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1SPE
EOR Screening: A laboratory Investigation to compare the performance of WAG and SAG processes for an Indian Field
Presented By Neha Surya B.tech IVth Year RGIPT , Rae Bareli
3/2/2012
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2
Where are the resources ? Mature Fields
How will we obtain them?Enhanced Oil Recovery(EOR)
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SPE 3
Contents
Water Alternate Gas(WAG) Process
Surfactant
Alternate Gas(SAG) Process
Laboratory
Studies
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SPE 4
WAG Process Water Alternating Gas Process : Type of EOR Microscopic displacement efficiency of Gas + Macroscopic sweep efficiency of water Incremental recovery :- 6 % -16 %. Difference in results between experimental
investigations and practical implementation on reservoir scale
Gases used :- CO , N , HC gases, Mixture of ₂ ₂different gases.3/2/2012
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5
WAG Started…
Proposed by Claudle & Dyes in 1958
Pilot in the North Pembina (Alberta,Canada)
Majority of fields in former USSR
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SPE 6
Process
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SPE 7
WAG Process Classification General Classification
on the basis of Cycle size Single cycle WAG Five cycle WAG Tapered WAG
Other forms are hybrid WAG & Simultaneous Water Alternate Gas (SWAG) process.
WAGMiscible
First contact
Multi contact
Immiscible
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SPE 8
Design Parameters Reservoir heterogeneity Rock & Fluid Interactions Injection Gas Characteristics Injection Pattern Tapering Slug size Cycle Size WAG Ratio Gravity Considerations in WAG
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SPE 9
Screening Criteria Minimum oil saturation : 25-30% Reservoir :- Homogeneous enough to minimize fingering . As CO corrosive in nature, it must be taken care of.₂ Ratio of water and gas. Moderately light to light oil reservoirs(API gravity > 25˚). The reservoir should be deep enough to contain the MMP.
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SPE 10
Associated Problems
Some of the operational problems are:-
Early Breakthrough in production wells Reduced Injectivity Corrosion Formation of scale, asphaltene,hydrates etc. Different temperatures of injected phase
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SPE 113/2/2012
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SPE 123/2/2012
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SPE 13
Surfactant Alternate Gas(SAG)
Immiscible gas injection process . mobility control to improve sweep efficiency. foam can be injected into the reservoir by injecting
alternate slugs of surfactant solution and gas. First proposed in 1958 by Bond & Hole brook. Main factor contributing towards incremental disp.
efficiency on entrapment of gas due to hysteresis and the effect of 3 phase flow.
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SPE 14
Laboratory Studies
Micro Activity
Planning
Collection of reservoir rock &
fluid samples
Core cutting ,extraction
and drying of cores
Preparation of core sand pack & evacuation
PV & HCPV determinationSaturation with live
oil Different experimental procedures
Data Interpretation
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SPE 15
Experimental Set up
Positive Displacement Pump Buffer Cell Rocking Cell Hot Air Oven Measuring Cylinder Gas Meter
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SPE 16
Experimental study
Intended to suggest the best EOR scheme for an Indian field.
Aimed at evaluating the performance of WAG (single cycle and five cycle) and SAG injection in the core as a function of displacement efficiency by injectant to improve oil recovery.
Effect of CO2 on crude oil if injected as WAG mode.
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SPE 17
Procedure
Saturation of Core Pack with Live Oil. Water flooding of the core pack @ 10cc/hr. Start of WAG injection. Slug size of WAG was calculated. WAG injection was started @ 5cc/hr (gas) & @ 10
cc/hr (water). Chasing up fluid( water). Cleaning & Drying of core pack.
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SPE 18
Exp. No.1 : Five Cycle WAGFlood type Cum.
WaterInjected (cc)
Cum. Water Produced (cc)
Cum. Oil Produced (cc)
Reservoir Oil Volume (cc)
Connate Water (cc)
Water Flood 36.9 15.0 12.5 23.00 14.4
G-1 36.9 18.0 13.0 23.92 14.4
W-1 41.4 21.5 13.0 23.92 14.4
G-2 41.4 25.5 13.0 23.92 14.4
W-2 45.9 31.0 13.0 23.92 14.4
G-3 45.9 33.5 13.5 24.84 14.4
W-3 50.4 37.0 13.5 24.84 14.4
G-4 50.4 41.0 13.5 24.84 14.4
W-4 54.9 45.0 13.5 24.84 14.4
G-5 54.9 48.0 14.0 25.76 14.4
W-5 59.4 50.0 14.0 25.76 14.4
Chase Water
64.5 53.0 14.0 25.76 14.4
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SPE 19
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
WAG(5 Cycle)
PV Injected
Dis
pla
cem
ent
Eff
icie
ncy
(%
)
Water Flood 5-Cycle WAG CW
Tertiary Recovery: 7.46%
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SPE 20
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 20
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Fluid Saturation during 5 cycle WAG
Sw(%) Sg(%) So(%)
PV Injected
Sw
, S
g,
So
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SPE 21
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.40
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Single Cycle WAG Injection
PV Injected
Dis
pla
cem
ent
effi
cien
cy (
%)
Water Flood
Gas
Tertiary Recovery =7.2%
Water CW
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SPE 22
Exp. No.3 : Five Cycle SAG Surfactant (sulphodet L-38) solution having its concentration of
2000 ppm is used.
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Flood Type
Cum. WaterInjected(cc)
Cum. WaterProduced(cc)
Cum. OilProduced(cc)
Res. OilVol.(cc)
Connate Water Vol.(cc)
WF 43.60 20.50 12.5 23.00 13.40
G-1 43.60 22.00 13.0 23.92 13.40
S-1 48.10 25.00 13.0 23.92 13.40
G-2 48.10 27.00 13.5 24.84 13.40
S-2 52.60 30.00 13.5 24.84 13.40
G-3 52.60 33.00 14.0 25.76 13.40
S-3 57.10 37.00 14.0 25.76 13.40
S-4 57.10 40.00 15.0 27.60 13.40
S-4 61.60 44.00 15.0 27.60 13.40
G-5 61.60 48.00 15.0 27.60 13.40
S-5 66.10 50.00 15.0 27.60 13.40
CW 86.90 63.00 15.0 27.60 13.40
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SPE 23
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.500
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80SAG(5 Cycle)
PV Injected(cc)
Dis
pla
cem
ent
Eff
icie
ncy
(%)
Water Flood SAG
CW
Tertiary Recovery: 12.62Incremental Recovery: 5.15%
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SPE 24
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.50
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Fluid Saturation during SAG (5 Cycle)
Sw Sg So
PV Injected
Sw
, S
g,
So
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SPE 25
Exp. No. 4: Five Cycle WAG (CO₂)Flood Type
Cum.Water Injected(cc)
Cum.Water Produced(cc)
Cum.OilProduced(cc)
Res. OilVolume(cc)
Connate Water Vol. (cc)
WF 29.40 11.50 11.50 21.16 12.86
CO₂-1 29.40 12.00 11.50 21.16 12.86
Water-1 33.90 12.00 12.00 22.08 12.86
CO₂-2 33.90 18.50 13.00 23.92 12.86
Water-2 38.40 22.00 13.50 24.84 12.86
CO₂-3 38.40 26.00 13.50 24.84 12.86
Water-3 42.90 30.00 14.00 25.76 12.86
CO₂-4 42.90 34.00 17.00 31.28 12.86
Water-4 47.40 37.00 17.00 31.28 12.86
CO₂-5 47.40 41.00 18.00 33.12 12.86
Water-5 51.90 43.00 19.00 34.96 12.86
Chase water 56.90 46.00 19.00 34.96 12.863/2/2012
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SPE 26
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.800
20
40
60
80
100
120
WAG (CO₂) Five Cycle
PV Injected (cc)
Dis
pla
ce
me
nt
Eff
icie
nc
y (
%)
Water Flood CO₂ WAG
Tertiary Recovery: 37.81%Incremental Recovery: 30.35%
CW
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SPE 27
Results
Five Cycle WAG
Single Cycle WAG
Five Cycle SAG Five Cycle CO₂ WAG
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Recover(WF)
Tertiary Re-covery
Total Recovery
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SPE 28
Results continued…
Five Cycle WAG
Single Cycle WAG
Five Cycle SAG
Five Cycle CO₂ WAG
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
PV inj upto WFPV inj after WFTotal PV inj
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SPE 29
Conclusions Recoveries should be normalized by the amount of gas
injected to enable direct comparisons and get reliable results.
WAG injection in cyclic mode gives better result. The entrapment of gas due to hysteresis & the effect of
the 3 phase flow further contribute to increase recovery by injecting immiscible gas in SAG manner.
CO became miscible with the oil at the reservoir pressure ₂of 240 kg/cm² and hence the residual oil saturation became very less.
CO WAG can prove to be profitable in India if we can ₂have CO generated from different sources.₂
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SPE 30
Acknowledgement
Sincere thanks to• Mr.Laxminarayan Mahli, Manager (Reservoir), IRS,
ONGC , Ahmedabad
• Dr. U.S Prasad, Professor, RGIPT, Rae Bareli
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SPE 31
References Enhanced Oil Recovery, Fundamentals & Analyses-E.C. Donaldson, G.
V. Chilingarian, T.F.Y En A Thesis on Immiscible & Miscible Gas-Oil Displacements In Porous Media by
Madhav M.kulkarni . Effect Of Oil & Flue Gas Composition On Oil recovery In The Flue Gas/Light Oil
Injection Processes - O.S. Shokoya, Spe, Shell Canada, And S.A. Mehta, Sspe , R.G. Moore ,Spe , And B. Maini, Spe, University Of Calgary, Canada.
Promise and Problems of Miscible-Flood Enhanced Oil Recovery, The Need for Surfactant-Based Sweep and Mobility Control by Duane H. Smith Enhanced Oil Recovery Group, Morgantown Energy Technology Center, U.S. Department of Energy, Morgantown, WV 26507-0880.
Enhanced Oil Recovery & CCS by L.D. Carter
Article Alley - Fortune Oil and Gas Willis Texas Offers The Story Enhanced Oil, an article by Jim Knight3/2/2012
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SPE 32
References continued… EOR Economics What Works and What Doesn’t by Oswald Clint, Ph.D., ACA , Senior
Analyst , +44-207-170-5089 • [email protected] Enhanced Oil Recovery By Water Alternating Gas (WAG) Injection by D. H. Tehrani, A.
Danesh, M. Sohrabi And G. Henderson, Department Of Petroleum Engineering, Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh, Uk.
Surfactant-Alternate-Gas (SAG) Injection Process as a Novel EOR Technique-- A
Laboratory Investigation. Category: Reservoir Modeling and Characterisation by J. P. Srivastava,
D. S. Negi, Adarsh K. Jain, and Dr. A. K. Dhawan, IRS, ONGC, Ahmedabad. Enhanced oil recovery by gas injection : Proposed Screening criteria by F.B Thomas,
D.B Bennion, X.L Zhou , a. Erian, D.W Bennion , Hycal energy laboratories Ltd.
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SPE 33
Thank You !!!
Any questions
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