from caedmon to caxton

From Caedmon From Caedmon to Caxtonto CaxtonThomas HoneggerThomas Honegger

[email protected]@gmx.de

http://http://www.db-www.db-thueringenthueringen.de/.de/

content/top/content/top/index.xmlindex.xml

History of EnglishHistory of English

The Latin Influence 11The Latin Influence 11 Early influences (600-900 AD): new Early influences (600-900 AD): new

concepts need to be expressed in concepts need to be expressed in new wordsnew words

domestic life: cap, sock, silk, chest, domestic life: cap, sock, silk, chest, mat, lentil, pear, radish, oyster, mat, lentil, pear, radish, oyster, lobster, mussel, fennel, lily, myrrhlobster, mussel, fennel, lily, myrrh

schooling: school, master, schooling: school, master, grammar, verse, gloss, notarygrammar, verse, gloss, notary

The Latin Influence 12The Latin Influence 12 Later influences (900-1100 AD): Later influences (900-1100 AD):

of learned nature, due to Benedictine of learned nature, due to Benedictine ReformReform

Flowering of monastic culture (8th & Flowering of monastic culture (8th & 9th centuries) cut short in 9th centuries) cut short in Northumbria and Mercia due to Northumbria and Mercia due to Viking invasion.Viking invasion.

In the aftermath, monastic discipline In the aftermath, monastic discipline and culture suffered from neglect =>and culture suffered from neglect =>

The Latin Influence 13The Latin Influence 13 Benedictine Reform in the 10th Benedictine Reform in the 10th

century.century. Strict observance of the Strict observance of the

Benedictine RuleBenedictine Rule‘ora et labora’!‘ora et labora’!

chastity, obedience, povertychastity, obedience, poverty effects: improvement of education effects: improvement of education

and monastic disciplineand monastic discipline

The Latin Influence 14The Latin Influence 14 New vocabulary:New vocabulary: learning and science: history, learning and science: history,

paper, pumice, ginger, camel, paper, pumice, ginger, camel, tiger, cancer, paralysis, plastertiger, cancer, paralysis, plaster

religion: apostle, cell, cloister, religion: apostle, cell, cloister, creed, demon, dirge, font, idol, creed, demon, dirge, font, idol, prophet, synagogue etc.prophet, synagogue etc.

missing: words of everyday lifemissing: words of everyday life

The Latin Influence 15The Latin Influence 15 strategies to express new concepts:strategies to express new concepts: loansloans loan-translations loan-translations disciple vs. leorning-cnihtdisciple vs. leorning-cniht patriarch vs. heahfaederpatriarch vs. heahfaeder martyr vs. throwere [‘sufferer‘]martyr vs. throwere [‘sufferer‘] saint vs. halgasaint vs. halga baptism vs. fulluhtbaptism vs. fulluht

The Latin Influence 16The Latin Influence 16

fulluht-baeth?fulluht-baeth? fulluht-nama?fulluht-nama? adaptation of existing terms: Hel adaptation of existing terms: Hel

> hell> hell

Germanic mythological Germanic mythological worldviewworldview

Asgard (Home of the gods)

Midgard (Home of men)

Hel (Home of the dead, underworld)

The Ruthwell Cross (c. The Ruthwell Cross (c. 750)750)

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The Berwick CrossThe Berwick Cross


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The Ruthwell Cross The Ruthwell Cross (south)(south)


benötigt.


Mary Magdalene anointing Jesus's feet: "+ A[ttulit alaba]STRUM UNGUENTI & STANS RETRO SECUS PEDES EIUS LACRIMIS COEPIT RIGARE PEDES EIUS & CAPILLIS CAPITIS SUI TERGEBAT," "+ She brought an alabaster box of ointment and standing behind beside His feet she began to wash His feet with her tears, and she wiped [them] with the hairs of her head"



benötigt.


Jesus healing the blind man: "+ ET PRAETERIENS VIDI[t hominem caecum] A NATIBITATE ET S[anavit eum ab infirmitate], "+ And passing by He saw a man blind from birth, and He healed him from [his] infirmity"

The Ruthwell Cross The Ruthwell Cross (north)(north)


benötigt.


Christ upon the Beasts: "IHSX.S [or IHS XPS (Howlett 75)] IUDEX AEQUITATIS BESTIAE ET DRACONES COGNOUERUNT IN DESERTO SALVATOREM MUNDI,”"Jesus Christ the Judge of Justice. Beasts and dragons acknowledged in the desert the Saviour of the world."



benötigt.


Paul and Anthony: "+SCS PAULUS ET A[ntonius duo eremitae (from Howlett 75)] FREGERUNT PANEM IN DESERTO," "Saints Paul and Anthony, two hermits, broke bread in the desert."

The Ruthwell Cross The Ruthwell Cross (east)(east)

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benötigt.


+ Ondgeredæ Hinæ God Almehttig. πa He walde on galgu gistiga modig fore allæ men buga ic ni dorstæ ac scealde fæstæ standa.

He stripped himself there, God almighty,when he willed to climb the gallows, bloody in front of all the people.I did not dare to give waybut had to stand fast.

Ahof ic riicnæ Kyninc,Heafunæs Hlaford, hælda ic ni dorsæ. Bismæradu unket men ba ætgadre; ic wæs miπ blodi bistemid, bigoten of πæs Guman sida siππan He His gastæ sendæ.

I raised up the powerful King,the Lord of Heaven. I did not dare to topple.They humiliated us both together.I was soaked with blood, poured forth,gotten from the side of the Man when He gave up his ghost.

The Ruthwell Cross The Ruthwell Cross (west)(west)

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The Ruthwell Cross The Ruthwell Cross (west)(west)


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"+ Krist wæs on rodi. Hweπræ πer fusæ fearran kwomu æππilæ til anum: ic πæt al biheald. Saræ ic wæs miπ sorgum gidrœfid; hnag ic πam secgum til handa."

Christ was on the Cross.But diligent and noble men came there from afarto the lonely one. All this I witnessed.I was sorely oppressed by anxieties, nonetheless I bowed to the hands of the men ...

.................. Miπ strelum giwundad alegdun hiæ Hinæ limwœrignæ; gistoddun him æt His licæs heafdum; bihealdun hiæ πer Heafunæs Dryctin; ond He Hinæ πer hwilæ restæ.

.... wounded by sharp points.They laid down the man weary of limb. They stood at his body’s head. Then they gazed upon the Lord of heaven; and He rested Himself for a while ...

The Dream of the RoodThe Dream of the Rood The entire poem is to be found in the The entire poem is to be found in the

Vercelli Book (West Saxon dialect)Vercelli Book (West Saxon dialect) Example of ‘heroic Germanic Example of ‘heroic Germanic

Christianity’Christianity’ Then I saw the Lord of mankind Then I saw the Lord of mankind

hasten with much fortitude, for he hasten with much fortitude, for he meant to climb upon me. I did not meant to climb upon me. I did not dare then, against the word of the dare then, against the word of the Lord, to give way there or to break Lord, to give way there or to break when I saw the earth’s surfaces quake.when I saw the earth’s surfaces quake.

The Dream of the RoodThe Dream of the Rood The young man, who was the The young man, who was the

almighty God, stripped himself, almighty God, stripped himself, strong and unflinching. He strong and unflinching. He climbed upon the despised climbed upon the despised gallows, courageous under the gallows, courageous under the scrutiny of many, since he willed scrutiny of many, since he willed to redeem mankind. I quaked to redeem mankind. I quaked then, when the man embraced then, when the man embraced me.me.

The Latin Influence 16The Latin Influence 16 Effects of the Latin influence:Effects of the Latin influence: some 450 Latin words appear in some 450 Latin words appear in

English writings before the end of the English writings before the end of the OE period.OE period.

integration of most elements into the integration of most elements into the language => became active elements language => became active elements themselvesthemselves

martyr => gemartyrian = ‘to martyr’; martyr => gemartyrian = ‘to martyr’; martyrhad or martyrdom = martyrhad or martyrdom = ‘martyrdom’‘martyrdom’

from caedmon to caxton

Documents

underworldthe ruthwell

notarythe latin influence

fulluhtthe latin influence

englishthe latin influence

new concepts

new vocabulary

men buga ic ni

benedictine rule ora