NATURAL FIBRE COMPOSITESChairs: M Prajer/JPM Lam

Next Generation Sustainable Composites: Developmentand Processing of Furan-Flax Biocomposites E Arnold, B Waeger (NetComposites) H Hoydonckx(TransFurans Chemicals) B Madsen (TU Denmark)The work presented in this paper was undertaken as part of BIO-COMP (2005-2008), a European collaborative project, whichdeveloped new classes of engineering composite materials fromrenewable resources. Comprising twenty five European SMEsand research organisations, this three and a half year projectgenerated a wide range of new biocomposite materials, knowl-edge-based processes and demonstrator components. (D9:13)

Green Composites from Woven Flax Fiber and Bio-Copolyester BR Guduri, H Semosa (CSIR) Y Meng (Sun Yat-SenUniv)In this work, natural fibre based biocomposites were preparedusing natural fiber of flax woven fabric and aliphatic-aromaticcopolyester matrix. The composites were prepared by com-pression moulding using a film stacking method. The mechani-cal, thermal, morphological and biodegradation properties ofthe biocomposites were investigated. The biodegradability testperformed by soil burial method. (D9:14)

Water Absorption Behaviour of Pultruded KenafFibre Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Compositesand its Effects on Mechanical Properties HM Akil, N Nosbi, ZAM Ishak, AA Bakar (Univ SainsMalaysia)Degradation behaviour of kenaf fibre reinforced compositesupon exposure to environmental conditions is an importantissue. Immersion of composites into various environments is aneffective way to investigate the behaviour. Effect of waterabsorption on mechanical properties of composite is of interestto outdoor applications of composites. (D9:15)

Effect of Surface Treatment on the MechanicalProperties of Biocomposites H Nakamura, N Shikamoto, A Nakai, H Hamada (KIT)Natural fiber reinforced biodegradable resin composites areeco-friendly. However the interfacial properties between naturalfiber and most of the biodegradable polymers are inadequate.In this study, by using shellac resin and amino silane couplingagent natural fiber was treated to improve the interfacial prop-erties of jute spun yarn. (D9:16)

Natural Fibre Composites: Tough (Silk) and Strong(Bamboo) AW van Vuure, J Vanderbeke, L Osorio, E Trujillo, I Verpoest (KU Leuven)Silk fibres, due to their high intrinsic strain to failure, are con-verted into very tough composites, by combining them withmatrices of high strain to failure and by targeting intermediateinterfacial strength. Bamboo fibres, when extracted carefully,can maintain a high fibre strength and be turned into strongcomposites with good interfacial strength. (D9:17)

On the Competition between Layered Silicates andCellulose Nano Fibres during the Reinforcement ofBiodegradable Polymer Matrix J Pandey (Seoul National Univ)Cellulose nano-filler (CNF) and layered silicate were used asreinforcing agents for Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) in order toimprove the thermal behaviour of composites which was notachievable by cellulose nano-fiber. The silicate layers weredominant than CNF and it is too early to use CNF based PLAmatrixes for industrial applications. (D9:18)

MULTIFUNCTIONALNANOCOMPOSITES Chairs: L Gao/SY Fu

Structures and Properties of Fe3O4-CarbonMultifunctional Composites Nanofibres F Ko, M Bayat, H Yang (Univ of British Columbia)Polyacrylonitrile(PAN)-Fe3O4 composite nanofibres were fabri-cated by the co-electrospinning process. These nanofibreswere carbonized to obtain tailored electromagnetic properties.Four-probe and SQUID measurements showed tailorable elec-tromagnetic properties were achieved by controlling nanoparti-cles contents and carbonization temperature. (E3:7)

CNT-Effected Glass Fibre Sizings for MultifunctionalComposite Properties J Rausch, R-C Zhuang, E Mäder (Leibniz Inst ofPolymer Research)The incorporation of carbon nanotubes (CNT) into glass fibresizings has the potential to achieve multifunctional effects in theinterphase of composites. Similar to other nanocomposites, thedistribution homogeneity of the CNT is a key issue to achieveenhanced mechanical properties as well as electrically conduc-tive sizings. (E3:8)

Development of Numerical Model for the ComplexPermittivity of the Carbon Nanocomposites atMicrowave Frequency Band JB Kim, SK Lee (KIST) CG Kim (KAIST)In this paper, we have studied on the numerical model for thecomplex permittivity of carbon nanocomposites in microwavefrequency band based on the percolation theory. The modelwas build up for complex permittivity of E-glass fabric/epoxycomposite laminates containing carbon nano fibres (CNF) atthe frequency band of 0.5 GHz ~ 18.0 GHz. (E3:9)

Glass Fibre with Carbon Nanotube Networks asMulti-Functional Sensor SL Gao, RC Zhuang, J Zhang, JW Liu, E Mäder(Leibniz-Institut)A single glass fibre sensor has been manufactured by deposit-ing multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) networks on fibresurface aimed at multi-functional applications. Nonlinear andlinear piezoresistivity and temperature dependences have beenidentified in the single glass fibre sensors and their epoxymatrix composites. Our unidirectional composites exhibitanisotropic electrical and semiconducting properties. (E3:10)

Onto the Internal Strain Sensing Capabilities of SingleWalled Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Epoxy Resins A de la Vega, K Schulte, W Bauhofer (TU Hamburg) I Kinloch, R Young (Univ of Manchester) I Alig (TUHH)Single-walled carbon nanotubes at concentrations just abovethe percolation threshold were added to thermoset matrices asinternal stress sensors. The Raman strain-induced shifts of thenanocomposites were investigated throughout the curing cycleand under mechanical load. Residual stresses originated fromthe post-cure cooling are found to affect significantly themechanical strength of the material. (E3:11)

High Surface Area Graphite Nanoparticles fromNatural Graphite Flakes and Exfoliated GraphiteNanoplatelets IH Do, W Liu, LT Drzal (Michigan State Univ)High surface area graphites (HSAG) were fabricated via a highenergy ball milling process on natural graphite flake (NGF) andexfoliated graphite nanoplatelets (xGnP). Fundamental physicaland morphological characterization of the as-produced HSAGwwere collected by using various tests. HSAG-reinforced poly-meric nanocomposites were fabricated and their mechanical,thermal, and electrical properties were investigated. (E3:12)

STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORINGChairs: C Paget/C Soutis

Delamination Location and Size by ModifiedAcoustic Emission on Cross-Ply CFRP LaminateDuring Compression-Compression Fatigue Loading C Paget (Airbus)The paper deals with location and size evaluation of delamina-tion on cross-ply CFRP panels by modified acoustic emissionsystem called VIGILANT. The system continuously monitoredthe specimens loaded in compression-compression fatigueloading.(B8:1)

Integration of Structural Health Monitoring forComposite Structures into the Aircraft HealthManagement and Maintenance Systems V Verijenko, I Herszberg, M Bannister (Advanced CompositeStructures Ltd) H Li (RMIT Univ) M Buderath (EADS)Acousto-ultrasonic Structural Health Monitoring was applied todamage detection on a realistic composite structure. A damageindex was developed to allow the definition of damage state tobe passed to the aircraft health management system. Anapproach was developed to incorporate this into the aircrafthealth management and maintenance systems. (B8:2)

Lamb Wave Non-Destructive Inspection of RepairedComposite Laminated Structures C Soutis (Univ of Sheffield) A Lamb wave based inspection method to monitor crack devel-opment in patch repaired composite laminates loaded in bend-ing. (B8:3)

Experimental Determination of StrainInhomogeneities in Woven Laminates by FBGA Güemes, AF Lopez, CM Giraldo (UPM)FBGs bonded on the surface of a woven laminate will experi-ence a strong spectral distortion under loads, due to local strainchanges at the tows coming from the warp or weft directions.The interest of the work is two-fold. On one side, it is useful toobtain the mesoscale strain field, and may be used to validatethe meso-FE models, which have received a great attention topredict the strength and stiffness of textile composites. (B8:4)

Dynamic Failure Monitoring of Composite Laminatesby using Defew Fiber-Optic Strain Rate Sensor K Kageyama, H Murayama, K Uzawa, I Ohsawa, M Kanai, S Akiyama (Univ of Tokyo) S Sugimoto, S-I Takeda (JAXA)Authors have been developed a new fiber-optic strain rate sen-sor, which is based on Doppler effect in flexible and expandablelight-waveguide (DEFEW). DEFEW sensor is also applied tomonitoring of damage growth in composite laminate underimpact loading. The experimental results show characteristicdynamic behavior of composite. (B8:5)

Monitoring of Buckling Behaviors of VaRTMStiffened-Panel using FBG Sensors S-I Takeda, Y Aoki, Y Nagao (JAXA)FBG (Fiber Bragg Grating) sensors were embedded into theCFRP stiffened-panel during VaRTM (Vacuum-assisted ResinTransfer Molding). The buckling behaviour of the stiffened-panel was investigated under compressive loading. The localbucklings and the debondings between skin and stringer couldbe detected by the signal change of the FBG sensors. (B8:6)

3D TEXTILES & COMPOSITESChairs: M Mohamed/JWS Hearle

Manufacturing Studies for 3-D Hybrid Yarn basedTextile-Reinforced Composite TraysW Hufenbach, M Dannemann, S Friebe, M Krahl (TUDresden)Main focus of the presented work is the development of anadapted manufacturing technology for thermoplastic 3D shapedtextile-reinforced composite trays. Therefore, a manufacturingconcept was developed, the drapability of different textilesmade of hybrid yarns was investigated and first prototypes weremanufactured using hot pressing technology. (D1:12)

3D Woven Preforms and Properties for TextileComposites JWS Hearle, X Chen (TexEng Software Ltd)3D fabrics made on commercial machinery, include solid,shaped, nodal and hollow forms. Software links fabric design toweaving control. Engineering applications need modelling ofrealistic geometries for performance prediction. 3D fabrics incomposites have been driven by aerospace applications, butthere are other opportunities, including high-volume, lower-costapplications. (D1:13)

Manufacture and Testing of 3D Woven Natural FibreComposites JA Soden, A McIlhagger, GFJ Stewart, D Campbell (Univof Ulster)This paper reports new developments in the design, manufac-ture, treatment, and testing of 3D reinforced natural fibre wovencomposites. It discusses the range of 3D weave architecturesused, details the VARTM composite processing method andfocuses on the unique challenges of producing structural com-posites from naturally variable cellulosic yarns. (D1:14)

Impact Damage to 3D Woven CFRP CompositePlates MPF Sutcliffe, G Zumpano, C Aceves, WJ Stronge(Cambridge Univ) M Fox (Univ of Manchester)Two CFRP composites, an orthogonal weave and a layer-to-layer weave, were impacted using a gas gun. The damage areaincreases roughly linearly with impact energy, while the contactforce increases roughly as the square of the impact energy.Sectioning was used to relate tow architecture and damage.(D1:15)

Three-Dimensional Braided Composites forRegenerating Articular Cartilage H-C Ahn, K-J Kim, W-R Yu (Seoul National Univ)As articular cartilage in our body is to sustain the joint pressure,its structure is a composite one for effective load bearing. Ifdamaged severely, articular cartilage should be regenerated orreplaced by an implant. A scaffold, which mimics native carti-lage in the mechanical properties as close as possible, isrequired for the regeneration. In this study, a three-dimensionalscaffold was developed using 3D braiding technology and finiteelement analysis. (D1:16)

Novel Three-Dimensional Braiding Approach and itsProducts F Schreiber, T Gries (RWTH Aachen) FK Ko, H-J Yang(Univ of British Columbia)A new braiding mechanism capable of fabricating complexshaped two-dimensional and three-dimensional compositestructures, as well as the structural geometry of this novel 3-Dbraid, is introduced in this paper. This new 3-D braiding processis based on a hexagonal principle and may lead to a new fam-ily of complex fiber architectures particularly for medical and abroad range of structural composite applications. (D1:17)

DAMAGE TOLERANCE & IMPACTChairs: B Falzon/H Suemasu

Impact Properties of Stitched Fibre ReinforcedThermoplastic Composite N Zhao, H Rödel, C Herzberg (TU Dresden)Impact properties of stitched glass/polypropylene woven com-posites are studied. Without degradation of tensile strength,stitching enhances impact toughness obviously. Stitchingimproves impact toughness through considerably increasedcapability of plastic deformation and crack bridging mechanismduring crack propagation. (F7:12)

Impact Properties of Glass/Epoxy Plates Reinforcedwith Metal Fibres T Ahmed, H Bersee, A Beukers (TU Delft)This paper presents an overview low velocity impact tests per-formed in assessing the feasibility of selectively reinforcingglass/epoxy composites with metal fibres. It is shown that theaddition of very low volume fractions of metal fibres can signif-icantly reduce the absorbed energy and damage area of thelaminate. (F7:13)

Novel Interlayers for Self-Healing SandwichStructuresP Bailey, S Hayes (Univ of Sheffield)A novel self-healing system for composite sandwich structuresis introduced with results of some initial tests and discussion ofits complimentary nature to self-healing systems currently beingdeveloped for fibre reinforced polymer composites which areoften used as skin materials. (F7:14)

Characterization and Modelling of Impact InducedDamage Modes in Single Lap Joints of Woven GFRPComposites RS Choudhry, S Li, R Day (Univ of Manchester)Single lap joints of woven GFRP composites have been inves-tigated for impact induced damage modes using C-scan, X-raymicro tomography, Imaging and Finite Element Modelling. Thishas allowed for damage modes to be observed in 3D frommacro to micro level - resulting in much better understanding ofdamage mechanisms and realistic FE modelling. (F7:15)

Damage Characterisation in CFRP using AcousticEmission, Computerised X-Ray Tomography andFBG Sensors A Chambers, N Heijne, S Snutch (Southampton Univ)Impact damage in unidirectional CFRP as a function of impactenergy was quantified by the reduction in flexural strength afterimpact and by damage mechanisms identified using x-raytomography and microscopic analysis. The results were used tointerpret acoustic emission and residual strain measurementsmade during impact. (F7:16)

Strain Rate Effect on Interlaminar Shear Strength ofCarbon Fibre Reinforced Epoxy and pCBT CompositesA Agirregomezkorta, J Zurbitu, G Aretxaga, M Sarrionandia, J Aurrekoetxea (Mondragon Univ)The interlaminar shear strength of carbon fibre reinforcedepoxy and pCBT composites moulded by VA-RTM has beenstudied at quasi-static and impact strain rates. The strengthincreases with the strain rate in both materials and pCBT com-posites show lower strength values and strain rate depend-ence. Differences have been justified based on fractographicanalysis. (F7:17)

Friday 31 July 2009

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Chair: A Lau

Multifunctional Structural GreenNanocomposites from Bio-oil based ThermosetResin Systems: An Overview M Misra (Univ of Guelph)

ROOM 1Chair: S Hoa

Prepregging and Mechanical Properties of CNT-CFRP Hybrid Composites J-K Kim (Hong Kong Univ of Science & Technology)

ROOM 2Chair: A Guemes

Recent Development of Structural HealthMonitoring Technologies for Aircraft CompositeStructures in JapanN Takeda (Univ of Tokyo)

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AGING, MOISTURE & VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES

Chairs: P Olivier/A VautrinOxidation Degradation of GFRPM Okano, A Nakai, H Hamada, Y Fujii (KIT)In this study, the promotional experiment was executed toinvestigate a degradation behavior under high temperature,and bending properties of the GFRP with heating attack wereexamined. As a result, color change didn't show the decreaseof strength change. (F1:12)

Time-Dependent Failure Criteria for Polymer MatrixComposites: A Review RM Guedes (INEGI)This paper reviews theoretical approaches for long-term failureanalysis and discusses different time-dependent failure criteriato predict lifetime of polymer matrix composites. Actually,regarding engineering applications, the global and homoge-neous analysis is more convenient. Fracture mechanics, dam-age mechanics and energy-based failure criteria are presentedand illustrated with published experimental data. (F1:13)

Creep Behaviour of Epoxy/Clay Nanocomposite T Glaskova, A Aniskevich (Univ of Latvia)In the current study the peculiarities of creep behavior ofepoxy/clay nanocomposite (NC) under effect of moisture areestimated. The viscoelastic properties of NC were investigatedexperimentally and their dependence on filler and moistureeffect was determined. The obtained results of quasistatic ten-sile tests and creep tests were compared and effect of moistureand filler on NC and matrix properties was analyzed. (F1:14)

On Moisture Induced Viscoelasticity and StressAnalysis of a Single Fiber Composite during Ageing M Lai, J Botsis, D Coric, J Cugnoni (EPFL)The hygrothermal response of an epoxy is reported as functionof average moisture uptake. The specimen used is a singlefibre composite with axially located optical fibre that presents aBragg grating sensor. Bragg grating strain data are comparedwith stress analysis accounting for moisture diffusion in thespecimen. (F1:15)

Improved Procedure for the Determination of Tg inAdvanced Composites by Dynamic MechanicalAnalysis GD Sims, SJP Gnaniah (NPL)Thermal analysis techniques are used widely to characterisecomposite materials for material qualification. DynamicMechanical Analysis (DMA) is a particularly favoured and pro-vides a fuller description of material behaviour. This paperseeks to provide a traceable procedure for Tg determinationeliminating the heating rate dependent behaviour of DMAequipment. (F1:16)

Viscoelastic Stress-Strain Analysis during MoistureUptake under Tensile Creep AN Aniskevich (Univ of Latvia) RM Guedes (Univ ofPorto)Viscoelastic analysis of stress-strain state is performed formodel epoxy polymer during moisture uptake under tensilecreep. Comparison with elastic case is given. The effect ofstress level and relative humidity of ambient atmosphere isanalysed. (F1:17)

MECHANICS OF SHORT FIBRE COMPOSITES

Chairs: H Hamada/T MoriiEffect of Molecular Weight on Aging Properties ofGlass Fiber/Polypropylene Composite T Morii (Shonan Inst of Tech) T Yoshida, H Hamada(KIT)This study discussed effect of molecular weight of matrix PPand maleic acid grafted PP (m-PP) on bending property andhydrothermal aging of GF/PP. High and low molecular weightmatrix PP and m-PP were adopted. Modulus was more affect-ed by molecular weight of matrix PP, while strength was moreaffected by molecular weight of m-PP. (F17:7)

Deformation and Temperature Fields in Short FibreComposites V Kompis (DSSI) Z Murcinkova (Tech Univ in Kosice)Computational models using 1D Continuous Source FunctionMethod (CSFM) along the fibre axis will be presented for simu-lation of displacement/stress/strain and temperature/heat flux incomposites reinforced by short fibres with very large aspectratio. CSFM is a meshless method reducing the problem con-siderably. (F17:8)

Full-Field Strain Measurment of DiscontinuousCarbonfibre Composites MD Bond, LT Harper, TA Turner, NA Warrior (Univ ofNottingham)A study of macroscopic failure in discontinuous carbon fibrecomposites is presented, using Digital Image Correlation tomonitor full-field strain distributions within experimental sam-ples. Specimens with controlled fibre architectures have beenmanufactured and tested to failure to enable comparisons withnumerical results. (F17:9)

Prediction of Modulus of Injection Molded CF/LCPThin Plates A Fujita, F Baba, N Yamada (Mitsubishi Electric Corp) A Nakai, H Hamada (KIT)The modulus of the injection molded carbon fiber (CF)/ liquidcrystal polymer (LCP) thin plate was estimated by the Cox for-mula and by laminate theory based on the fiber orientation anddistribution of the modulus of the LCP in the thickness direction.It was verified that the prediction method suggested in thispaper was valid to estimate the modulus of thin injection mold-ed CF/LCP plates. (F17:10)

Strength Prediction of Short Fiber ReinforcedInjection Moldings A Nakai (KIT)Long glass fiber reinforced polypropylene injection moldingswere fabricated. By simultaneously using two kinds of AE sen-sors, AE measurements were performed. By assuming that thespecimen possesses a laminated structure that consists of 0-,45-, and 90-degree layers, the initial fracture morphologiescould be detected by two AE sensors. (F17:12)

WEARChairs: MQ Zhang/HX Peng

Synergetic Effect Revealed by Sliding WearPerformance of Hybrid Nanocomposites MQ Zhang (Zhongshan Univ)Addition of nano-SiO2 and short carbon fiber into epoxy is ableto generate positive synergetic effect in terms of tribologicalperformance. The improved surface hardness (mainly resultingfrom carbon fiber), sheet-like wear debris reinforced by nano-SiO2 that act as lubricant, and rapid formation of stable trans-fer film take the responsibility. (F24:1)

Development of FRP Composites with ExcellentErosion Resistance by Solid Particles D Qian, L Bao, M Takatera (Shinshu Univ) A Yamanaka(Yoyobo Co Ltd)The solid particle erosion behaviors of CF/GF hybrid FRPs andDFRP under various impact angles were carried out for com-parison with CFRP, GFRP and matrix resin. It was concludedthat it was feasible to develop the FRP materials with low den-sity, high strength, and excellent particle erosion resistance.(F24:2)

Experimental and Numerical Study of the Large-ScaleTesting of Filament Wound Composite Bearings A Rezaei, W Ost, W Van Paepegem, J Degrieck, P DeBaets (Ghent Univ)This study includes an experimental and numerical study of thelarge-scale testing of filament wound composite bearings. Thekinematics of the operation is simulated as two-dimensionalplane-strain model with both static-implicit and dynamic-explic-it procedures. Simulation results correspond closely to theexperimental data, and provide careful investigation of stressesdistribution in the bearing. (F24:3)

Mechanical Properties and Wear Characteristics ofBacterial Cellulose/Polymer Composite Materials Y Ozawa (Fukushima Univ) T Kikuchi (Fukushima TechCentre) M Watanabe (Tech College Koriyama) K Yabuki(Miyamoto Resin Ind)The mechanical properties and wear characteristics of BacterialCellulose (BC) composites is investigated. Fabrication methodof BC form, in which BC microfibril network of three dimension-al nano-structure and their bonding conditions remains, wasdeveloped and the characteristics of BC form and its applicabil-ity to impregnation of polymer resin were considered. (F24:4)

Effect of Nano-SiO2 on the Tribological Behavior ofShort Carbon Fiber (SCF)/PTFE/Graphite ReinforcedPeek G Zhang, AK Schlarb (Univ Kaiserslautern)The roles of low-loading nano-SiO2 particles (13 nm, 1 vol.%)on the tribological behavior of SCF/PTFE/graphite filled PEEKcomposite was investigated. Especially under high contactpressures, the incorporated nanoparticles significantly reducethe friction coefficient and wear rate. (F24:5)

Study on Friction Performance of Carbon/CarbonComposite under Lubrication Condition Y Fu (Northwestern Polytech Univ)Carbon/carbon composite is an environment-friendly material.A kind of carbon/carbon composite reinforced by 1K carbon fab-ric was produced through isothermal CVI method. After proper-ty tests under lubrication condition, the results showed that itwas of excellent friction performance and did little harm to itsmating plate. (F24:6)

ADVANCED COMPOSITE MATERIALSIN CONSTRUCTION

Chairs: JT Mottram/GJ TurveyFailure of Pultruded GRP Angle-Leg Junctions inTension G Turvey (Lancaster Univ) P Wang (Schlumberger)Junction tensile strengths and failure modes are reported fortwo thicknesses of pultruded GRP angle. The strengths of thethinner angles vary by 30% to 78%, whereas the thicker onesvary by 3% to 7%. The larger range of strengths is due to inad-equate lay-up control in the thinner junctions. (A1:1)

Design and Fabrication of a GFRP Road Plate L Antognelli (Magnytude) D Hearn, S Aivazzadeh(LRMA)A robust lightweight GFRP plate was developed for temporaryhole cover during road works. The sandwich structure, made byvacuum assisted wet layup was validated by FEM analysis andload testing to rupture before issuing to road works teams. Mainobjective was man handling by one or two men thus avoidingmechanised aid. (A1:2)

Non-Linear Properties of Coated Fabrics used inTensairity Structures C Galliot, R Luchsinger (EMPA)The yarn-parallel and shear behaviour of PVC-coated polyesterfabric is investigated. From biaxial tensile test results a simplematerial model is proposed and included as a Usermat inAnsys. It is used for the finite element analysis of Tensairitygirders. (A1:3)

New Composite Poles for Electrical Lighting,Transport and Distribution J Nunes (Minho Univ) J Silva (ISEP) J Ferreira (Polight)A Marques (Univ of Porto)The manufacture, geometrical and mechanical design of newcomposite poles made from glass fibre reinforced thermoset-ting and thermoplastic matrix composites (GRP) were studiedand validated in according to the major national and interna-tional standards through advanced computational methods(FEM) and mechanical tests. (A1:4)

Modeling of Dynamic Properties of the CompositeShell for TV Tower M Cerny, P Plesinger (Czech Technical Univ)A dynamic properties of composite shell have been investigat-ed experimentally and numerically. Eigenvalues have beenevaluated by impact testing from output signal in the mesh ofpoints and their frequency spectrum. The eigenvalues havebeen further calculated numerically by QR iteration of the finiteelement method and compared. (A1:5)

Design Guidance for Bolted Connections inStructures of Pultruded Shapes: Gaps in Knowledge JT Mottram (Univ of Warwick)To help engineers and architects use pultruded FRPs in struc-tures there is an undertaking to prepare an American pre-stan-dard. Design of connections will correspond to those typesused in practice. This paper presents our gaps in knowledgeand how they can be addressed for the design provision to cor-respond to that for other material standards. (A1:6)

09.10 - 11.10Room: Strathblane

MARINE COMPOSITESSession Organisers:

Y Miyano/A Shenoi/Y Rajapakse

x4 Interactive Papers (IA4:1 - IA4:4)see page 55 for details of titles and authors

COMPOSITES IN FIRE Session Organisers: A Mouritz/AG Gibson

x3 Interactive Papers (IF4:1 - IF4:3)see page 55 for details of titles and authors

DEFORMATION & FRACTURE OFCOMPOSITES

Session Organisers: C Soutis/A Hodzic

x4 Interactive Papers (IF8:1 - IF8:4)see page 55 for details of titles and authors

ROOM 6 ROOM 7 ROOM 8 ROOM 9 INTERACTIVE SESSIONS

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NATURAL FIBRE COMPOSITESChairs: Y Li/J Denault

Flax Fibres in Musical Instrument Soundboards S Phillips, L Lessard (McGill Univ)A flax fiber sandwich panel was developed for use as a musicalinstrument soundboard. The dynamic properties of the flax lam-inate were compared to those of the most widely used woodspecies. The dynamic Young’s modulus, shear modulus andinternal friction of both materials were used for comparison. Asmall prototype instrument was constructed using the studiedflax laminate. (D9:19)

Nanostructured Composite Materials from CelluloseNanofibers and Carbon Nanotubes M Salajkova*, H Sehaqui, Q Zhou, L Berglund (RoyalInst of Tech) (*also at Brno Univ of Tech)Nanotechnology, which consists of manipulating materials anddevices of 100 nm or less in at least one dimension, providesus an opportunity to create advanced materials with hierarchi-cal structures and develop cellulose-based materials with high-er strength, greater optical transparency, or enhanced electricaland magnetic performances. (D9:20)

Development of Natural Hemp Fibre Sheet MouldComposites (NF- SMC) G Ren (Univ of Hertfordshire) H Patel, D Hapuarachchi(QMUL) S Crowther (Menzolit) M Fan (Brunel Univ) PJ Hogg (Univ of Manchester)This research investigated the use of natural hemp fibre as rein-forcement for SMC as an alternative to glass fibre in the appli-cations ranging from building construction, to automotive andaerospace industries which require good fire performance andmechanical properties. (D9:21)

Elaboration of Cactus Fibre Composite Laminateand Characterisation under Static and FatigueLoading A Bezazi, M Bouakba (Univ of Guelma) F Scarpa (Univof Bristol)In this work we present the results of a new method to extractcactus fibres for novel laminate biocomposites, together withthe chemical characterisation of the biofibres. The compositesare mechanically tested under uniaxial, fatigue tensile andbending loading. The cyclic fatigue investigations are relatedonly to the cactus fibre/polyester composites laminate underflexural loading. (D9:22)

ROOM 1

MULTIFUNCTIONALNANOCOMPOSITES Chairs: S Gao/SY Fu

Preparation, Structure, Performance,Industrialization and Application of AdvancedRubber/Clay Nanocomposites L Zhang, Y Wu, Y Wang, Y Lu (Beijing Univ)Clay/polymer nanocomposites have attracted great interests inthe field of materials science and engineering for some superi-or properties. However, further development is limited by rea-sons like high price/performance ratio and deficiency in someproperties. To break through the bottleneck we have to (1)develop preparation techniques with low cost; (2) exploit theacquired excellent properties and find optimum applicationfields. (E3:13)

Microstructural Evolution and ElectromagneticProperties of Iron Nanofibers Synthesized by theElectrospinning Process S-K Lee, S-B Lee, J-W Yi, S-J Hong (Korea Inst of MatsScience) Y-H Choa (Hanyang Univ)To increase the electromagnetic wave absorbing properties inradar frequency region, high aspect ratio Fe nanofibers havebeen fabricated by the multi-nozzle electrospinning process. Inthe present study, the effect of different applied voltage on themorphology of electrospun Fe nanofibers was examined. Theaverage diameter of electrospun Fe nanofibers tended todecrease with increasing applied voltage. (E3:14)

Clay Effect on the Morphology and Properties ofPoly(Methyl Methacrylate)/Clay Nanocomposites T-Y Tsai, M-J Lin, C-C Li, C-W Chang, C-K Wen (ChungYuan Christian Univ)Three types of clays with different CEC are used to prepare thePMMA/clay nanocomposites by solution polymerization. Themorphology and properties of the PMMA/clay nanocomposites,such as the thermal, optical, gas barrier, and anti-scratch prop-erties would be discussed herein the effect of clay with differentCEC. (E3:15)

Crystallization Behavior and Physical Properties ofPLLA/nHA Nanocomposites C Delabarde, C Plummer, P-E Bourban, J-A Månson(EPFL LTC)Investigations of melt compounded PLLA/nHA nanocompositeshave provided evidence for a significant reduction in the rate ofcrystallization at temperatures greater than 110 °C in the pres-ence of the nHA, believed to be associated with a modificationin the matrix crystal structure. Possible consequences for thepractical implementation of these nanocomposites in bone tis-sue engineering will be discussed. (E3:16)

ROOM 2

STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORINGChairs: V Verijenko/K Kageyama

Investigation on the Internal Stress Build-Up inCarbon Fibre Composites to Alleviate ManufacturingInduced Shape Distortions IP Nogueira, DP Ciurezu, BF Llorente (EADS IW)Manufacturing induced deformations in composite componentsare monitored using embedded FBG. An analytical modelbased on extensive processing experience is developed andvalidated based on the FBG readings. The advantages of realtime monitoring of internal stresses are exploited and thus effi-cient corrective actions are presented. (B8:7)

Prediction of Fatigue Damage in Holed CompositeLaminates with Embedded FBG Sensors S Yashiro, A Kadoya (Ehime Univ) T Okabe (TohokuUniv)This study investigates damage monitoring for a holed CFRPlaminate under fatigue loading by using an embedded FBGsensor. Measured reflection spectrum of the FBG sensorchanged with damage extension in the laminate. The mecha-nism of the change in the spectrum shape will be discussedthrough a numerical simulation for fatigue damage extension.(B8:8)

Strain Monitoring Technique for Bonded Joints byFibre-Optic Distributed Sensors H Murayama, K Kageyama, K Uzawa, K Ohara, I Ohsawa (Univ of Tokyo) H Igawa (JAXA)We applied the novel fibre-optic sensor which can measure thestrain distribution along fibre Bragg gratings with the high spa-tial resolution to strain sensing of a single lap joint. A fibre Bragggrating with the gauge length of 10 cm was embedded into theadhesive of the joint and we could successfully measure thestrain distributions. (B8:9)

Detection of Multiple Point Impacts Acting onComposite Structural Panels H Sekine, S Atobe (Tohoku Univ)For the sake of the detection of multiple point impacts acting oncomposite structural panels, we identify their locations andforce histories so as to adjust the modal coordinates to themeasured ones which are determined from longitudinal strainresponses. The validity of the detection is verified by comparingthe results with the exact ones. (B8:10)

ROOM 3

TEXTILE COMPOSITESChairs: SV Lomov/A Long

Extension of the Publication Paradigm: The TextileComposites Archive J Whitcomb (Texas A&M Univ) SV Lomov, I Verpoest(KU Leuven) P Boisse (INSA Lyon) J Crookston, A Long(Univ of Nottingham) M Zako (Osaka Univ)Although interest in textile composites is increasing rapidly,their complex, multiscale microstructure is a major hindrance tothe development of robust predictive analyses. Not only are therequired experiments and analyses complex, but describing theresults of research efforts does not fit well within the tight con-fines of a normal journal paper. A Textile Composites Archive isproposed as an extension of the publication paradigm. (D11:1)

A Voxel-Based Homogenization Technique for theUnit Cell Elastic and Thermoelastic Analysis ofWoven Composites S Smitheman, A Jones, A Long, W Ruijter (Univ ofNottingham)A voxel-based homogenization technique for predicting how atextile reinforced composite will warp during manufacture is out-lined. An approach is detailed involving the finite element analy-sis of a unit cell, based upon a textile geometric model, andgood agreement with experimental data for various fibre/resinsystems and weave patterns is shown. (D11:2)

A Proposal of FE Modeling for Off-Axis WovenFabric Laminate Y Fujita, Y Watanabe, T Kurashiki, M Zako (Osaka Univ)As finite element modelling of off-axis woven laminate is verycomplex, it is difficult to analyze the mechanical behaviour. Tosolve this problem, M3 method has been applied. As a result, itis recognized that the off-axis woven fabric with complex ele-ments can be analyzed. (D11:3)

Meso-Scale Modelling in Thermoplastic 5-HarnessSatin Weave Composite S Daggumati, I De Baere, W Van Paepegem, J Degrieck(Ghent Univ) J Xu, S Lomov, I Verpoest (KU Leuven)In this paper, meso-scale modelling of a satin weave compos-ite is presented. Numerical results such as local strain variation,damage initiation strain and damage initiation locations are val-idated using different experimental techniques. Based on theexperimental feedback, FEA of the unit cell is improved bychanging the boundary conditions and using the stack of unitcells for simulation. (D11:4)

Investigation of Mechanical Properties of TowSteered CFRP Panels K Hazra, K Potter, P Weaver (Univ of Bristol)As an automated preforming technique, tow steering offersexcellent opportunity to tailor preforms. However, inherent limi-tations of this technique include in-plane and through-thicknesspresence of stitch yarn, backing fabric and a stitch-heavy sideof the preform. A soluble stitch yarn is used to overcome theselimitations. (D11:5)

ROOM 4

FATIGUE OF COMPOSITESChairs: J Varna/W van Paepegem

A Nanocomposite Laminate for Improved Durabilityand Stability in Fatigue D Davis, J Wilkerson (Texas A&M Univ) J Zhu(NanoRidge Materials)A model carbon fiber reinforced epoxy nanocomposite laminatematerial system illustrates improvements in cyclic fatigue lifethrough the incorporation of single wall carbon nanotubes(SWCNTs) as a nanoconstituent. The material shows moredurability in tension-tension fatigue and structural stability intension-compression fatigue. (F13:1)

Fatigue Testing of Carbon Fabric Thermoplastics:Different Testing and Instrumentation Strategies W Van Paepegem, I De Baere, J Degrieck (Ghent Univ)This paper presents the fatigue testing of carbon fabric thermo-plastics in different loading conditions: (i) tension-tensionfatigue, (ii) bending fatigue and (iii) pure shear fatigue. New testset-ups have been developed for bending and shear fatigue,and different instrumentation strategies have been explored(optical fibre sensors, electrical resistance measurement).(F13:2)

Fatigue Behaviour of YBCO Coated Conductor withCu Layer at 77k M Hojo, Y Yoshida, M Sugano, T Adachi, Y Inoue (KyotoUniv) K Shikimachi, N Hirano, S Nagaya (Chubu ElectricPower Co)We carried out fatigue tests of YBCO high-temperature super-conducting coated conductor with Hastelloy substrate and addi-tional Cu layer in LN2, together with the measurement of thecritical current. The addition of a Cu layer increased the fatiguestrength by about 19%. This increase was higher than that forthe static properties (5%). (F13:3)

Effect of Thermal Aging and Thermal Fatigue onIntralaminar Cracking in Laminates Loaded inTension R Joffe (Swerea Sicomp) J Varna (Lulea Univ of Tech)Laminated composites subjected to a large number of thermalcycles between cryogenic to elevated temperatures close toglass transition, experience formation of intralaminar cracks,causing degradation of thermo-mechanical properties. Theobjective of this paper is to improve the understanding of themicrodamage initiation and growth mechanisms in thermo-mechanical fatigue. (F13:4)

Long-Term Life Prediction of Quasi-Isotropic CFRPLaminates with a Hole under Compressive Loading M Hiraoka, K Iwai, H Cai, M Nakada, Y Miyano(Kanazawa Inst of Tech)This paper is concerned with the long-term life prediction ofCFRP laminates with a hole under compressive loading basedon the accelerated testing methodology (ATM) combined withthe micromechanics of failure (MMF). The reliability ofMMF/ATM methodology is discussed by comparing the predict-ed results with the experimental ones. (F13:5)

ROOM 5

L U N C H12.50 - 13.50

REFRESHMENT BREAK11.10 - 11.30

L U N C H13.10 - 14.10

31/07/09

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12.50

PROCESSING OF NANOCOMPOSITES

Chairs: JK Kim/T LekakouElectrospinning of Polymer Nanocomposites T Lekakou (Univ of Surrey)This study investigates problems in the electrospinning of poly-mer nanocomposites, such as beading and fibre break up. Acomprehensive process model has been developed and com-puter simulations have been performed to analyse the electro-spinning of polymer nanocomposites as compared to the elec-trospinning of the corresponding polymers. The study focuseson differences in the viscoelastic properties and surface ten-sion. (E7:1)

Preparation and Characterization of HalloysiteNanotubes-EPDM Nanocomposites P Pasbakhsh, H bin Ismail, AFM Nor, AA Bakar (USM)The effect of Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) with hollow nan-otubular structures on the Xray diffraction patterns, tensile prop-erties, thermal behaviour and morphological characteristics ofethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) composites wasinvestigated. EPDM/HNT nanocomposites were prepared usinga two roll mill by adding 0 to 100 phr HNTs. (E7:2)

Processing and Electromechanical Properties ofCNF/Ppy Nanocomposites C Kim, S Zhang (Kyungpook National Univ)CNF/Ppy composite films were fabricated by a newly inventedprocess. CNF/Ppy composite materials have never beenreported before in any other papers. Conductivities of the com-posite films were obtained by using a four-probe method. Strainwas measured by a specially designed instrumentation, whilevoltages were applied. SEM images were taken. (E7:3)

Laser Sintering vs Melt Compounding: A NewApproach for Functionally Graded PolymerNanocomposites K Kalaitzidou, S Athreya, C Chu, S Das (Georgia Inst ofTech)The feasibility of selective laser sintering (SLS) as a fabricationmethod for functionally-graded polymer nanocomposites isexplored. Carbon black reinforced polyamide 12 compositesmade by SLS are compared in terms of mechanical, thermaland electrical properties; and microstructure to compositesmade by melt compounding and injection molding. (E7:4)

Influence of Compatibilizer on the PreferentialLocation of TiO2 Nanoparticles in PET/PP Blend W Li, AK Schlarb (Univ of Kaiserlautern)Two types of TiO2 nanoparticles (300nm and 15nm) are incor-porated PET/PP blends. In the uncompatibilized blend the TiO2preferentially locate in PET, while for the compatibilized blendthe TiO2 disperse only in PP. This preferential location of TiO2is attributed to the variation of interfacial tension as a result ofcompatibilizer. (E7:5)

ROOM 6 ROOM 7

ONR: DYNAMIC FAILURE & BLAST IChairs: U Vaidya/G Belingardi

Mechanical Behaviour and Failure Criteria ofComposite Materials under Static and DynamicLoading I Daniel, J-M Cho, B Werner, J Fenner (NorthwesternUniv)The quasi-static and dynamic behavior of two composite mate-rials was characterized and failure theories weredeveloped/expanded to describe static and dynamic failureunder multi-axial states of stress. A recently developed inter-fiber/interlaminar failure theory was shown to be in excellentagreement with experimental results. (F10:1)

Ballistic Impact Testing of Balsa, PVC Foam, GlassReinforced Polyurethane Core Sandwich Structures U Vaidya, S Pillay, M Magrini (Univ of Alabama) R Mantena (Univ of Mississippi)The impact damage response of sandwich composites withbalsa, poly vinyl chloride (PVC) foam and polyurethane E-glassreinforced web core with E-glass facesheets is evaluated bysubjecting them to velocities beyond the ballistic limit for bothsingle-site and multi-site impact locations. (F10:2)

Performance of Composite Panels Subjected toImpulsive Loading H Espinosa, F Latourte, D Gregoire (Northwestern Univ)Optimization of the overall blast resistance of naval hulls madeof composite materials relies on the ability of the structure toresist underwater explosion by energy dissipation. In this work,the performance of a solid panel is studied by numerical simu-lations. The evolution of dissipated energy as a function of peakpressure and damage accumulation is reported and discussed.(F10:3)

Delamination Fracture and Core Crushing inComposite Sandwich Beams R Massabo, A Cavicchi (Univ of Genova)Static and dynamic interaction effects of multiple damagemechanisms (cohesive delamination fracture of the skin andthe skin/core interface, core crushing, ...) on the mechanicalresponse of composite sandwich beams are investigated usingthe approximate one-dimensional model of a multiply delami-nated beam (skin) resting on a nonlinear Winkler foundation(core and core/skin interface). (F10:4)

Implosion of Composite Shells under Blast MH Fatt, S George (Univ of Akron)Analytical and finite element solutions are presented in thispaper for the dynamic pulse buckling response of laminatedcomposite cylindrical shells subjected to uniform and asymmet-ric pressure pulse loading (side-on explosion). Unstable buck-ling modes arise depending on shell geometry, material proper-ties and load intensity. (F10:5)

ROOM 8

ADVANCED COMPOSITE MATERIALSIN CONSTRUCTION

Chairs: JT Mottram/GJ TurveyThe Pullout Test of a FRP Rebar within a Nanoclay/Concrete Block W-C Liao, P-H Hung, M-C Lee (Feng Chia Univ)The FRP (fiber reinforced plastic) rebar with good corrosionresistance and high stiffness weight ratio is a good alternativeof a steel reinforcement for environmental deterioration preven-tion. In this study, a filament winding technique is applied tocommercially available FRP rods (with smooth surface) to pro-duce different winding pitch and lug height. (A1:7)

Strains of Eccentric Compressed RC ColumnsStrengthened with CFRP Materials T Trapko, M Kaminski, M Musial (Wroclaw Univ of Tech)The subject of conducted experimental studies was analysis ofinfluence of compressive force eccentricity on strains and effec-tiveness of strengthening of eccentric compressed reinforcedconcrete columns strengthened with CFRP strips and sheets.(A1:8)

Durability of the Composite to Concrete AdhesiveBond under Accelerated Ageing K Benzarti, M Quiertant (LCPC) C Aubagnac, S Chataigner (Lab Régional d'Autun)The durability of concrete beams strengthened by bonded com-posite materials has been investigated. Time evolution of theconcrete/composite adhesive bond strength was studied undercontrolled ageing conditions, by using different mechanicaltests. Structural evolutions of the polymer adhesive during age-ing were also studied by DSC analyses. (A1:9)

Finite Elemente and Experimental Study of NovelConcept of 3D Fibre Cel Structure M Ruzicka, V Kulíšek, J Had, O Prejzek (CzechTechnical Univ in Prague) Problem of the low interlaminar strength of unidirectional thickcomposite parts were solved by application of 3D fibre cellstructure. Both experimental and FEM analysis of typical repre-sentative volume elements of the real composite box beamstructure were investigated. Parametric study of the transverselayer thickness and its winding angle on mechanical propertieswere made. (A1:10)

Vacuum Formed GFRP Profiles used as ExternalReinforcement in Damaged Concrete Structures -Low Cost ApproachA Ortenzi, J Carvalho (São Paulo Univ) M Ferreira(Federal Univ of Sao Carlos)The knowledge of the GFRP reinforcement behaviour in struc-tural elements of bridges is important to predict the failure of theretrofit in these structural members after their repair. In thiswork, the behaviour of reinforced concrete beams after testedup to the Ultimate Limit State (ULS) and repaired by the appli-cation of a vacuum formed GFRP profile, was simulated andcompared with experimental results. (A1:11)

ROOM 9

11.30 - 13.10Room: Strathblane

AGING, MOISURE & VISOELASTIC PROPERTIES

Session Organisers: A Vautrin/P Davies

x1 Interactive Papers (IF1:1)see page 56 for details of titles and authors

DAMAGE TOLERANCE & IMPACTSession Organisers: T Ishikawa/R Butler

x8 Interactive Papers (IF7:1 - IF7:8)see page 56 for details of titles and authors

WEAR Session Organisers: K Friedrich/H-X Peng

x1 Interactive Papers (IF24:1)see page 56 for details of titles and authors

INTERACTIVE SESSIONS

REPAIRChairs: I Herzberg/A Orifici

Durability of Epoxy Adhesives used to Bond CFRPLaminates to Concrete Structures S Cabral-Fonseca, MP Rodrigues, MI Eusébio (NationalLab of Civil Eng) JP Nunes (Minho Univ)This work presents an experimental program undertaken inorder to evaluate the durability of three types of commercialepoxy adhesives used for bonding carbon-fibre-reinforced-plas-tics (CFRP) to concrete structural elements on their rehabilita-tion. (F21:1)

Representative Joint Approach to Repair DesignsC Wang, A Gunnion (DSTO)This paper presents an inclusion model for the design andanalysis of adhesively bonded and bolted repairs to compositelaminates. By treating the repair as an equivalent inclusion, theload carried by the repair patch can be determined using theinclusion analogy for arbitrary elliptical cutouts. The model isverified against finite element computation and experimentaltesting. (F21:2)

Measurement of the Fracture Toughness of theMetal-Composite Interface in Composite RepairSystems for Steel Pipework M Robinson, A Al-Maskari, G Gibson, S Frost(Newcastle Univ)This paper describes the fracture mechanics approach behindthe water pressure 'blow-off test for characterising the failurebehaviour of composite repairs on steel tubes. The techniqueenables the fracture toughness of the metal/composite interfaceto be determined at the point where failure initiates. (F21:3)

Investigation of Composite Repair Method by LiquidResin Infusion M Hauthier, D Lévêque, C Huchette (ONERA) P Olivier(Univ de Toulouse)"Conventional" repair procedures for impacted composite struc-tures (i.e. patches) are time-consuming, and must be per-formed by highly qualified staff. In this paper a cost-effectiveand simple repair method by liquid resin infiltration is studied.The liquid resin is used to fill in the damage region organised asa crack network. (F21:4)

Mechanical Behaviour of Concrete Columns Coatedby Composite Materials with Different StakingSequences H Bouchelaghem, A Bezazi (Univ of Guelma) F Scarpa(Univ of Bristol)We describe a study undertaken on a series of columns rein-forced by composite materials glass/polyester with several layups under uniaxial compression loading. The reinforcedcolumns show an increase up to 70% in rigidity and failure loadcompared with non-reinforced ones, when only two plies ofcomposite material are used. (F21:5)

R E F R E S H M E N T B R E A K11.10 - 11.30

L U N C H13.10 - 14.10

50

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15.30

OFFSHORE APPLICATIONSChairs: O Ochoa/AG Gibson

The Challenges of Applying Composite Repairs in anOff-Shore Environment S Frost (Walker Technical Resources)This talk will overview the technical challenges of applying com-posite repairs on off-shore North Sea installations. Theses chal-lenges include qualification of repair systems, design or repairsand what are the critical issues in installation and inspection.These challenges and their solutions will be highlighted throughseveral case histories of application. (A5:1)

Thermoplastics for use in Offshore FlowlineApplications M Roseman, G Morgan, R Martin (MERL)The transition from steel to thermoplastic flowlines in the off-shore oil and gas industry is a paradigm shift away from tradi-tion. The Part-funded TSB consortium project "Thermopipe"was set up to research and develop a cost effective thermo-plastic composite pipeline with increased durability andreduced maintenance over corrosion resistant alloys. (A5:2)

Large Scale Slamming Tests on Composite Buoysfor Wave Energy Applications C Blommaert, W Van Paepegem, G De Backer, J Degrieck, J De Rouck, M Vantorre, J Van Slycken, I De Baere, H De Backer, J Degroote (Ghent Univ), P Dhondt (Spiromatic)In the European FP6 project SEEWEC, an innovative design foran economically efficient wave energy converter has been con-ceived. The floating point absorbers that pick up the wave ener-gy, have been designed in filament wound composite. Theirmost critical loading condition is the survivability in storm con-ditions. Large scale slamming tests have been performed toassess the instantaneous peak pressures, decelerations anddeformations during the wave impact. (A5:3)

Thermoplastic Composite Pipe: Analysis and Testingof a Novel Pipe System for Oil & Gas J de Kanter, M Kremers (Airborne Composite Tubulars)A new spoolable pipe system for the oil & gas industry has beendeveloped: thermoplastic composite pipe, which is a one-poly-mer, fully bonded pipe concept produced with a continuouswinding process. A non-linear analysis tool has been developedand correlated with static, fatigue and long-term testing. (A5:4)

Modelling the Fire Behaviour of Glass FibreReinforced Epoxy (GRE) Pipework V Urso-Miano, AG Gibson (Univ of Newcastle) K Rookus, M Hekman, A Fahrer (Future Pipe Ind Ltd)Fibreglass pipework, especially GRE, is finding increasing usein the oil, gas and pipeline industries because of weight andcorrosion resistance advantages over metals. As is often thecase with composites, there is concern about the behaviour ofthe material in fire, especially when used on offshore platforms.The qualification, manufacture and use of GRE pipework isoften carried out under the guidelines laid down in ISO 14692.(A5:5)

Hybrid Composite Repair for Offshore Risers O Ochoa, C Alexander (Texas A&M Univ)An innovative design based on integrated computational mod-els and full scale tests is presented to address the viability ofreinstating capacity to offshore steel pipelines and risers.Simple carbon-fiber composite repair system is developedbased on limit analysis and strain-based design methods andvalidated with prototype tests. (A5:6)

ROOM 1NANO-STRUCTURED SURFACES &

COATINGSChairs: Z Zhang/G Jonschker

Fracture Between Self-Assembled Monolayers K Liechti, M Wakamatsu, B Doynov, A Hassan, M Krische (Univ of Texas)Molecular self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) can be used tofunctionalize surfaces and thereby control adhesion betweenfibers and polymer matrix. In this paper fracture at the molecu-lar level is examined via experiments and finite element analy-ses that examine the separation of two Si(111) surfaces func-tionalized with different SAMs. (E5:1)

Multiscale Carbon Fiber Composite with ZnONanowire Interface H Sodano, Y Lin, G Ehlert (Arizona State Univ)A novel ZnO nanowire interface has been grown on carbonfibers in order to enhance load transfer between the fiber andmatrix. Single fiber tensile and segmentation testing are used toevaluate the effect of the nanowires on the composite proper-ties. Interfacial strength improves 213% without degrading fibertensile strength. (E5:2)

De-Icing Coating Fabricated Via Molecules' MigrationIn High Voltage Insulators H Zhang (National Center for Nanoscience and Tech)In this work PDMS-based coatings doped with various loadingsof alkyl molecules showed outstanding capability in reducing iceaccumulation on the coating surface. In addition, nanoparticleswere used to control the release rate of alkyl molecules andtherefore prolong the life of the de-icing coating. The de-icingmechanisms were discussed also. (E5:3)

Large-Area Superhydrophobic Nanofiber ArrayStructures for Drag Reduction S Lee, W Hwang (POSTECH)We describe a simple fabrication method for replicating anodicaluminium oxide template using polytetrafluoroethylene and asuitable process to control the surface roughness and fabricatelarge-area superhydrophobic surface. The resulting nano-fiberarray structures have a low value of contact angle hysteresisand a drag reduction effect. (E5:4)

Thermal Conduction of Nano-Diamond DispersedPolyurethane Nanocomposites A Limmack, H-X Peng (Univ of Bristol)Nanocomposite materials consisting of nano-diamond in apolyurethane matrix developed for erosion resistant coatingswere tested for changes in thermal conductivity over theunmodified resin. A modest increase of 30% was observed butthe materials exhibit greater potential when sprayed as coat-ings due to the elimination of thick casting defects. (E5:5)

A Study on Wettability of the Dual Scale by PlasmaEtch and Nanohonycomb Structure D Kim, W Hwang (POSTECH)The method is realized using a combination of a conventionalplasma etch process, which creates a microscale irregularity onan aluminum surface, and an anodization process, which fur-ther modifies the plasma etchd surface with nanoscale struc-tures. The combined process enhances the wettability of thesurface which gives a wide range of the contact angle from~58° down to 0 ° ( i.e., a complete wetting surface). (E5:6)

ROOM 2STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING

Chairs: N Hu/P Fernberg

Optimal Excitation Frequency for DelaminationIdentification of Laminated Beams using A0 LambMode N Hu, H Fukunaga, Y Liu, Y Koshin (Tohoku Univ)Numerical investigations on optimal excitation frequency, whichcan lead to the strongest reflections from a delamination, havebeen performed when using A0 Lamb wave mode. From theresults, it can be found that the optimal excitation frequencyrelates to the natural frequency of a local region containing thedelamination. (B8:11)

Real-Time Life Prediction of a High PerformanceComposite Flywheel Rotor using a TelemeterySystem JH Kim, SJ Kim, SK Ha (Hanyang Univ) TH Sung, YH Han (Korea EPRI)Based on micromechanics of failure, real-time life prediction fora high performance composite flywheel rotor has been devel-oped. Time dependent stiffness reduction of the rotor due to along-term fatigue load is measured using a wireless telemetrysystem. (B8:12)

Analyses of Sensor Films on a Carbon Fibre T Mäder, D Weber-Nestler, B Wielage (Chemnitz Univ ofTech) A Belski, H-H Gatzen (Leibniz Univ Hannover)For creating a magnetoelastic strain gauge on a carbon fibre forstructure health monitoring, three concentric coatings deposit-ed by thin-film technology are required. They are magnetoelas-tic, an insulator, and a conductor for creating a coil. This paperreports on the analyses results of the three layers and the inter-faces between them. (B8:13)

Strain and Damage Sensing During Loading ofCarbon Nanotube Doped Composites P Fernberg, R Joffe, G Nilsson (Swerea SICOMP)This work explores the possibility to use resistance changes ina carbon nanotube (CNT) doped composites to monitor defor-mations and damage. Most other studies in the field are doneon simplified uniaxial loading whereas current work also evalu-ates the possibilities to monitor strain in more complex loadingcase, such as bending. (B8:14)

Detection and Characterization of High-VelocityImpact Damage in Composite Laminates usingSmart Sensor Signals I-G Kim, S Hah, MH Jang, S Lee (Chungnam NationalUniv)The Piezo polymer and AE sensors were used for monitoringhigh-velocity impact damage initiation and propagation in com-posite laminates. A series of high-velocity impact tests wereperformed on the air gun impact tester. FEA is also performedto compare the damage initiation, failure mode, and extent ofdamage with the measured sensor signals. (B8:15)

Internal Strain Measurements in CFRP PlatesSubjected to Impact Load using FBG Sensors J Frieden (EPFL) J Cugnoni, J Botsis, T Gmür, D Coric(EPFL-STI-IGM-LMAF)The local strain response of a composite plate is monitored withembedded fiber Bragg gratings during low velocity impacts. Themodal characteristics of the plate, i.e. its eigenfrequencies,coarse mode shapes and modal damping ratios are obtainedfrom the transient response to an impact and are used for dam-age evaluation after impact. (B8:16)

ROOM 3

TEXTILE COMPOSITESChairs: J Whitcomb/A Nakai

Mechanical Behaviors of Non-Crimp FabricComposites based on Multi-Scale Analysis T Kurashiki, K Hamada, S Honda, M Zako (Osaka Univ)In order to estimate the mechanical behaviors of Non-CrimpFabric (NCF), the FE model of stitching yarn and laminates withresin-rich regions are generated individually, and the damagedevelopment under tensile loading is estimated based on themulti-scale analytical method. The numerical and experimentalresults are described. (D11:6)

Prediction of Damage Progression in TextileComposites in an Oxidizing Environment J Whitcomb, J Varghese (Texas A&M Univ)A coupled analysis framework was developed to predict thedamage progression in textile composites in an oxidizing envi-ronment. Mechanical properties were degraded based on theoxidation state. A general oxidation analysis is extremely com-putation intensive so novel strategies were developed thatexploit characteristics of the oxidation in polymer composites.(D11:7)

Fibre Orientation Effects on the Tensile Properties ofBiaxial Carbon/Epoxy NCF Composites K Vallons, I Duque, S Lomov, I Verpoest (KU Leuven)In this work, fibre orientation effects on the tensile properties ofa cross-ply carbon/epoxy NCF composite were studied. Bothstatic and dynamic properties were investigated for severalsample orientations. On 5° oriented samples the influence ofthe sample width was studied. (D11:8)

Progressive Damage in Stitched Composites: StaticTensile Tests and Tension-Tension Fatigue S Lomov, V Koissin, J Kustermans, I Verpoest (KULeuven) V Carvelli, V Tomaselli (Politecnico di Milano)B Van den Broucke (EADS IW) V Witzel (Univ Stuttgart)The paper describes progressive damage in static tension andtension-tension fatigue in structurally stitched carbon/epoxyNCF composites, in comparison with their non-stitched coun-terparts. Analogies between damage development in quasi-static tensile test and tension-tension fatigue are analyzed andlinks between the damage initiation in quasi-static tests andfatigue life are established. (D11:9)

A New Meso-Scale Modelling of Static and FatigueDamage in Woven Composite Materials with FiniteElement Method J Xu, S Lomov, I Verpoest (KU Leuven) SR Daggumati,W van Paepegem, J Degrieck (Ghent Univ)Goal of this work is to simulate the initiation and propagation offatigue damage on meso-level. Meantime, investigation of dam-age for static loading is an appropriate starting point. WiseTex,SACOM and ABAQUS build up the development environment.The paper focuses on: (a) Static damage modelling (SDM) andexperiments. (b) A feasible algorithm for fatigue damage mod-elling (FDM). (D11:10)

ROOM 4

FATIGUE OF COMPOSITESChairs: M Hojo/M Gude

Calculation of Design Knockdown Factors forComposites Subjected to Spectrum Loading basedon a Residual Strength Model S Case, J Lesko, N Post (Virginia Polytech Inst & StateUniv)Knockdown factors for static strength are calculated that incor-porate changes in the distribution of residual strengths thatoccur during the lifetime of composites subjected to fatigueloading conditions. (F13:6)

Fracture Mode Dependent Damage Modelling of 3D-Textile Reinforced Composites under MultiaxialFatigue Loading M Gude (TU Dresden)For the simulation of the material degradation process of 3D-textile reinforced composites during multiaxial fatigue loading anew physically based damage model has been developedbased on the fracture mode concept (FMC) of CUNTZE and thecontinuum damage mechanics. The model parameter identifi-cation and model verification has been done in cyclic testsunder superposed tension/compression-torque loading. (F13:7)

Degradation of NCF-Epoxy Composites ContainingVoids F Gehrig, K Schulte (TU Hamburg-Harburg)The degradation under uniaxial fatigue loading of NCF-com-posites is influenced by manufacturing defects as voids, fibremisaligments and poor resin wetting. A fast model has beendeveloped to predict the life-time in accordance to the defects.Experimental tests were performed to identify the model param-eters and the model accuracy. (F13:8)

Physical Non-Linearity of Unidirectional PolymerMatrix Composites in Cyclic Fatigue Life Analysis M Magin, N Himmel (Univ Kaiserlautern)The efficient use of fiber reinforced polymer matrix compositesin load-carrying structures requires detailed static and fatiguelife analyses to assess their mechanical performance, cost, andweight saving aspects. To accurately analyze the cyclic fatiguelife of composite laminates, the influence of the physical non-linearity of the unidirectional lamina in the cyclic fatigue lifeanalysis was examined using enhanced material models.(F13:9)

Analysis of Damage Evolution in UnidirectionalCarbon/Epoxy Samples under Shear FatigueLoading M May, S Hallett (Univ of Bristol)Short Beam Shear tests on IM7/8552 carbon/epoxy showed dif-ferent damage mechanisms under fatigue and static loading.While sudden death failure is typical for static loading, progres-sive damage evolution was found for cyclic loading. CT scansof samples that did not show any external signs of damagerevealed extensive internal cracking. (F13:10)

ROOM 5

REFRESHMENT BREAK15.50 - 16.10

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15.30

PROCESSING OF NANOCOMPOSITES

Chairs: JK Kim/T LekakouCarbon Nanotubes with Dual Wall Structure; Propertiesand Fracture Behavior of Epoxy Nanocomposites NA Siddiqui, CY Li, J-K Kim (Hong Kong Univ of Sci &Tech)Epoxy-based nanocomposites were prepared with MWCNT hav-ing a unique dual-wall structure. The CNT were subjected to aUV/Ozone treatment; changes in surface functionalities and mor-phology were characterized. The nanocomposites exhibitedimprovement in mechanical, electrical, thermal properties and asignificant twofold enhancement in impact fracture toughness. Theimplications and toughening mechanisms are discussed. (E7:6)

Processing and Properties of Multiscale CarbonNanofibre Filled Carbon/Epoxy Composites M Sánchez, M Campo, A Jiménez, A Ureña (Univ ReyJuan Carlos)Multiscale carbon nanofibre (CNF) filled carbon/epoxy compos-ites have been manufactured by hand lay-up and vacuumassisted resin infusion molding (VARIM) processes. The effectof the incorporation of different CNFs contents in thermal andmechanical properties have been studied. (E7:7)

Chemorheology and Cure Kinetics of a CarbonNanotube Filled Epoxy System R Pitchumani (Virginia Tech) RJ Johnson (Univ ofConnecticut)This work presents an experimental study to characterize thecure kinetics and chemorheology of a carbon nanotube filledepoxy resin system. The experimental measurements are pre-sented as generalized correlations as functions of the carbonnanotube parameters. (E7:8)

PVC-Based Polymer Nanocomposites: Processing,Fracture and Cyclic Fatigue KR Kabir, I Kemal, N Saamat, R Burford, M Hoffman(Univ of NSW) A Whittle (Iplex Pipelines Pty Ltd)Nanoparticulate calcium carbonate was mechanically com-bined with PVC in varying volume fractions. The bondingstrength between the particulate phase and the matrix was alsovaried. It was found that increasing the particulate contentimproves the toughness of the composite but this effect isreduced when interfacial bonding between the particles andmatrix in improved; strength and stiffness show inverse behav-iour. (E7:9)

Manufacturing of Thermoplastic Titanium DioxideReinforced Nanocomposites by Twin ScrewExtrusion N Knoer, F Haupert, AK Schlarb (Institut fürVerbundwerkstoffe)This study presents a theoretical description and simulation incombination with an experimental examination of processingconditions for generating nanoparticle reinforced thermoplasticpolymers. Different screw configurations and processing stepswere investigated and optimized to obtain deagglomerated andwell distributed particles inside the thermoplastic matrix and sogaining improved mechanical properties. (E7:9A)

ROOM 6

REPAIRChairs: I Herzberg/A Orifici

Optimal Design of a Composite Scarf Repair Patchunder Uniaxial Tension Load T Breitzman, B Cook (US Air Force RL) E Iarve (Univ ofDayton RI)An optimal design algorithm was used to determine the repairfiber angles that minimize the stress in the adhesive of therepair joint. The strength was predicted by analysis using theCritical Failure Volume (CFV) approach for fiber failure.Excellent agreement was seen between predicted and testedstrengths. (F21:6)

Optimisation of Patched Repair for CFRP Laminates P Cheng, X Gong, S Aivazzadeh (Bourgogne Univ)The aim of this study is to optimise the patch-repaired compos-ite structure. The tension tests on specimens have been per-formed to observe failure modes. Finite element analysis hasbeen used to identify the most critical zones. The effect of somepatch’s parameters on the performance of the system has beendiscussed. (F21:7)

Bonded Composite Patch to Repair MetallicStructures: Fatigue Behaviour of a Disbond P Madelpech, S Juaneda, M Pradels (CEAT)The main difficulty for the use of composite patches to repairdamaged metallic structures is the lack of confidence in thebond. One possibility is to adopt a damage tolerance approachfor the disbond. In that frame, this study gives a model of thedisbond propagation, the law being obtained by test results.(F21:8)

Strength Response of Composite Laminate withMultiple Holes for Repair E Dan-Jumbo, R Keller, B Westerman (The BoeingCompany) W Chan (Univ of Texas)An experimental mechanics investigation was conducted todetermine the effects of hole size, multiple hole damage, andfailure modes using different hole patterns and stackingsequences on structural repair laminates. Presented are theexperimental procedure, different strength responses, associat-ed failure modes, and any repair implications. (F21:9)

Quality Assessment of Bonded Joints for RepairPurposes with Adhesive Films and LaminatingResins A Rodriguez-Bellido, S Mahdi (Airbus) J Costa, J Renart(Univ de Girona) JM Alvarez Pintado, MA de la Torre(INTA)A comparison between the fracture toughness of bonded jointsmanufactured with two adhesive films and two laminating resinsis presented with the objective to assess their quality for repairpurposes. Experimental procedures, as the use of differentstandards or the effect of stiffening the adherents with metalplates are investigated and discussed. (F21:10)

ROOM 7

ONR: DYNAMIC FAILURE & BLAST IIChairs: H Espinosa/A Zuchelli

Numerical Energy Absorption Study of CompositeTubes for Axial Impact Loadings S Palanivelu, W Van Paepegem, J Degrieck (GhentUniv)This paper focuses on the numerical energy absorption behav-iour of the pultruded composite tubes under dynamic loadingconditions. A new innovative approach was handled to capturethe typical failure modes (delamination, lamina bending, axialcracks and fracturing) of a brittle composite tube using cohesiveelements and pre-defined seams. (F10:6)

Dynamic Response of Sandwich Shells toUnderwater Blasts S Abrate (Southern Illinois Univ)In marine applications, sandwich structures which compositefacesheets and cellular cores can be subjected to the effects ofunderwater explosions: a blast wave and an oscillating explo-sion bubble. The dynamic response of doubly curved sandwichstructures to this type of loading is examined in this paper.(F10:7)

Repeated Impacts on Fiber Composite Laminates:Damage Index vs Residual Flexural Properties G Belingardi, MP Cavatorta, DS Paolino (Politecnico diTorino)In the paper, residual flexural properties of laminates subject torepeated impacts are determined. The study is part of a broad-er investigation on repeated impact characteristics of laminates,which led to definition of a new damage variable (DamageIndex). The correlation between residual properties and theDamage Index is discussed. (F10:8)

Structural Response of Laminated Composite Platesto Blast Load M Meo (Univ of Bath) F Dolce (Italian Air Force) A Wright, M French (QinetiQ)The paper deals with 3D Finite Element (FEM) simulations offully clamped rectangular Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastics(CFRP) composite plates subjected to blast loads generated byC4 explosive charges. The work compares experimental datawith numerical results carried out using LS-DYNA commercialcode. (F10:9)

Bursting Tests of a Short Fiber ReinforcedComposite Air Intake Manifold A Zucchelli, S Curioni, T Lanzellotto, G Minak (Univ ofBologna) D Caridi (Magneti Marelli)Air intake manifold made by short fiber glass thermoplasticcomposite was considered and its mechanical behavior duringbursting test was studied. The aim of the work was to investi-gate the influence of both material anisotropy, due to manufac-turing process, and of welding to the overall component resist-ance. (F10:10)

ROOM 8

OTHER APPLICATIONSChairs: M Spearing/F Guild

Composite Suspension Arm for an ArmouredFighting Vehicle M French (QinetiQ)There is a requirement to improve the performance of armouredvehicles by developing lighter structures. The paper describesa programme that has been undertaken to design and manu-facture a lighter weight suspension arm using fibre braiding andresin infusion, capable of withstanding the loads exerted by a25 tonne vehicle. (A6:1)

The Development of a Carbon Fibre Violin J Dominy (Univ of Nottingham)A composite violin potentially offers robustness and consisten-cy that cannot be matched by wooden instruments. This paperdescribes a programme of experimental and analytical work todevelop vibration and acoustic characteristics to match highquality instruments and considers structures and manufacturingmethods to achieve a modern violin. (A6:2)

Advanced Composite Materials in Precision MachineTools Sector - Applications and Perspectives D Ricciardi (CeSI) A Cremona (CNR) F Aggogeri (Univof Brescia)The most recent R&D activities and applications of advancedmaterials for designing and fabrication of light and damped struc-tures of precision machine tools (MT), are here presented. Thecase-studies include: UHM (Ultra High Module) carbon fibresreinforced polymers, hybrid sandwiches and novel multifunction-al smart structures to address hygrothermal issues. (A6:3)

Accelerated Aging and Durability of Composite Rodsfor Power Transmission Lines S Nutt (Univ of Southern California) E Bosze (CompositeTechnology Corp)A pultruded glass/carbon composite rod has been developed tosupport overhead transmission lines. The rod is wrapped withaluminium wires and compared with conventional steel-rein-forced conductors in use today, can carry more aluminum,operate at higher temperatures with lower sag, and has 1.5times the tensile strength. (A6:4)

Novel Concept of Three-Dimensional (3D) ThickComposite Structure from Pitch Based Carbon Fibrefor Machine Tools Applications O Uher (CompoTech Plus sro) J Smolik, M Ruzicka(Czech Technical Univ in Prague)A new structure has been developed particularly for thick walledor nearly solid beams with max. bending stiffness (i.e. spindlebeam for machine tool application). The structure is based on3D oriented cells with up to 80 % axial fibres, their propertiescompared to unidirectional composites have improved signifi-cantly, especially in transverse directions. (IA6:3)

ROOM 9

14.10 - 15.50Room: Cromdale

ELECTRONIC COMPOSITESSession Organisers: M Taya/C Bowen

x3 Interactive Papers (IB4:1 - IB4:3)see page 57 for details of titles and authors

NATURAL FIBRE COMPOSITESSession Organisers: A Lau/S Eichhorn

x9 Interactive Papers (ID9:1 - ID9:9)see page 57 for details of titles and authors

MULTIFUNCTIONALNANOCOMPOSITES

Session Organisers: SY Fu/F Scarpa

x2 Interactive Papers (IE3:1 - IE3:2)see page 57 for details of titles and authors

PROBABILISTIC ANALYSIS & RELIABILITY

Session Organisers: M Kaminski/G Allegri

x2 Interactive Papers (IF20:1 - IF20:2)see page 57 for details of titles and authors

INTERACTIVE SESSIONS

REFRESHMENT BREAK15.50 - 16.10

52

16.10

16.30

16.50

17.10

17.30

NATURAL FIBRE COMPOSITESChairs: S Philips/M John

Biodegradability of a Silkworm Silk Fiber ReinforcedPoly(Lactic Acid) Biocomposite K Hoi-Yan Cheung (Hong Kong Polytech Univ)Previous researches investigated the impact of silk fibers uponpolymeric materials and gave attention to the development ofbiodegradable biocomposites. The purpose of this study is toadvance the understanding of the mechanical properties of dif-ferent types of silk fibers and the biodegradability of a silk fiberreinforced PLA biocomposite. (D9:22A)

Development of an Eco-Friendly CFF/PLABiocomposite PM Lam, KT Lau (Hong Kong Polytech Univ) YQ Zhao(Lanzhou Univ) S Cheng, T Liu (Ocean Univ of China)Chicken feather fiber (CFF) was mixed with poly(lactic) acid(PLA) to fabricate a new kind of biocomposite. Fibers from twodifferent parts of chicken feather were used as reinforcement tothe polymer matrix. The mechanical properties of CFF/PLA bio-composite samples processed with a twin-screw extruder andinjection moulder were examined. (D9:23)

The Potential Bio Based Polymer and theirNanocomposites for Composites Structure J Denault, MTT That (National Research Council ofCanada)In this work, new formulations of cellulose fiber compositesbased on polypropylene (PP) have been developed for meltprocessing. This new approach allows eliminating the cellulosedrying step and the safety challenge related to the high flam-mability of the dried cellulose source thus reducing sufficientlythe overall processing energy and cost. In addition it can alsoimprove significantly the mechanical properties and the flameresistance of the composites. (D9:24)

Properties of Natural Fibres for Composite Materials D Jesson (Univ of Surrey)Natural fibres, particularly those which form a waste materialfrom other industries, areof interest to manufacturers as an eas-ily sourced material, from which it is possible toproduce a com-posite material. The current work suggests that a cheap com-posite with commensurate mechanical properties could be pro-duced based on oil palm fibre. (D9:25)

ROOM 1NANO-STRUCTURED SURFACES &

COATINGSChairs: J Wu/K Liechti

Transparent Wear-Resistant Acrylate-Based Coatingwith Highly Filled Nanosilica Particles Z Zhang, H Zhang, L Tang (Nat Center for Nanoscience& Tech) C Eger (nanoresins AG)A urethane-acrylate oligomer was mixed with varied concentra-tions of nanosilica particle sol, spin-coated onto polycarbonatesubstrate and finally cured by UV light. Super scratch resist-ance was achieved by the almost perfect dispersed nanoparti-cles. Wear performances were characterized by variousapproaches and wear mechanisms were discussed based onworn-surface observations. (E5:7)

Polymer-Grafted Silica Nanoparticles for ImprovingMechanical Properties of Coatings and Resins G Jonschker, R Friedrich, J Schütz-Widoniak, J Pahnke(Merck KGaA)Today, coatings manufacturers have to face customer expecta-tions, which are not in every case realizable with conventionalpolymer chemistry. Approaches to improve mechanical andother properties with inorganic nanoparticles were found andstarted a hype beginning in the 1990's which was followed bydisillusionment and unmet expectations due to incompatibility,expensive dispersion techniques or simply a visible haze of thestill agglomerated "nanoparticles". (E5:8)

On the Way to Functional Coatings: PolyelectrolyteMultilayers E Guzmán-Solís, M Encinar-del Pozo, F Ortega, R González-Rubio (Univ Complutense de Madrid) M González-Prolongo (Univ Politécnica de Madrid)M Ángel Rubio (UNED)Multilayers formed by the alternate deposition of materials withopposite charge have a big interest for the building of function-al coatings. The control of the building process and mechanicalproperties of this coating has a great importance for the futureapplications of these films. (E5:9)

Synthsis of Oxides Surface with OrderedMacroporous Structures J-P Zhao, Y Li, W-H Xin (HIT)Yttria stabilized zirconia, gadolinia-doped ceria, niobium andtantalum oxides surfaces with interconnected macropores pre-senting well-defined pore sizes and controlled three-dimension-al ordering (3-DOM) were prepared using colloidal crystal tem-plates of polystyrene spheres. The method reported here issimple, inexpensive and effective. These kinds of materialshave potential applications in filtration, separation, catalyst sup-ports, and photonics. (E5:10)

ROOM 2ELECTRONIC COMPOSITES

Chairs: M Taya/C Bowen

Electromechanical Properties of Hydroxyapatite /BaTiO3 Composites CR Bowen, ACE Dent (Univ of Bath) VY Topolov(Southern Federal Univ)Results on manufacturing and electromechanical properties ofhydroxyapatite / BaTiO3 ceramic composites with ceramic vol-ume fractions m > 0.7 are reported. Experimental volume-frac-tion dependences of the piezoelectric coefficients d*

31 (m),d*

33 (m) and dielectric permittivity ε∗σ33 (m) are explained

using a model in terms of 1-3 and 2-2 connectivity. (B4:1)

Development and Characterization of Novel MetallicJoint in Power Electronic Device G Lacombe, J-M Heintz, J-F Silvain (ICMCB-CNRS) A Kawasaki (Tohoku Univ)Copper/carbon composites are now considered as very goodcandidates to act as efficient heat sinks in power electronics.However, reliability of the whole device still depends on thecharacteristics of the solder joint. This work presents an alter-native route to report DBC on a Cu/C heat sink using an elec-trodeposition process. (B4:2)

A Coupled Field Finite Element Model to PredictActuation Properties of Piezoelectrically ActuatedBistable CompositesCR Bowen, P Giddings, A Kim (Univ of Bath)This paper presents the development and validation of a cou-pled-field finite element model to predict the response of apiezoelectrically actuated bistable laminate for structural mor-phing applications. Derivation of materials properties and val-idaton of piezoelectric actuator model against experimentaldata are described. The model shows qualitative agreementwith experimental results. (B4:3)

Bio-Inspired Design of Tactile Sensors based onIonic Polymer Metal Composites J Wang, C Xu, M Taya (Univ of Washington)Ionic polymer metal composites (IPMC) have been widelyinvestigated as newly-emerging materials for transducer appli-cations due to their good performance, such as low weight,good flexibility and large strain. A bio-inspired design wasdescribed and applied to build 3-D papillae dome structure forvectorial tactile sensors. (B4:4)

ROOM 3TEXTILE COMPOSITES

Chairs: T Kurashiki/V Carvelli

Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber BraidedComposites with CNTT Ito, A Otani, A Nakai, H Hamada (KIT)The effect of incorporation of Carbon nano tube (CNT) on themechanical properties of the braided composites was investi-gated. The tensile test and the in-situ observation were per-formed for evaluation of the mechanical property and the crackinitiation and propagation. (D11:11)

Compressive Failure of 2D Woven Composites NV de Carvalho, ST Pinho, P Robinson (ImperialCollege London)This paper presents experimental and numerical research onthe compressive failure of orthogonal 2-D Woven compositeswith different degrees of nesting, emphasizing the role of thetows' interlacing region. Resulting optical micrographs demon-strate the influence of nesting on the sequence of events lead-ing to failure of woven composites. (D11:12)

Homogenization Creep Analysis of Plain-WovenGFRP Laminates T Matsuda, K Nakata, M Kawai (Univ of Tsukuba)In-plane creep behavior of plain-woven glass fiber/epoxy lami-nates subjected to a constant stress is analyzed using the time-dependent homogenization theory. It is shown that the in-planecreep behavior of the plain-woven GFRP laminates exhibitsmarked anisotropy, and is strongly affected by their laminateconfigurations. (D11:13)

Effect of Ribbon Sensor Inclusion on the MechanicalProperties of 2/2 Twill Carbon/Epoxy WovenComposites X Wang, N Ravirala, H Abichou, M Dixon (DeepSea Eng& Management Ltd)This paper will report an investigation into mechanical proper-ties of 2/2 twill carbon/epoxy laminates. Finite element (FE)techniques have been employed in conjunction with Hashin fail-ure criterion to predict the effective elastic constants and failurestrengths. Reasonable good agreement has been observedbetween the FE predicted and experimental results. (D11:14)

ROOM 4FATIGUE OF COMPOSITES

Chairs: S Case/N Himmel

Influence of Nanoparticles on the Fatigue Life ofGlass Fibre Reinforced Epoxy Composites L Boeger, MHG Wichmann, H Hedemann, K Schulte(TU Hamburg-Harburg)In the presented work, the influence of different nanoparticlemodifications on the fatigue life of nanoparticle/glass-fibre epoxyhybrid composites was investigated. It was found that thenanoparticles have a positive influence on the lifetime of thematerial under fatigue loading. Additionally, there is a potential ofthe hybrid composites to act as self-sensing material for damagemonitoring in fibre reinforced composite structures. (F13:11)

Fatigue Damage Model for Short Glass FibreReinforced Thermoplastics F Meraghni, H Nouri, C Czarnota (ENSAM) P Lory(Dimat Renault)The present paper deals with the experimental identificationand validation of a cumulative damage model developed forshort glass fibre reinforced thermoplastic composites [1]. Thedamage parameters are identified using longitudinal and trans-versal fatigue tests for glass fibre reinforced Polyamid-6 (PA6).(F13:12)

Modeling of the Fatigue Life of Adhesively-BondedFRP Joints with Genetic Programming A Vassilopoulos, T Keller (EPFL)Since recently, artificial neural network was the only methodthat was used for the fatigue life modeling of composite materi-als and structures. A novel, in this field, computational tech-nique, called genetic programming, is used in this work tomodel the fatigue life of adhesively-bonded FRP joints subject-ed to tensile fatigue loading under different environmental con-ditions. (F13:13)

Advanced Accelerated Testing Methodology forLong-Term Life Prediction of Polymer Composites M Nakada, Y Hanatani, Y Miyano (Kanazawa Institute ofTechThe advanced accelerated testing methodology (AdvancedATM) for the long-term life prediction of polymer compositesexposed to an actual loading having general stress and tem-perature history is proposed in this paper. (F13:14)

ROOM 531/07/09

C L O S E O F C O N F E R E N C E

53

16.10

16.30

16.50

17.10

17.30

PROCESSING OF NANOCOMPOSITES

Chairs: JK Kim/T LekakouFabrication of Fe-Ni Alloy Photonic Crystals byElectrodeposition Y Li, J-P Zhao, X-D Meng (HIT)We have demonstrated a promising route to fabricate Fe-Niphotonic crystals by electrodeposition into colloidal crystal tem-plates formed by self-assembly of polystyrene (PS) particles.The photonic crystals obtained acts as an air-sphere/FeNinanocomposite with tuning pore size and a relatively large bandgap, which have high application potentials in photonics.(E7:10)

Copolyamide Nanocomposites by Cast and FilmBlowing Processes GM Russo, E Garofalo, L Di Maio, L Incarnato (Univ ofSalerno)Hybrids based on a commercial copolyamide and containingdifferent silicate amounts were initially produced by melt com-pounding and then submitted to cast and blowing film extru-sions. Oxygen permeability and tensile mechanical results werecorrelated to nanomorphology and crystal structure throughrheological, TEM and DSC analyses. (E7:11)

EPDM/Clay Nanocomposites: The Effects ofBlending Conditions M Tanoglu, C Karsal (Izmir Inst of Tech) S Odbas, O Ersoy, N Karakaya (Arcelik Inc)In this study, layered clay/EPDM nanocomposites were pre-pared by using Na+ montmorilonite (MMT), EPDM and MA-g-EPDM (maleic anhydride grafted EPDM). The effects of the sur-face modification of the clay particulates and the blending con-ditions on the thermal, physical and mechanical properties ofthe nanocomposites will be presented within the paper. (E7:12)

Exposures to Nanoscale Particles and Fibers duringHandling, Processing, and Machining ofNanocomposites and Nano-Engineered CompositesReinforced with Aligned Carbon Nanotubes D Bello (Univ of Massachusetts) BL Wardle (MIT)Engineering of advanced hybrid composites which integratealigned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into polymer matrices ofexisting fibrous materials is growing in research labs around theworld. Real concerns exist about possible exposures ofresearchers and laboratory personnel to CNTs, fibers (res-pirable and nanoscale) and nanoparticles during handling ofnanomaterials, as well as during synthesis, processing, post-processing, and machining of these composites. (E7:13)

ROOM 6PROBABILISTIC ANALYSIS

& RELIABILITYChairs: M Kaminski/G Allegri

Stochastic Modeling of the Mesoscopic ElasticityTensor Random Field for Composite Materials J Guilleminot, C Binétruy (ENSM Douai) C Soize (UnivParis Est) D Kondo (UMR CNRS)This work is dedicated to the stochastic analysis of the elastic-ity tensor random field for composite materials at themesoscale. Two probabilistic models are proposed and identi-fied experimentally. The approaches are used to investigate therepresentative volume element size with respect to the meso-scopic spatial correlation lengths. (F20:1)

Random Field Characterisation of GFRP CompositeProperties S Sriramula, M Chryssanthopoulos (Univ of Surrey)In this paper, spatial variability of geometric and material prop-erties of GFRP composites are studied for the first time basedon an extensive experimental study. Random field characteris-tics are developed considering pultruded structural compositeplates. In addition to improving the existing stochastic mechan-ics approaches, such an experimental basis is essentiallyrequired for developing multi-scale stochastic analysis of com-posite structures. (F20:2)

Reliability Analysis of Aramid Fibre Yarns C Ulianov (Newcastle Univ)The creep rupture of high-tenacity aramid fibre yarns (Twaron1000 and Kevlar 29) is studied experimentally at different tem-peratures. The failure stress and strain data were analysed bystatistical techniques. The reliability analysis, including extrac-tion of Weibull parameters and distribution estimation, allowsuseful predictions for the long term creep rupture behaviour.(F20:3)

Effective Parameters of the Fibre-ReinforcedComposites Subjected to the Stochastic AgeingProcesses M Kaminski (Technical Univ of Lodz)The main aim of this paper is to present an influence of the sto-chastic ageing processes in the material and geometricalparameters of the constituents on the overall effective parame-ters of the fibre-reinforced periodic composites. The numericalprocedure based on the FEM code MCCEFF is used here tomodel ageing of the most popular engineering composites andmay find an application in the reliability analysis. (F20:4)

ROOM 7ENERGY ABSORBTION &

CRASHWORTHINESSChairs: SL Ogin/M Meo

Toward the Development of a Standard forCharacterizing the Energy Absorption of CompositeMaterialsB Wade, P Feraboli, F Deleo (Univ of Washington) M Rassaian (The Boeing Co)As part of the design for vehicle crashworthiness, energy-absorbing structural elements have been successfully used inground and air vehicles alike, and composites have showngreat advantages in energy absorbed per unit mass of materi-al. (F11:1)

Effect of Manufacture and Laminate Design onEnergy Absorption of Open Carbon-Fibre/EpoxySections A Jackson, S Dutton, D Kelly (Univ of New South Wales)A Gunnio (CRS-ACS)Experimental investigation into the effect that manufacturingtechnique and laminate design (including lay-up and thermo-plastic interleaving) have on the crush performance of carbon-fibre/epoxy open omega shaped sections. Specific energyabsorption did not to vary with manufacturing technique, but didshow a dependence upon fibre volume fraction. (F11:2)

Progressive Crushing of Pultruded Tubes UnderBlast Load D Kakogiannis (Vrije Univ Brussel)A numerical and experimental investigation was carried out inorder to evaluate theresponse of pultruded composite tubesmade of polyvinylester matrix reinforcedunidirectionally withglass fibers, under blast loading. The specimens were attachedona balistic pandulum and an anvil accelerated by the blastload hits the specimen and the impulse is measured. Series offinite element models were created using LS_DYNA3Dtoassess the energy absorption capability of the composite tubesand impulse. (F11:3)

Effective Crushing Simulation for CompositeStructures S Nixon (Dassault Systemes) G Barnes (Engenuity Ltd)Effective crushing simulation for complex composite structuresrequires not only consideration of material crushing behaviourat the “crush front”, but also prediction of structural response,including other possible damage and failure mechanisms, awayfrom the crush front. This is achieved utilizing CZone technolo-gy embedded within a commercially available finite elementprogram (Abaqus/Explicit). (F11:4)

ROOM 8DISCUSSION SESSION:

COLLABORATION BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL COMPOSITES

SOCIETIESChair: A Poursartip

The session will provide an opportunity for representa-tives of national composites societies and other profes-sional associations to introduce, briefly, the organisationsthat they represent. This will be followed by a discussionaimed at exploring means of developing and enhancingcollaborations between these various groups.

ROOM 916.10 - 17.30

Room: Strathblane

DYNAMIC FAILURE & BLASTSession Organisers:

S Abrate/L Iannucci/Y Rajapakse

x2 Interactive Papers (IF10:1 - IF10:2)see page 58 for details of title and authors

OFFSHORE APPLICATIONSSession Organisers: O Ochoa/AG Gibson

x1 Interactive Paper (IA6:2)see page 58 for details of title and authors

INTERACTIVE SESSIONS

C L O S E O F C O N F E R E N C E

54

Interactive Sessions : 31/07/09 : 09.10 - 11.10MARINE COMPOSITES

Specific Mechanical Properties of Glass/Carbon Epoxy Composites for Marine Applications A Valenza, V Fiore, G Di Bella (Univ of Palermo)The aim of this work is to study the influence of an uniaxial carbon fabric layer on the mechanical performancesof a glass mat/epoxy composite used for marine applications. All structures are realized, at room temperature, withvacuum bagging technique. Flexural tests are carried out in order to evaluate the specific properties of the com-posite. (IA4:1)

Effect of Hollow Inclusion-Matrix Debonding on Elastic Properties of the Composite M Porfiri, G Tagliavia, (Polytech Inst of New York Univ)This work aims at understanding the effect of particle-matrix interfacial debonding on the elastic properties of hol-low-particulate filled composites. An analytical solution is derived for a hollow-inclusion embedded in an infinitematrix for various debonding levels. The results show stress intensification at particle-matrix interface along with aremarkable dependence of the composite stiffness on the debonding extent. (IA4:2)

Experimental and Numerical Study of Meso Scale Adhesive Bondable Pultrusions J Nisar, S Hashim (Univ of Glasgow)This study seeks to develop a methodology to mould and test a 10x10mm "meso-scale" laminates of various mate-rials combinations which represent critical locations within pultruded adhesive bonded butt joints. This, togetherwith numerical modelling, enables a better understanding of joint strength which may not be achieved on a macro-scale level alone. (IA4:3)

Compression after Impact of E-Glass/Vinyl Ester Laminates with Machined Holes VersusBallistic Impact Penetration Apertures S Pillay, E Anderson, U Vaidya (Univ of Alabama) B Rice (Rhodes College) K Jaamiyana (ColoradoState Univ)E-glass/vinyl ester (E-glass/VE) composite laminates are routinely featured in marine applications such as a shipstructure deck, hull and radar mast. These composites witness attacks from bullet fire, fragmentation and blastevents, leading to significant reduction in their residual mechanical properties. Ballistic penetration damage hasseveral similarities to a machined hole, with the exception that through the thickness micro debonds are distinctlydefined in ballistic damage. (IA4:4)

COMPOSITES IN FIRE

Integrated Thermal, Micro-Mechanical and Structural Modelling of Post-Fire Behaviour of FireRetardant Structural Composites S Li, H Li, Y Wang (Univ of Manchester) An integrated modelling technique for post-fire behaviour of fire retardant structural composites is presented in thispaper, which has been developed by the authors as an outcome of an EPSRC sponsored research project. (IF4:1)

Synergistic Effects of Zinc Borate and Aluminum Trihydrate on Flammability Behaviour ofAerospace Epoxy System M Zarrelli, C Formicola, A De Fenzo, M Giordano (IMCB-CNR) A Frache, G Camino (Politecnico diTorino)The flame retardancy of mono-component epoxy resin (RTM6), used for aerospace composites, treated with zincborate(ZB), aluminum trihydrate (ATH) and theirmixtures at different percentages have been investigated by mor-phological and thermal characterization. Cone calorimeter data reveal that peak HRR of RTM6 decrease whensynergistic effects between additives intervene. (IF4:2)

Simultaneous Measurement of Apparent Thermal Diffusivity and Distortion of Composites atHigh Temperature VU Miano, G Gibson (Newcastle Univ) S Feih (Advanced Composite Structures Ltd) A Mouritz (RMITUniv)This research relates to the characterisation and modelling of the fire behaviour of composite structures. A novelmethod for the measurement of the thermal diffusivity as a function of temperature over a wide range of tempera-tures was developed. The simplicity of the apparatus offers the possibility for other parameters to be measured,such as the coefficient of thermal expansion. (IF4:3)

DEFORMATION AND FRACTURE OF COMPOSITES

Strain Field Characterization of Filament Winding Pattern at ±55° using Numerical ImageCorrelation M Torres (Toulouse Univ) L Crouzeix, B Douchin, F Collombet (LGMT - IUT Paul Sabatier) H Hernández, JL Gonzalez (Inst Politecnico Nacional)This research has for goal to analyze the mechanical behaviour of unit cells of filament winding helical patternusing flat specimens, measuring displacement field obtained by digital image correlation. Main objective is to eval-uate the strains at different zones of the pattern in order to know failure sequence and modes. (IF8:1)

Visualization on Static Tensile Test for Unidirectional CFRPH Kusano, T Hasegawa (Shimadzu Corp) Y Aoki, Y Hirano, Y Nagao (JAXA)The objective of this study is to visualize the destruction phenomenon of unidirectional CFRP on the mechanismsand the solution of destruction mechanisms. The advantages of CFRP are lighter, higher specific stiffness, andhigher specific strength than the metal material. The destruction mechanism of CFRP isn't experimentally madeclear. (IF8:2)

Fracture Toughness Measurement for Mode I Fibre Tensile Failure in FRPM Laffan, S Pinho, P Robinson, L Iannucci (Imperial College London)Compact tension testing was performed to measure the fracture toughness associated with fibre tensile failure inUD plies. An optimal data reduction scheme was identified and specimen geometrical and lay-up effects investi-gated. It was demonstrated that the in-situ ply toughness is not simply a material property, but dependent uponlay-up. (IF8:3)

The Appearance of Fatigue Striations in the SEMW von Bestenbostel (EADS IW) K Friedrich (Univ of KaiserlauternFatigue striations are the characteristic fracture morphologies after fatigue loading. It was found, that the forma-tion of the striation takes place in form of steps. For a correct interpretation a new approach for the contrast originis given. The correlation between occurrence of the striations and crack growth direction could be found. (IF8:4)

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Interactive Sessions : 31/07/09 : 11.30 - 13.10AGING, MOISTURE AND VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES

Determination of Time-Temperature Sift Factor for Long-Term Life Prediction of PolymerComposites K Fukushima, M Nakada, Y Miyano (KIT)The methodology for accurately determining the time-temperature shift factor used in the accelerated testing forthe long-term life prediction of polymer composites is proposed in this paper. (IF1:1)

DAMAGE TOLERANCE AND IMPACT

Experimental Determination of the Torsional Residual Strength After Impact Of CFRP Tubes G Minak, D Ghelli, A Zucchelli (Univ di Bologna)In this paper the residual strength to torsion of carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP) tubes, of different lay-ups,after a low velocity lateral impact was experimentally measured and compared with the resistance of undamagedtubes in order to develop suitable design criteria. (IF7:1)

Comparision of Damage Characterization of Composite Laminates under Quasi-StaticIndentation and Low-Velocity Impact Z Guan, Y Guo, Q Meng, D Liu (Beijing Univ)Static and low-velocity impact tests and simulations were carried out in order to study the damage mechanics ofcomposite laminates. The results show that indentation-flexure test can be used to measure damage resistance toa certain extent, and the impacted specimen showed lower delamination areas for a given energy than the one instatic test. (IF7:2)

Pinned Foam Core Sandwich for Improved Damage Tolerance of Racing Multi-Hull Yachts P Davies, D Choqueuse, B Bigourdan (IFREMER) N Baral (CDK Tech) D Cartié, I Partridge (CranfieldUniv) Christophe Baley (Univ de Bretagne Sud)This paper presents results from an experimental study of the damage tolerance of sandwich panels for yachtstructures. Comparison of results from impact tests on new pinned core foam materials shows a threefold improve-ment in energy to first damage compared to currently-used honeycomb panel of the same areal weight. (IF7:3)

An Experimental Study on the Impact Resistance of Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Aluminum (Glare)Laminates MA Ardakani, AA Khatibi Univ of Tehran) H Parsaiyan (Amirkabir Univ of Tech)This paper investigates the impact resistance and damage characteristics of a range of Glare laminates under lowvelocity impact loading. A series of impact tests, based on ASTM D7136 standard, with different energies were con-ducted on three types of Glare laminates, i.e. Glare4/3, Glare3/2 and GlareWB3/2. In addition to single impacts,10 and 20 successive impacts were conducted in order to investigate the effect of repeated impacts. (IF7:4)

Delamination Control in Composite Plates Subjected to Low-Velocity Impact UsingPiezoelectric Sensors and Actuators L Iannucci, MS Dawood, E Greenhalgh (Imperial College London) A Ariffin (National Univ Malaysia)Composite materials generally have poor tolerance to impact loads. Unlike metallic materials, composite materi-als absorb impact energy through fracture processes such as matrix crack and delamination. Utilizing cohesivebased delamination models, the possibilities of using piezoelectric materials for controlling delamination in com-posite plates subjected to low velocity impact, are investigated. (IF7:5)

Predicting Compression-after-Impact Performance of Carbon Fibre Composites Based onImpact Response X Zhang (Cranfield Univ) A Brindle (Royal Australian Navy)In this paper, compression-after-impact (CAI) strength of carbon-epoxy composite materials will be evaluated byan alternative approach that is based on the response of low-velocity impact test and transverse stiffness of theimpacted plates empirically measured in quasi-static load tests [1]. The result will be used to compare and corre-late with the CAI strength obtained by the current standard test method that requires substantial amount of testcoupons for impact testing and subsequent compression tests. (IF7:6)

A Numerical Approach for Low Energy Impacts on Composite Laminates using Explicit FECodes A Baldi, A Airoldi, M Daleffe, G Sala (Politecnico di Milano) M Basaglia (Alenia - Aermacchi)This paper presents a numerical approach to analyse tests carried out to predict the onset and the developmentof interlaminar damage below the barely visible impact level. The approach is presented and validated consider-ing interlaminar fracture characterisation tests. It is subsequently applied to impact on carbon fabric and UD spec-imens. (IF7:7)

The Effect of Indentor Geometry on the Indentation Resistance of Auxetic Carbon FibreLaminatesK Alderson (Univ of Bolton) V Coenen (The North West Composites Centre)Carbon fobre laminates were produced with matched through-the-thickness modulus, but with negative (auxetic),positive and near zero Poisson's ratios. These were then indented with noses of diameter 2, 12.7 and 20mm.Enhamcements in indentation resistnce were seen for the auxetic laminates with smaller, more localised damageareas. (IF7:8)

WEAR

Structure and Wear Properties of Rubber/Thermoplastic (HNBR/CBT) Compounds D Xu, J Karger-Kocsis, AK Schlarb (Univ of Kaiserlautern) The phase structure and the sliding and rolling wear properties of hybrids composed of hydrogenated acryloni-trile/butadiene rubber (HNBR) and unpolymerized and polymerized cyclic butylene terephthalate oligomers (CBT)(1:1 in weight) were studied and the related results discussed. (IF24:1)

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Interactive Sessions : 31/07/09 : 14.10 - 15.50ELECTRONIC COMPOSITES

Performance of Novel Piezo-Active Alpha-Beta Composites based on Relaxor-FerroelectricSingle Crystals VY Topolov, AV Krivoruchko (Southern Federal Univ) CR Bowen (Univ of Bath) P Bisegna (Univ ofRome)This work describes simulation results on effective electromechanical properties and related parameters of (1 -x)Pb(A1/3Nb2/3)O3 - xPbTiO3 single crystal / polymer composites with 0-3, 1-3 and 2-2 connectivity (A = Mg; Zn).Advantages in performance are related to the presence of the highly piezo-active single crystal. (IB4:1)

Static Dissipative Biopolymer Composites for Electronic Packaging W Prissanaroon-Ouajai, S Ouajai, A Reung-u-rai (King Mongkut's Univ)Static dissipative biopolymer composites have been prepared by adding conducting polypyrrole particles intopoly(lactic acid) (PLA). Novel mixing method has been developed to improve the dispersion of polypyrrole parti-cles in PLA matrix. Resistivity of the composites is in optimal electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection range, offer-ing potential in electronic packaging applications where ESD is a major concern. (IB4:2)

Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Polypyrrole-Cellulose Fiber Composites Synthesizedvia a Novel Chemical Processing Route A Haque, R Haque, S Scott, D Daniel, R Rogers (Univ of Alabama)In this paper polymerization of pyrrole on cellulose fiber has been carried out using a novel chemical processingroute. The relationship between the resistivity and mechanical properties has been studied using variable oxidantadsorption time, oxidant and monomer concentration, and temperature. It was observed that both resistivity andstrength of polypyrrole/cellulose fiber composite decreased with increased monomer concentration. (IB4:3)

NATURAL FIBRE COMPOSITES

Characterization of the Hybrids Composites using Mats Made with Differents Methods AJ Zattera, CAB Vieira, SB Susin, E Freire (Caxias do Sul Univ) SC Amico (Rio Grande do SulFederal Univ)This work is focused at development and evaluation of confection methods of short fibers hybrid mants aimingattend the necessities of automobile industry in the production of small parts with smaller cost and specific weight.Were developed different methods in the confection of hybrids mants from short fibers: manual deposition of thefibers, watery phase deposition of the fibers, fibers arrangement by stream bed fluidized and deposition of thefibers by vibrational method. (ID9:1)

Structure and Properties of Regenerated Cellulose Ultra-Fine Fibers from Kraft Pulp F Ko, S Yeoh (Univ of British Columbia) W Hamad (FPInnovations)In this study, we aim to produce regenerated cellulose fibers of high strength and dimensional stability by electro-spinning. We demonstrate, for the first time, that kraft pulp/NMMO solutions could be electrospun into micro- andnano-fibers. SEM, IR, and tensile tests are used to establish the fiber structure-property relationships. (ID9:2)

Applicability of Weibull Strength Distribution for Cellulose Fibers with Highly Non-LinearBehaviour R Joffe (Lulea Univ of Tech) J Andersons, E Sparnins (Institute of Polymer Mechanics)It is shown that tensile strength of cellulose fibers with the same length follow Weibull distribution. However, sizeeffect predicted by the Weibull distribution for fibers with various lengths is not observed. This is most likely due tothe highly non-linear behaviour of cellulose fibers. Applicability of the Weibull distribution is studied on fibers withdifferent length via single fiber as well as bundle tensile tests. (ID9:3)

Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Biocomposites and Blends: Synthesis, Characterization andApplicationsS Choudhury, SB Hazarika (Cotton College) AH Barbhuiya (Regional College of HE) BC Ray(Jadavpur Univ)Polymer natural fiber blends and composites are replacing conventional plastic materials in a number of industri-al and automobile uses. No work has been done with very hard, biodegradable betel-nut fiber occurring in India,Bangladesh and Burma. We have prepared and characterized polymer betel-nut fiber composites and blends formultipurpose uses. (ID9:4)

Study Mechanical, Swelling and Dielectric Properties of Prehydrolysed Banana Fiber - WastePolyurethane Foam Composites M Elmeligy (National Research Center)Production of composite from polyurethane foam waste by using prehydrolysed banana fibers treated or untreat-ed by maleic anhydride. Esterification of banana fibers by using maleic anhydride reduce swelling and improveboth mechanic strength and dielectric properties of composite. (ID9:5

Biobased Composites Prepared by Compression Moulding using a Novel Thermoset Resinfrom Soybean Oil and a Natural Fibre Reinforcement K Adekunle, D Akesson, M Skrifvars (Univ of Boras)Biobased composites were manufactured by using a compression moulding technique. Novel thermoset resinsfrom soybean oil were used as matrix while flax fibres were used as reinforcement. The fibres were treated with 4% sodium hydroxide solution. The compression moulding temperature was set to 170°C. (ID9:6)

Development of Non-Woven Biofibre Mats for Composite Reinforcement Z-C Yu, M Alcock, E Rothwell, S Mckay (Composites Innovation Centre)Non-woven biofibre mats were successfully developed for composite reinforcement using low cost agriculturalfibres grown and processed in Canada. The mats were fabricated through three methods and bonded by thermalmelting and needle punching. Their features were experimentally assessed. The applicability was also discussed.(ID9:7)

Solution for FRP Pipes: Technical and Economic Advantages of Natural Fibers and of RTMProcessing G Cristaldi, G Cicala, G Recca (Univ of Catania) G Ziegmann (TU Clausthal)The aim of the present research was to investigate the replacement of glass fibers with hemp fibers for a curvedflanged pipe used in the chemical industry. Two processing techniques, namely hand lay up and light RTM, wereevaluated. The comparison between hand lay up and light RTM evidenced a substantial cost reduction when lightRTM was used. (ID9:8)

Influence of Hemp Yarn Treatments on Mechanical Properties of Woven Fabric Composites C Bonnafous, F Touchard, L Chocinski-Arnault (LMPM ENSMA)This study deals with hemp fibres woven fabric/epoxy composites. A multi scale mechanical characterisation com-bined with damage analysis by acoustic emission and microstructural observations has been performed. Differentchemical and thermal treatments of hemp yarn have been tested and a comparative study has been made withglass fibre composites. (ID9:9)

MULTIFUNCTIONAL NANOCOMPOSITES

Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) Composite with Nanodiamond S Morimune, T Nishino, M Kotera (Kobe Univ) K Goto, K Hata (Bando Chem Ind Ltd)Poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA)/nanodiamond(ND) composite was prepared by casting PVA/ND aqueous suspension.Structural studies reveal that ND particles are well dispersed in PVA. In addition, Young's Modulus and the tensilestrength remarkably increased compared with those of PVA. (IE3:1)

Metal Decorated Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube/Polyimide Composites with High DielectricConstants and Low Loss Factors K Watson, S Ghose (National Institute of Aerospace) K Dudley, H Elliott, J Smith, J Connell (NASALangley Research Center)Silver decorated multi-walled CNTs were prepared, characterized and melt-mixed into a polyimide matrix, extrud-ed as ribbons with moderate nanotube alignment and characterized for electromagnetic properties (8-12 GHz).Results showed certain samples exhibited a decoupling of permittivity and loss factor (ε’ and ε”) indicating tai-lorability of these properties within certain limits. (IE3:2)

PROBABILISTIC ANALYSIS AND RELIABILITY

Upper Tail Of Material Strength Statistical Distribution - Considerations on Adhesively BondedJoints T Vallée (Berne Univ) JR Correia (ICIST) T Keller (EPFL)The Weibull distribution, used to scale materials strength, has been verified on various materials and was suc-cessfully used to describe the strength of G-FRP adherends used in bonded joints; however, the quality of the fit-ting tended to decrease towards the upper-tail. Alternative probabilistic distributions were compared to enhancethe quality of strength predictions. A better modeling of the upper tail increases the quality of the predictions.(IF20:1)

Strength Prediction of a Joint Composed of a Pultruded FRP Tube Bonded to an FRP Lamella R Rauscher, F Spang, M Lehmann, T Vallée (Berne Univ)A previously developed probabilistic dimensioning method for adhesively bonded joints composed of pultrudedFRP lamellas is extended to a complex joint involving a tube and a lamella, both made of pultruded FRP. Insteadof the previously used 2d approach the extension requires a 3d formulation. Experimental investigations validatethe proposed strength prediction method. (IF20:2)

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Interactive Sessions : 31/07/09 : 16.10 - 17.30OFFSHORE APPLICATIONS

Experimental Investigation of the Behavior of Dual Fibre Hybrid Composites under DifferentStacking Sequence KM Gupta (Deemed Univ) In this investigation, a polymeric hybrid composite having two different kinds of fibres has been developed. Thehybridization of these laminae has been done in two different stacking sequences .The two kinds of hybrids thusproduced are named as glass-flax-glass-hybrid (GFGH) and flax-glass-flax-hybrid (FGFH).Their static behaviourunder tension, compression, bending and impact loadings have been investigated. (IA6:2)

DYNAMIC FAILURE & BLAST

High Rate Fracture Toughness Test Design for Tensile Fibre Failure Modes CA McCarroll, P Robinson, S Pinho, L Iannucci (Imperial College London) P Curtis (DSTL)The compact tension (CT) specimen has been analysed numerically for the measurement of mode I fracture tough-ness associated with fibre tensile failure, GIc, at crack speeds of the order of 100 m/s. This paper investigates theloading, boundary conditions and the failure characteristics of a compact tension specimen. (IF10:1)

A Numerical Study to Investigate the Effect of Application of a Polyurea Layer on EnergyAbsorption of Sandwich SystemsAS Fallah, Y Yang, LA Louca (Imperial College London)Blast energy absorptions of a sandwich panel with and without a layer of polyurea attached to its skin have beenstudied. The possible reasons for the change in behaviour have been explained in the light of a preliminary studyconducted on a similar but less complicated model made of steel. The parameters studied are strain and kineticenergies. (IF10:2)

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