.org 34. Reasons for optimism #6: Environmental Flows initial steps on the Ganga Iconic river lots of cultural and religious angles never explored before Expert Panel approach 10 different specialists representing various disciplines. Firsttime in India - large capacity building component Endorsed by newly formed National Ganga River Basin Authority and input to futureBasin plans RBMP). 35. Reasons for optimism #7: Policy influence - the exampleof Urban Agriculture and Safe Wastewater Use inGhanaIWMI research results directly or indirectly influenced thesestrategies and policies: Food & Agriculture Sector Development Policy II (2007) Strategic Agenda for Urban & Peri-urban Agriculture (2008) Ghana Buffer Zone Policy (2008) Agriculture Sector Investment Plan 2009-2015 Ministry of Food and Agriculture MTP 2009-2013 Vision statement on Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture (Accra) National Environmental Sanitation Strategy and Action Plan (NESSAP) (2010) -input provided- Accra Agricultural Bye-law revision (still in progress) National Irrigation Policy, Strategy, and Regulations (2011) Water for a food-secure world www.iwmi.org 36. Wastewater ReuseCan we develop effective businessmodels that promote safe recyclingand reuse?Courtesy Pay DrechselWater for a food-secure worldwww.iwmi.org 37. Farm based options for risk Drip and furrow irrigationreduction Sedimentation ponds Cessation of irrigation Filter Limited soil splash Improved water fetching Increased retention time On-farm treatment ponds Water for a food-secure worldwww.iwmi.org 38. SolutionsAssessing risks, developing and applying low-cost options for risk reduction in line with WHO and FAO Guidelines. 39. Opportunities for urban poor Urban demand for perishablevegetables is very high. Urban horticulture can beeffectively promoted throughintensified (vertical) urbanfarming and business modelsfor waste resource recovery. Beneficiaries can be inparticular women.Resource Recovery & ReuseWater for a food-secure world http://wle.cgiar.org/rrr; www.iwmi.orgwww.iwmi.org/Topics/RRR 40. Success story #8: Smallholder irrigation is back on the agendaA Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) sponsored projectassessed the potential of smallholder irrigation across Sub-SaharanAfrica and South AsiaA first set of impacts: on the ground policy and investment changes in Ghana,Tanzania, Zambia, West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh online tools for policymakers and investors (investmentvisualizer, gender mapper, technology database) data and products for development agencies and nationalpolicymakers (livelihood maps, participatory watershed mapping,multi-stakeholder policy dialogues)www.awm-solutions.iwmi.orgWater for a food-secure worldwww.iwmi.org 41. Targeted Investment in Tanzania Research and dialogue at policy level result in increased fundsand visibility for agricultural water management (AWM).Outcomes The Parliamentary Committee pledged tosupport budgetary increase in the Ministry ofAgriculture around proposed AWM solutions. Ministry of Agriculture budget increased by Tsh10 billion (USD 6 million). Additional supportpossible. Permanent AWM discussion platformestablished at Sokoine University. Key partners: Eng. Mbogo Futakamba, Deputy Permanent Secretary; Dr. Nuhu Hatibu, CEO, Kilimo Trust; Prof. Mahoo, Sokoine University Water for a food-secure worldwww.iwmi.org 42. Potential Impact: Number of rural households Low Cost Motorized In-situ Rainwater Harvesting: 1.4 million Pumps: 780,000 Terracing: 315,000Water for a food-secure worldwww.iwmi.org 43. Potential Impact: Number of rural households River Diversions: 500,000Water for a food-secure world www.iwmi.org 44. CGIAR Research Agenda 45. CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE)Our visionA world in which agriculture thriveswithin vibrant ecosystems and whererural communities enjoy a decentliving and have access to everythingthey need to continually improve theirlivelihoods..Photo: David Brazier/IWMI Water for a food-secure world www.iwmi.org 46. What the Water,Land andEcosystemsprogram documentsays: Water for a food-secure world www.iwmi.org 47. 5 Strategic Research Programs(SRPs)Water for a food-secure worldwww.iwmi.org 48. SRP 1 : Irrigated SystemsSolutions: Enhancing Success of Irrigationin sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) Revitalizing public irrigationsystems Expanding water managementin the Eastern Gangetic Basin Managing saltwater balance inIndus and Central Asianirrigation systems Encouraging peri-urbanAgricultural Water ManagementPhoto: Tom Van Cakenberghe/IWMIWater for a food-secure worldwww.iwmi.org 49. SRP 2: Rainfed SystemsSolutions: Sustainable intensification ofrainfed landscapes Recapitalizing soils and reducingdegradation of landscapes Diversifying and increasingresilience of farming systems Enhancing access to water and Photo :Akica Bahri/IWMIland for pastoralists Improving agricultural watermanagement Water for a food-secure world www.iwmi.org 50. Continuum of rainfed to irrigatedWater for a food-secure worldwww.iwmi.org 51. SRP 3: Resource, Recovery and ReuseSolutions: Exploiting businessopportunities for resourcerecovery and reuse of wasteand wastewater Safer wastewater and excretaPhoto: Andrea Silverman/IWMIreuse improved healthWater for a food-secure worldwww.iwmi.org 52. SRP 4 : BasinsSolutions:Photo: Bioversity International (IWMI) Managing water resourcesvariability and re-thinkingstorage in basins Resource allocation andsharing for the benefit of all Considering both water andenergy for food (WE4FOOD) Water data and accountingin basins Water for a food-secure world www.iwmi.org 53. SRP5 : Information and Decision MakingSolutions: Decision Analysis forecasting interventionsimpacts on developmentoutcomes Agro-ecosystem healthPhoto: CIMMYTmetrics and monitoring tosupport interventiondecisionsWater for a food-secure worldwww.iwmi.org 54. Ecosystems approach Integrated resourcemanagement solutionsdelivering multiple ecosystemservices (provisioning,regulating, cultural andsupporting services) Modelling multiple ecosystemservices (linked to water) andtrade-offs at landscape scales toaddress multidimensionalpoverty issues in a moretargeted manner. Incorporating ecosystemservices into resourcemanagement decisions, usingtrade-off analysis and usingspatial modelling tools.Photo: Tom Van Cakenberghe/IWMIWater for a food-secure worldwww.iwmi.org 55. WLEs focus on genderWLE aims to achieve gender equitableoutcomes by: Analyzing data from a gender andequity perspective Understanding gender-specificbarriers for adoption Developing gender-sensitive policies Photo: Faseeh Shams/IWMI Identifying ways to improve womensaccess to, and involvement in landand water management Water for a food-secure worldwww.iwmi.org 56. Communication & Knowledge Management 1. Communication linked tooutcome pathways: Ensurecommunication is linked tochange processes 2. Build upon knowledge/capacityof partners: Not reinventing thewheel 3. Repackaging knowledge fordifferent target groups 4. Innovation and ICTs: ManyICTs/Comms processes canPhoto: Sajjad Ali Qureshi/IWMIsupport innovation. 5. Effective face to faceinteraction is essential: Ways toimprove interactions at all levelsWater for a food-secure worldwww.iwmi.org 57. India is taking up the challenge Resilience of ecosystems to become a central plank of policy 20% increase in water use efficiency of irrigation National Aquifer Management Programme cut energy losses and stabilise groundwater convert watershed management programme into a productivity enhancing instrument management of liquid and solid waste promoted together with recycling and reuse Indian cities and industries have to reinvent their water trajectory paradigm shift in flood management away from building more embankments State Water Regulatory Authorities autonomy and accountability Model Bill for Protection, Conservation, Management and Regulation of Groundwater Water for a food-secure world www.iwmi.org 58. Visit our website wle.cgiar.organdthe Agriculture & Ecosystem Blog wle.cgiar.org/blogs