From the BeginningChapter 1

In the beginning:… Some 225 million year ago, the earth had

one main chunk of land (Pangaea) which later drifted apart.

How do we know?- Science has found nearly identical species of animals thousands of miles away from one another

The current geographical shape was anchored in the NE by the CANADIAN SHEILD- massive rock that most likely was the first land to emerge from the sea in North America

It’s Cold In Here: During the last ice age, glaciers extended

well into what would become the US The melting, retreating glaciers helped to fill

such land features as the Great Lakes and helped to flatten much of the North (Indiana)

Due to lower water levels, it is believed that the first humans to come to NA followed big game across the land bridge- BERINGIA which connected Eurasia and NA.

http://www.thefurtrapper.com/images/Beringia.jpg

Great American Civilizations When waters rose, the inhabitants were

on their own By the time Columbus sailed, there were

an estimated 54 million people in the Americas which established as many as 2000 separate languages and tribes

The INCAS, MAYANS, and AZTECS established “advanced” civilizations in what is today Mexico and South America

http://www.google.com/imgres?q=aztec+empire&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&tbm=isch&tbnid=Jak_x7t1cMHQ2M:&imgrefurl=http://www.public.asu.edu/~mesmith9/azimpst.html&docid=OlYIrcOdjFp8PM&w=578&h=400&ei=FT9STpDSBIK5tweT693KCQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=144&vpy=313&dur=97&hovh=187&hovw=270&tx=167&ty=107&page=1&tbnh=134&tbnw=194&start=0&ndsp=15&ved=1t:429,r:5,s:0&biw=1214&bih=677

Good Ole’ Corn on the Cob Once the early civilizations were able to

domesticate crops (mainly MAIZE- Indian Corn), hunter and gathers began to settle which allowed for advancement

The PUEBLO developed irrigation systems to carve a life out of the arid Southwest

Corn’s expansion took time and as a result no NATION-STATES (small nations) comparable to the Aztecs and Incas developed outside of Mexico by the time the Europeans came

Closer to Home Mound Builders of the Ohio River Valley,

Mississippian culture, and the Anasazi did develop large settlements

CAHOKIA, near modern day St. Louis, MO, was the largest in what will become the U.S. with as many people as 25,000

The Anasazi developed Chaco Canyon with more than 600 integrated rooms

All of these cultures, probably because of drought, declined by 1300 C.E.

http://www.google.com/imgres?q=CAhokia&hl=en&gbv=2&tbm=isch&tbnid=6xb-OOEscMuFyM:&imgrefurl=http://www.legendsofamerica.com/il-cahokia.html&docid=MwYHkDdvkmSQnM&w=500&h=339&ei=F0BSTo_-NMqutwfcnvHKCQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=143&vpy=141&dur=804&hovh=185&hovw=273&tx=191&ty=114&page=1&tbnh=157&tbnw=194&start=0&ndsp=14&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0&biw=1214&bih=677

Three Sisters Farming Advancement in farming, such as

THREE SISTERS FARMING (with the blending of farm lands and better moisture management) larger civilizations developed in the Southeast- Creek, Choctaw, and Cherokee

Iroquois Located in the northeastern woodlands Closest thing to a Aztec / Inca like civilization The leader HIAWATHA helped to create the

IROQUOIUS CONFEDERACY The LEAGUE OF THE IROQUOIS (“whites’” name) were

the main power in the northeast and menaced their neighbors- both Native and Europeans

FIVE NATIONS OF IROQUOIS- Mohawks, Oneidas, Onodagas, Cayu, and Senecas

Although they worked with each other, they were still “independent”

Through out colonization, they aligned with the French against the English and the English against the French (They were playing the sides against each other)

When the American Revolution broke out, the Iroquois Confederacy could not decided as a whole to support so each tribe made their own decision Most sided with the British When the British lost, the Confederacy was in left in tatters

and was split

http://www.google.com/imgres?q=iroquois&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&tbm=isch&tbnid=jp_nqz8fwm-VRM:&imgrefurl=http://www.ic.arizona.edu/ic/kmartin/School/iroqcloth.htm&docid=DfTzpFLxIaeMBM&w=240&h=336&ei=lEBSTpTrG4S6tgeU_ZTLCQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=566&vpy=164&dur=2164&hovh=266&hovw=190&tx=120&ty=147&page=1&tbnh=145&tbnw=121&start=0&ndsp=16&ved=1t:429,r:7,s:0&biw=1214&bih=677

http://www.oocities.org/whitewolve64_2/wood.culture_map.jpg

Indirect Discovers of the “New World”

The Norse Men came upon the north-eastern should of NA in 1000 C.E. Eric the Red was a Viking that started a

settlement in Greenland Leif Ericson, (a son of Eric the Red) thought to

be first European in North America The Crusades- Knights of Europe repeatedly

attempted to gain control of the Holy Lands- most often they failed but the desire to get Asia goods will later lead them to sail this way

MARCO POLO’s account of Asia help fuel the fire for these exotic items

Africa First to Go By 1450, the Portuguese (the leaders of

marine exploration) developed the CARAVEL (a ship that could sail better into strong, Northerly wind) which opened the West African coast

Slavery was already used between Arabs and Africans before Europe got involved The Portuguese built their own systematic

traffic of slaves to work sugar plantations In the last 1/2 of the 15th century- some 40,000

slaves were taken

The Indies Portugal kept pushing down the “dark

continent” 1498, Vasco da Gama finally reached

India

The Perfect Storm The “perfect storm”- The Renaissance

(Rebirth) in the 14th century spawned an “ambitious spirit of optimism and adventure”, and the Printing Press (GUTENBERG) helped to expand scientific knowledge, the taking of Africa meant needed to look elsewhere

Improvements in mapmaking, navigation, and new ships allowed them to be able travel further distances

The compass helped to keep ships on track

Spain: Ferdinand and Isabella Monarchs of Spain Christopher Columbus (Italian) convinced F &

I to give him $$ to sail An all water route to the West Indies

was preferable to the treacherous all-land route (tough terrain and high taxes, etc.)

Despite near mutiny, he arrived in the Bahamas on October 12, 1492

Epic Fail?- His real goal was to find an all water route to the Indies

He thought he was there- hence- Indians

Columbian Exchange Brought four continents together:

Europe, Africa, North and South America COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE- Because of

his trip, a major exchange of goods, services, diseases, and ideas took place between the New and Old World which became known as the Columbian Exchange

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Columbian ExchangeAmericas to Europe Europe to Americas

Potatoes & Tomatoes Sugar, Tea, Coffee

Maize, (Corn) Horses, pigs, sheep, goats, cattle, rats

Tobacco Diseases (smallpox, measles, whooping cough, bubonic plague, malaria, yellow fever )

Chocolate •Asian cockroaches, Japanese beetle

http://schoolworkhelper.net/2011/07/smallpox-history-symptoms/

http://www.google.com/imgres?q=Syphilis&hl=en&biw=1214&bih=677&gbv=2&tbm=isch&tbnid=0FnsZbPwvDcy-M:&imgrefurl=http://www.kellykite.com/590/syphilis.html&docid=wU8UXGZ6qI0a5M&w=500&h=339&ei=fYZTTrSTOdCutwedmOnbBQ&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=423&page=1&tbnh=158&tbnw=215&start=0&ndsp=15&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0&tx=114&ty=97

Native American Culture Way of life varied based on location: Farmers,

Nomadic, etc.: Not all Native Americans are the same

Organized by kinship groups: Clans and tribes

Followed religious rituals and believed in earthly spirits and forces: Believed in multiple spirits of the earth such as wind, fire, rain, etc.

Oral History and tradition Used barter system across regions BELIEVED LAND SHOULD NOT AND COULD

NOT BE OWNED- It was everybody’s

European World Strongly influenced by the Catholic Church

(Later the Church of England will have influence)

Feudalism (during middle ages): People worked the land in exchange for services and protection – Kept people tied to the land

Nation-states begin to form controlled by monarchs (kings and queens)

Experimentation during Renaissance, Humanism (focused on the needs, desires, and wants of people)

European Culture Continued Protestant Churches- Different Christian

sects began to form Wanted to spread CHRISTIANITY, find

markets and raw RESOURCES, and valued EXPLORATION: GOD, GOLD, and GLORY

Ferdinand Magellan (Portuguese)

Ferdinand Magellan sailed around the southern tip of South America.

His crew made the first round trip around the world. His ship the Victoria made it around the world.

He named the Pacific Ocean because it was so peaceful.

Picture Credit: http://www.mariner.org/age/magellan.html

Amerigo Vespucci Amerigo Vespucci He wanted to find a

star above the South pole to help sailors navigate.

He never found the star, but he did help map 3,300 miles of land in South America.

America was named after him.

Picture Credit:http://www.esd.k12.ca.us/Matsumoto/TM30/history/Explorers/vespmap.html

Treaty of Tordesillas Many times, both Spain and Portugal claimed

the same areas of land Pope Alexander gave an order- he drew an

imaginary line and the land west of the line were Spain's and the lands east were Portugal

Later this line was extended to the west and became known as the Treaty of Treaty of TordesillasTordesillas

So what?- Explains why Brazil speaks Portuguese and the majority of SA speaks Spanish

The Slave Trade Europeans attempted to enslave Native

Americans but that did not work well? Why? Europeans started to depend on African slaves

to fill the need By the 1600s, the trading of slaves was the

chief focus of European relations with Africa Portion between Africa and the Americas

was known as the Middle Passage Trade between Europe, Africa, and the

Americas was known as the Triangular Trade

Spanish and Dutch Empires

Encomienda System established in the Caribbean It allowed the government to

“commend” or give Natives to colonists if they promised to baptize them (Pg. 18) AKA- SLAVERY

Ponce de Leon He went with Christopher Columbus on

his 2nd voyage in 1493. He stayed there and became the 1st European to live on the mainland of North America.

He was Looking for the “fountain of youth”

He found Puerto Rico and became governor there.

He also found Florida and named it "Pascua de Florida" (feast of flowers) after a Spanish Easter holiday because he found Florida on Easter!

Hernando De Soto

He Sailed for Spain His time in the USA

was spent exploring Florida down to Mexico looking for gold.

He did “find” the Mississippi River.

Francisco Coronado He spent his time

looking for the 7 cities of gold!

He was considered a failure because he didn’t find gold, but laid claim of entire Southwest for Spain

Grand Canyon

http://www.mce.k12tn.net/explorers/spanishexplorers.htm

Hernando Cortes Hernando Cortes came to Mexico. He was a Spanish Conquistador (conquerors) The Aztecs thought he might be a god since he

was the 1st white person they had ever seen and he was traveling on the back of “deer”(Pg. 19) so they sent gifts- only encouraged Cortes

The Aztecs attacked on noche triste (sad night)- June 30, 1520 and forced the Spaniards back

Hernando Cortes laid seize to the capital- Tenochtitlan and due to superior and disease conquered it and the Aztecs on August 13, 1521.

The Emperor Montezuma was killed in 1520.

Picture Credit:

http://www.pwcs.edu/i-tech/resources/tlcf/EarlyExploration/hernando_cortes.htm

Francisco Pizarro Spanish Conquistador He explored Peru. Francisco Pizarro

conquered the Incas and stole their gold and silver.

Picture Credit:

http://www.mce.k12tn.net/explorers/spanishexplorers.htm

Mercantilism Economic and political changes linked

overseas expansion to a new economic theory Mercantilism stated that a country’s

government should do all it could to increase the country’s wealth, which was measured by the amount of bullion (gold and silver) they had.

To get wealth, one had to take from other countries

CAPITALISM- Was also established due to the increase in the silver supply as a result of the explorations

Commercial Revolution The changes in ways of doing business

led to the “Commercial Revolution” During this time period, individuals

would join together to form “joint-stock companies”- people would buy shares and become owners in the hopes of finding similar success (England)- Jamestown

Spread of the Spanish Due to stories of Coronado’s exploits, the Spanish crept

north Battle of Acoma- the Spanish conquered and abused (cut

one foot off)a large number of Pueblo and established the area as a province of New Mexico and made the capital Santa Fe’ in 1610

The Spanish found little in the way of gold or furs, so they attempted to convert the Natives to Christianity (often times violently) This led to Pope’s Rebellion in 1680 The Pueblo destroyed every Catholic Church and killed

preists and hundreds of Spanish settlers Would take around 50 years before Spain regain control

Mestizos The Spanish brought their customs,

laws, and culture to Mexico and the American Southwest

They intermarried with the surviving Indians and the result was the MESTIZOS- people with mixed Indian and European heritage and blood

GOD, GOLD, & GLORY Remember the easy way to summarize

the desires of the Spanish’s exploration (and later other countries)is GOD, GOLD, and GLORY

England and France Come Calling

John Cabot

At age 16, he began studying sailing and mapping.

He moved to England and got the King to support his exploration.

He is important because his exploration for England gave England the right to the eastern portion of what would become the USA.Picture Credit: http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/cabot.html

ROBERT LaSALLE (FRENCH) Mainly French

explored Indiana first Vincennes- First

permanent settlement in 1732

Explored the Mississippi River down to New Orleans

Help France lead FUR TRADE

SIR FRANCIS DRAKE (ENGLAND) Weakened Spanish Armada- Nearly

invincible Spanish Navy Attacked Spain’s St. Augustine, FL-

Oldest permanent settlement in U.S.A

SIR WALTER RALEIGH (ENGLAND) Attempted to set up colony at Roanoke-

2nd attempted failed because the inhabitants disappeared

Opened the door for later English colonies

HENRY HUDSON (ENGLAND) Explored for Northwest Passage- Found

Hudson Bay During return mutiny broke out and he

was cast off ship- never seen again