From Jones Factors to Amino Acid Balancing

Mark D. Hanigan

Professor

Department of Dairy Science

Virginia Tech

Department of Dairy Science at Virginia Tech · dasc.vt.edu

Ohio Dairy Nutrient Prices (NRC 2001)

Nutrient Cost/Unit Daily Supply* Cost/cow/d

NEL (3X, NRC 2001)MCal

$0.0664 35.4 Mcal $2.35

Metabolizable Protein (NRC)Lbs

$0.4375 5.44 lbs $2.38

Effective NDF (forage NDF)Lbs

$0.0321 10.4 lbs $0.33

Non-effective NDF (Total NDF – Forage NDF)Lbs

-$0.0591 7.3 lbs -$0.43

Total Cost for Energy, Protein and Fiber $4.63

* 1600 lb cow, 80 lbs milk/d, 3.0% protein, 3.5% fat

https://dairy.osu.edu/newsletter/buckeye-dairy-news/volume-19-issue-6/milk-prices-costs-nutrients-margins-and-comparison

November 28, 2017 EvaluationBuckeye Dairy News: Vol 10, Issue 6

NRC 2001 Least Cost RationsBalanced to NRC 2001 Requirements (MP & RDP)

$6.75

$6.80

$6.85

$6.90

$6.95

$7.00

15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18

Rat

ion

Co

st, $

/c/d

Dietary CP, % of DM

$0.10/c/d

3

29% Efficiency

26% Efficiency

Mar, 2013 Ingredient Prices

ST-Pierre, Progressive Dairyman

36 kg milk, 3.0% protein, 3.6% fat, 23.6 kg DMI

• Pig: Retained N / Absorbed N = 85% (Baker, 1996)

• Lactating Cow: Milk N / Absorbed N ~ 35%

Lapierre et al., 2007

Milk Protein vs Metabolizable Protein

For this much

protein

Fe

ed

this

mu

ch

MP

4

600 g / 454 g/lb x $0.44 = $0.58/c/d

Protein is a String of Amino Acids All Amino Acids are Required

Met

Gln

Pro

Ala

Val

Glu

Asp

18S

28S

A U

GC

A U G

C

A

U

GC

A U G C A

U

G

C

Asn

His

Leu

SerLysArg

IleAsp

Gly

Val Phe

ADP

Amino Acids

Energy

mRNA

Protein

Ribosome

ATP

RegulationAA, Energy, Hormones

tRNA

Lys Ile

Phe

Val

Asp

Gly

His

Leu

Met

State of the Art

6

Milk Protein Responses to Digestible

Lysine and Methionine

-250

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

4.4 4.8 5.2 5.6 6.0 6.4 6.8 7.2 7.6 8.0 8.4 8.8 9.2 9.6 10.0

Mil

k p

rote

in y

ield

resp

on

ses,

g/d

Digestible Lys, %MP (Met > 1.95% MP)

NRC, 2001

7.2

-100

-50

0

50

100

1.60 1.80 2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00

Milk protein yield responses, (g/d)

Digestible Met, % MP (Lys > 6.50% MP)

2.4

http://beef2live.com/story-cows-101-ruminant-anatomy-0-104358

Amino Acid Supply

Distribution of Amino Acid Nitrogen as % DM in Corn Silage

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

Pe

rce

nt

of

Sam

ple

s

Amino Acid Nitrogen, %DM

N = 2300Ave. = 0.79StDev = 0.09

Distribution of Amino Acid Nitrogen as % Total Nitrogen in Corn SilageSimilar for Haylage

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

Pe

rce

nt

of

Sam

ple

s

Amino Acid Nitrogen, %Total Nitrogen

N = 2300Ave. = 61.3StDev = 3.8NRC51% CP-A

25% Haylage Diet

• 10 lb Haylage/d

• 10 * 20% CP = 2 lb CP

• 61.3 TP/CP - 1 SD

2 * 57.5% = 1.15 TP

• 61.3 TP/CP + 1 SD

2 * 65.1% = 1.30 TP

• 1.3 – 1.15 = 0.15 TP

• @ 50% MP/TP = 0.075 lbs MP

• 0.075 * $0.44 = $0.033/c/d

NRC 2001 Milk Predictions

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

DMI MP_allowable NE_allowable Min_NE/MP

RMSE, % Mean, % Slope, % Mean Bias, kg/d

White et al., 201611

Ruminant AA Models

12

14

Protein Synthesis Regulation

Hormones Amino acids Energy

mTOR

Protein synthesis (translation initiation and elongation)

Metabolic Knowledge - Real Facts

A Leaky Barrel

• Water level = Production level

• Leaks define Efficiency

• level leaks

• Size of each leak depends on the mix of nutrients

• Plugging ANY leak helps

• Plugging big leaks helps more than little ones

NE

FA, T

AG

, Gly

cero

l

Glu

cose

, Ace

tate

, BH

BAH

is

Ile

Leu

Lys M

et

Phe

Thr

Trp

Val

Alternative Facts

Milk Protein Predictions

Variable Solve Cross EvalN 724Observed Mean, g/d 948 973 18Predicted Mean, g/d 948 970 14RMSE 120 119 8RMSE, % mean 12.6 12.2 0.9Mean Bias, % MSE 0.0 0.80 1.3Slope Bias, % MSE 0.0 5.14 3.7CCC 0.82 0.79 0.03

Milk Prot = DEI + EAA1 + EAA12 + … + EAA10 + EAA10

2

Significant AA: Arg, Arg2, His, His2, Ile, Ile2, Met, Met2, Phe, Trp, Trp2, Val,

FA, St, DIM, Milk Fat %

Work in Progress

Summary

The Future is Bright

• Better input measurements (more factors)

• The map will be updated soon (more complicated)

• Money on the table for the taking (up to $0.58/c/d)

But

• Operating system upgrade required

• New functions to master

• Early adopters will differentiate themselves

• Will you be steering, just riding, or getting off?