from crime in the community to community crime control: new directions in criminological theory and...
TRANSCRIPT
From crime in the community to community crime control:
New directions in criminological theory and crime management
Jon Bannister
Simon Mackenzie
SCCJR, Crime and Communities network
• A partnership forged between Glasgow, Stirling, Edinburgh and Glasgow Caledonian Universities in alliance with Aberdeen, Dundee, Strathclyde and St Andrew’s Universities
The Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice Research
SCCJR
• Resources
• Research themes
• Civic criminology
Crime and Communities
• Community as offender, victim, cause and solution
• (In)civility: the anti-social and the pro-social
• Community safety and community crime control: practical solutions
Jon Bannister
Crime in the community: new directions in criminological theory
Tolerance and Anti-Social Behaviour
Tolerance
• Tolerance as a deliberative, moral and/or practical choice
• Tolerance as a British virtue and value?
• Tolerance as a legacy of New Labour?
Intolerance
• Evidence of rising intolerance (perceived and real): anti-social behaviour, disorder and conflict
• Falling thresholds of tolerance?
The Forces Shaping Tolerance
• A culture of individualism
• Economic insecurity
• Pluralism (globalisation and migration)
Policies Shaping Tolerance
• The urban policy paradox: celebrating difference, purifying space
• The absence of space for social encounters (physical and metaphorical)
A Cycle of Intolerance
• Sight, sound, stereotype
• Lack of evident common values
• The ‘other’ as increasingly threatening
• ‘Defining down deviance’, collective action and conflict
Simon Mackenzie
Community crime control: new directions in crime management
Community and Reciprocity
Civility as contribution
An action scale of contribution
Enforcement (e.g. bystander
intervention)
Performance (e.g. acting civil)
Civility as a public good
A B C
D Civility E
F G H
Self-interest vs Reciprocity
People are fundamentally self-interested, aren’t they?
No.
self--------------strong----------------total co-op/interest reciprocity altruism
Reciprocity: definitions
Reciprocity is the propensity to reward kind and punish unkind behaviour of others.
Strong reciprocity is a predisposition to co-operate with others, and to punish (at personal cost, if necessary) those who violate the norms of co-operation, even where it is implausible to expect that these costs will be recovered at a later date.
Strong reciprocators are conditional co-operators and altruistic punishers.
Practical implications of these models
– Development of mutual trust, norms of fairness and cooperation
– Visibility: Strategies needed to intensify contact and communication among potential cooperators
– Ownership: a significant stake in the public good created– Esteem: reciprocity theory prioritises the desire for social esteem
in the individual as a motivator for upholding one’s side of reciprocal bargains.
Community policing rather than community policing
• CAPS– Advisory councils and beat officers– Operation Beat Feet; March for Peace; Good Guys
Loitering– Citizen evidence gathering and private shaming
