Freud!Freud!

Psychodynamic Psychodynamic AssumptionsAssumptions

1.1. Behavior is shaped by childhood Behavior is shaped by childhood experiences.experiences.

2.2. Parts of the unconscious mind (the id Parts of the unconscious mind (the id and superego) are in constant conflict and superego) are in constant conflict with the conscious part of the mind with the conscious part of the mind (the ego).(the ego).

3.3. Behavior is driven by unconscious Behavior is driven by unconscious impulses and trying to COPE with impulses and trying to COPE with themthem

Iceburg ModelIceburg Model

The MindThe Mind Unconscious:Unconscious:

Most important!Most important! Most of our Most of our

behavior is behavior is determined by determined by forces of which we forces of which we are totally unaware.are totally unaware.

Unconscious Unconscious thoughts enter thoughts enter consciousness only consciousness only in disguised or in disguised or symbolic form.symbolic form.

How do we see the How do we see the unconscious?unconscious?

Freudian slips (parapraxes)Freudian slips (parapraxes) DreamsDreams Projective TestsProjective Tests TransferenceTransference Defense mechanismsDefense mechanisms

The MindThe Mind

Conscious: Conscious: Thoughts you are Thoughts you are aware of at any aware of at any given momentgiven moment

Preconscious: Preconscious: Can easily be Can easily be brought into brought into conscious conscious thought.thought.

FreudFreud’’s techniquess techniques

HypnosisHypnosis Free-associationFree-association Projective testsProjective tests Dream analysisDream analysis

**Goal **Goal to tap into to tap into the unconscious the unconscious mindmind

Describe the scene Describe the scene below…below…

Id, Ego and SuperegoId, Ego and Superego

Id, Ego & SuperegoId, Ego & Superego IdId

Pleasure Principle - Wants immediate Pleasure Principle - Wants immediate gratification gratification

Source for all basic drivesSource for all basic drives Motivation = tension reductionMotivation = tension reduction

EgoEgo Reality PrincipleReality Principle Postpones gratification until appropriate way Postpones gratification until appropriate way

is foundis found SuperegoSuperego

Your conscienceYour conscience Represents moral demands of society and Represents moral demands of society and

family family Societal laws,values, norms, prohibitionsSocietal laws,values, norms, prohibitions Strives for perfection, not pleasureStrives for perfection, not pleasure

ConflictConflict

Id wants gratificationId wants gratification Superego wants perfectionSuperego wants perfection Ego must satisfy both and deal Ego must satisfy both and deal

with societal expectations for with societal expectations for behaviorbehavior

Conflict of interests causes anxietyConflict of interests causes anxiety

Id, Ego, SuperegoId, Ego, Superego

FreudFreud’’s Psychoanalysiss Psychoanalysis

Therapy in which the patient explores the past (childhood-teen years- adulthood) in order to discover the true causes of the psychological pain, depression and troubles.

Freud used a couch to relax the patient, and had the therapist sit behind the patient

3 Steps in Psychoanalysis3 Steps in Psychoanalysis

1. Free Association: patient asked about past and the therapist encourages open thinking, brainstorming but does not provide any positive or negative answers to the patient’s concerns.

“Tell me how you feel” “How did that affect you?”

3 Steps in Psychoanalysis3 Steps in Psychoanalysis

2. Catharsis: patient finds out true reasons for their pain and psychological problems- the nerves are now exposed and emotions run rampant

3 Steps in Psychoanalysis3 Steps in Psychoanalysis

3. Transference: patient projects true feelings onto the therapist who then provides help to overcome pain and problems

Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms DenialDenial DisplacementDisplacement IntellectualizationIntellectualization ProjectionProjection RationalizationRationalization Reaction FormationReaction Formation RegressionRegression RepressionRepression SublimationSublimation

Freud thought that if one of these defense mechanisms was shown, then the patient must have had a problem earlier in life during one of the following stages…

FreudFreud’’s Developmental s Developmental StagesStages

Stage theory that everyone goes Stage theory that everyone goes throughthrough

First five years of life are the most First five years of life are the most importantimportant

Conflicts in the stages result in Conflicts in the stages result in fixationsfixations

Problems in adulthood can be traced Problems in adulthood can be traced back to strong fixations in stagesback to strong fixations in stages

Oral StageOral Stage

0-1 year0-1 year Mouth is source of pleasure and Mouth is source of pleasure and

tension reductiontension reduction Conflict is weaningConflict is weaning Oral personality:Oral personality:

Dependent, passive, naïve, gullibleDependent, passive, naïve, gullible Nail biting, smoking, Nail biting, smoking,

sarcasm,overeatingsarcasm,overeating

Anal StageAnal Stage 2-3 years2-3 years Controlling bowels is the primary source of Controlling bowels is the primary source of

pleasurepleasure Conflict: toilet trainingConflict: toilet training

Societal demands for the first timeSocietal demands for the first time Anal personalityAnal personality

Retentive: Stingy, stubborn, controlling, overly Retentive: Stingy, stubborn, controlling, overly organized, holds in emotions, dependableorganized, holds in emotions, dependable

Expulsive: messy, anger outbursts, often late, Expulsive: messy, anger outbursts, often late, self-confident, independent in thought and self-confident, independent in thought and actionaction

Phallic StagePhallic Stage

3-6 years3-6 years Genitals are source of pleasureGenitals are source of pleasure Conflict is Oedipal and Electra Conflict is Oedipal and Electra

ComplexesComplexes Leads to identification with same sex parentLeads to identification with same sex parent

Gender role developmentGender role development Superego developmentSuperego development

Most difficult of FreudMost difficult of Freud’’s stages to accepts stages to accept

Latency & Genital StagesLatency & Genital Stages

Latency StageLatency Stage 7-12 years7-12 years All is quietAll is quiet Concentrate on same-sex friendships & Concentrate on same-sex friendships &

schoolschool Genital StageGenital Stage

12 +12 + Genitals again source of pleasureGenitals again source of pleasure Focus on mature adult relationshipsFocus on mature adult relationships

Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms

To cope with conflict and anxiety, To cope with conflict and anxiety, the Ego must use defense the Ego must use defense mechanismsmechanisms

These unconsciously deal with the These unconsciously deal with the conflict and reduce anxietyconflict and reduce anxiety

Hysteria under hypnosisHysteria under hypnosis

Case of Anna O. 1895Case of Anna O. 1895 21 years old21 years old Suffered from Suffered from hysteriahysteria no physical cause for no physical cause for

problemsproblems Nursing her ailing fatherNursing her ailing father

Develops bad cough, speech difficulties, then became Develops bad cough, speech difficulties, then became mute, and then began speaking only in English instead mute, and then began speaking only in English instead of her usual Germanof her usual German

When father diedWhen father died Some paralysis, involuntary spasms, visual Some paralysis, involuntary spasms, visual

hallucinations, mood swingshallucinations, mood swings ““talking curetalking cure”” symptoms disappear once the symptoms disappear once the

unconscious root of the problem is discussedunconscious root of the problem is discussed

The Good and the BadThe Good and the Bad

Explores role of Explores role of unconscious mindunconscious mind

Highlights Highlights importance of importance of early childhoodearly childhood

Vague & difficult to Vague & difficult to testtest

Too much emphasis Too much emphasis on unconsciouson unconscious

Too much emphasis Too much emphasis on sexual driveson sexual drives

Complete Complete development by development by age 12age 12