from mental hygiene to post wwii psychiatry and community psychiatry
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From Mental Hygiene to Post WWII Psychiatry and
Community Psychiatry
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1908
CLIFFORD BEERS
National Committee for Mental Hygiene(founded 1910)
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Adolf Meyer (1866-1950)
Chief of PsychiatryJohns Hopkins University
1909-1941
Director ofHenry Phipps Psychiatric Clinic
1913
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Mary Jarrett (1876-1961)
Chief of Social ServiceBoston Psychopathic
Hospital1913-1919
directed Smith College School for Social Work
until 1923
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Boston Psychopathic HospitalMyrtelle Canavan, E.E. Southard
From left to right: Harry Solomon, Myrtelle Canavan, Abraham Myerson, Douglas Thom, Ernest Southard, Herbert Thompson, Lawson Lowrey, and William Rappleye.
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Mental Hygiene• Prevention of mental illness through public
health education: lectures, pamphlets, courses.• Focus on emotional adjustment: helping people
to change bad habits, adjust to challenges of life.
• Concerned with child delinquency, alcoholism, immoral behavior, immigrant mental health and syphilis.
• Operated in new locales: child-guidance clinics, juvenile courts, school counseling centers.
• Assisted by emergence of new professional role of the psychiatric social worker.
• Team approach to treatment: psychiatrist, psychologist and social worker.
• Focus on maintaining mental health.
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Mental Hygiene Films 1945-1970
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"The burden of my theme is that to raise the level of the activity and knowledge of mental hygiene throughout the world is the soundest way of establishing permanently mutual understanding and good feeling among nations."
John R. Lord, “The Human Factor in International Relations,” Mental Hygiene, April 1934.
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From: Social Work Today, July 1934
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Exposés of the Cleveland State Hospital
1943
Initiated by ConscientiousObjectors (COs)
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Cleveland State Hospital
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“BEDLAM, 1946” Albert Q.
Maisel
Life MagazineMay, 1946
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“BEDLAM, 1946”
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“Bedlam, 1946”
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“Thousands spend their days—often for weeks at a stretch—locked in devices euphemistically called 'restraints’: thick leather handcuffs, great canvas camisoles, 'muffs,’ 'mitts,’ wristlets, locks and straps and restraining sheets. Hundreds are confined in 'lodges’—bare, bedless rooms reeking with filth and feces—by day lit only through half-inch holes in steel-plated windows, by night merely black tombs in which the cries of the insane echo unheard from the peeling plaster of the walls.” Maisel, Life 1946
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Albert Deutsch (historian of medicine, social reformer)
(1948)
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Byberry, Philadelphia State Asylum, 1946
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Shame of States
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Scenes from Byberry, 1942-1946
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Byberry Hospital
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Overcrowded day rooms: enforced idleness
Manhattan HospitalByberry Hospital
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Napa State Hospital, California
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Oscar Nominated, “The Snake Pit” 1948
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Publication from National Mental Health Foundation (founded 1946)
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Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry (GAP)
• Formed in 1946• 150 psychiatrists• William Menninger, Chairman• Advocated for psychiatrists to have more
time for treatment in mental hospitals• Social workers conduct more treatments• Mental hospitals to be located in cities,
with closer connections to medical schools, and training possibilities
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Menninger Clinic, 1925Topeka Kansas
Drs. C.F, Karl and William Menninger
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William MenningerBrigadier General
US Surgeon General’s OfficeNeuropsychiatry Division
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Innovations:Milieu TherapyGroup Therapy
And Open Hospital
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October,1948
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Mental Health Legislation-1• 1946 –National Mental Health Act, which
called for the establishment of a National Institute of Mental Health.
• 1949 –NIMH was formally established; it was one of the first four NIH institutes. Robert Felix was first director.
• 1955 – The Mental Health Study Act called for "an objective, thorough, nationwide analysis and reevaluation of the human and economic problems of mental health." The resulting Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health was formed.
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Mental Health Legislation-2• 1961 – Action for Mental Health, a 10-volume
series, assessed mental health conditions and resources throughout the United States
• 1963 – President Kennedy submitted a special message to Congress –Congress quickly passed the Mental Retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act beginning a new era in Federal support for mental health services. NIMH assumed responsibility for monitoring the Nation's community mental health centers (CMHC).
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Community Mental Health Centers
• Improve national health• Provide emergency
services, evaluation, consultation, education of community
• Broad spectrum of services: partial hospitalization, outpatient and inpatient
• Focus on prevention; situated in communities
• Federal monies not forthcoming (cut from 657 to 284 million)
• Problems with staff training• Rejection by communities:
questioned authority of psychiatrist; lack of attention to social justice issues.
• Only 745 CMHC built; were supposed to be 2000.
• Not enough attention to seriously mentally ill
• No evaluations of centers; not accountable
GOALS REALITY
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