Freshwater

Watershed

River basinDrainage basinCatchment

Total land area that drains surface water to a common point.

Rain that falls anywhere within a given body of water's watershed or basin will eventually drain into that body of water.

Overland Flow (Runoff)

Evaporation / transpiration

Aquifers/ groundwater

Soil Water

Fate of Precipitation to Land

Streams RiversLakes

SwampsOrganisms

Streams RiversLakes

SwampsOrganisms

Where is all the Water?

Water sourcePercent of fresh water

Percent of total water

Oceans, Seas, & Bays -- 96.5

Ice caps, Glaciers, & Permafrost 69.6 1.79

Groundwater 30.1 1.7

Lakes 0.26 0.013

Soil Moisture 0.05 0.001

Atmosphere 0.04 0.001

Wetlands, Swamps 0.03 0.0008

Rivers 0.006 0.0002

Biological Water 0.003 0.0001

Source: USGS

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GroundwaterLakesSoils

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0.775% 0.8%

“Groundwater is the major source of water across much of the world, particularly in rural areas in arid and semi-arid regions”

UNESCO

Water Demand

The three major factors causing increasing waterdemand over the past century

•population growth•industrial development •expansion of irrigated agriculture.

Agriculture accounted for most freshwater withdrawal in developing economies in the past two decades

Industrial Development: World Trade

Agricultural Production

1 ton of grain requires 1000 tons of water

Irrigation for crops uses 65- 70 percent of fresh supplies

It takes over 528 gallons of water to produce enough food for one person for one day

Industry uses 20-25 percent of available freshwatersteel, computers, and raw materials for industrial products

annual industrial water use in China could grow from52 billion tons to 269 billion tons within the next two decades

Personal use accounts for about ten percent of water use

each person needs at least 2 gallons of water a day for drinking, food preparation, and cooking

average consumption per person is five gallons a day (WHO, UNICEF), but in the U.S., Canada, and Western Europe the total

consumption rises dramatically

Over the past 30 years, the area of land under irrigation has increased by about 30%.

Overall Consumption

Supply and Demand

Groundwater Use

GroundwaterLakesSoils

WetlandsRivers

0.8%

IndiaChinaPakistan

½ the world’stotal use of groundwaterfor agriculture

Shallow, Unconsolidated

North China Plain

½ China’s wheat, 1/3 corn

Levels dropping 3 ft/year

Shift to Deep fossil aquifer (non-replenishable)

Agricultural well depths can exceed 1000 feet ($)

Municipal well depths can exceed 3000 feet

Shallow aquifer largely depleted (replenishable)

China’s grain production has fallen from its historical peak of 392 million tons in 1998 to an estimated 358 million tons in 2005

China largely covered the drop-off in production by drawing down its once vast stocks until 2004, at which point it imported 7 million tons of grain.

99,900 wells were abandoned

India

21 million wells

water table is falling by 6 meters (20 feet) per year

falling water tables have dried up 95 percent of the wells owned by small farmers

drilling 1000m to reach water

agriculture is rain-fed and drinking water is trucked in

Population 1,132,446,000

Pakistan is growing by 3 million people per year,

In the Punjab plain, the drop in water tables appears to be similar to that in India. In the province of Baluchistan, water tables are falling by 3.5 meters per year. within 15 years Quetta will run out of water if the current consumption rate continues

PakistanQuetta

Punjab

Cenomanian-Turonian Mountain Aquifer

recharged from the West Bank

highly permeable

Coastal Aquifer

Width between 3 and 20 km

chief resource of water for Gaza

depth to groundwater 60 m to 8 m

Israel

Gaza has the lowest per capitalwater availability in the world nextto Kuwait.

Besor

80-100 sites lack infrastructure and mitigation measures

1984 Saudi national survey reported fossil water reserves at 462 billion tons

½ has been depleted

irrigated agriculture could last for another decade

al-Disi aquifer

Sandstone aquifer not subject to recharge

Saudi Arabia

Partly in Jordan

Wheat on 2.5 million acres of desert

The Sahara: Libya

1953

“fossil” water

Nubian Sandstone Aquifer

world's largest fossil-water reserve

located near the center of the world's largest continuous stretch of desert

two million square kilometers

equivalent to the flow of 200 years of water in the Nile River

The Great Man-made River Project

the largest underground network of pipes in the world

1300 wells more than 500 m deep

6,500,000 m³ water/day

Tripoli, Benghazi, Sirt

4 major basins

20,000km³

10,000km³

4,800km³

The Great Man-Made River Project

Water is 1/10 costOf desalinization

United States

United States 3,618,770 79,481 2.2%

Land (mi2) Water (mi2) % water

Rhode Island 1,545 500.6 32.4%

Florida 65,975 11,808 17.9%

North Carolina, Maine, Louisiana, Minnesota, Massachusetts

Driest?

New Mexico 121,593 243 0.2%

Arizona 114,000 364 0.32%

West Virginia 24,232 145 0.6%

Wettest

Texas CaliforniaIdahoIllinois

CaliforniaTexasNebraskaArkansas

Surface 79% Ground 21%

Groundwater

Surface water

#1 irrigation#2 public

#1 power#2 irrigation

Groundwater and Surface Water Use

Surface Water

Groundwater

Ogallala Aquifer

¾ of wheat tradedon the world market

1930s 600 wells1970s 200,000 wells

Water tables have fallenBy up to 100 ft

Unreplenished:

Pumping has declined by ½; new wells banned

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=12595774

irrigated

Below is a link for a story on NPR

Surface water 79% of withdrawalsGround water 21% of withdrawals

#1 use of groundwater is for irrigation#1 use of surface water is for power generation

Both ground and surface water withdrawals peaked in 1980

Texas uses the greatest amount of surface waterCalifornia uses the greatest amount of groundwater

Summary

Florida

20 Bgal/d

Withdrawn

Florida’s Water

1700 rivers and streams (Feet to miles wide)

One of the most productiveAquifer systems in the world

27 of 78 1st magnitude (100 ft3/sec)springs nationally

The Past

8 million acres>100 miles¼ mile per day

Too much water

The Everglades

35,000 people in 1830

"The first and most abiding impression is the utter worthlessness to civilized man, in itspresent condition, of theentire region." Buckingham Smith

1835First Survey

In 1850, the Swamplands Act Passed

South Florida and the Everglades

50,000 acres were drained by 1881

EAA

Historic Current

The Present

16 million people withdrawing 20 billion gallons/day

Almost 30 M by 2030

A/C: 1950sfirst mosquito control district: 1922DDT introduced: 1949Bureau of entomology: 1953

Population doubled between 1950 and 1970

Changes

38% surface62%

ground

43% Public Supply39% Agriculture8.5% Industrial/Commercial4.5% Recreation Irrigation4.0% Domestic Self-supply

62% Agriculture20% Power8% Public Supply6% Recreation Irrigation4% Industrial/Commercial

Withdrawals

Florida

# 11 in agricultural water use in the U.S.# 1 in agricultural water use in the East

Marion County has the greatest withdrawal for public self supply.

Greatest freshwater withdrawal: Palm Beach CountyGreatest groundwater withdrawal: Miami-Dade

½ of all agricultural self-supplied water withdrawal:

Palm BeachHendrySt. LucieIndian River

yield estimated at 60 million gallons per day (mgd). The regional reservoir will cover about 1,100 acres and provide storage for approximately 15 billion gallons.

Desalinization

Reservoirs

The Future

Tampa’s Reverse Osmosis plant

Aquifer Storage and Recovery

St. Petersburg Dual Distribution System – Highly treated reclaimed water is made available in a separate piping system for landscape irrigation, including the irrigation of more than 9,992 residential lawns, 61 schools, 111 parks, and 6 golf courses.

This is one of the most widely known reuse systems in the world. The system has been in operation since 1977. An average of about 17.7 mgd of reclaimed water was reused in 2003 to irrigate the spring training grounds of a major league baseball team, and in cooling towers at the Tropicana Dome.

Reclaimed Water

Gainesville -- The City makes extensive use of reclaimed water from the 10-mgd Kanapaha treatment facility. In the Southwest Reuse Project, reclaimed water is used to irrigate residential lawns, golf courses, parks, and other landscaped areas. Reclaimed water is used for irrigation and in water features at the Kanapaha Botanical Gardens.

In addition, reclaimed water meeting drinking water standards recharges the Floridan Aquifer via deep wells. Approximately 2.2 mgd is used to irrigate golf courses, residential areas, and botanical gardens while 7.9 mgd of reclaimed water is used to recharge the ground water.

Reedy Creek Utilities -- This utility provides reclaimed water for irrigation of landscaped areas within the Walt Disney World Resort Complex.

Tallahassee Spray Irrigation System -- Florida’s capital city irrigates over 2,200 acres with reclaimed water. Corn, soybeans, coastal Bermuda grass, and other feed and fodder crops are grown.

Orlando Wetlands -- Orlando created a 1,640-acre wetlands system using reclaimed water from the Iron Bridge advanced wastewater treatment facility.

Pipelines?

Florida water managers are considering tapping rivers and lakes to quench the thirst of a growing populace.

A plan to pipe water from the Ocklawaha and St. Johns rivers and other water bodies to Central Florida communities is moving forward. The project could cost as much as $1.2 billion and pipe up to 262 million gallons a day to three dozen utilities including those serving Leesburg, Orlando and The Villages.

Conservation advocates say the plan defies the spirit of a state law requiring communities to use local water sources before turning elsewhere. They fear the plan is a prelude to water being pumped from the Santa Fe and Suwannee rivers to satisfy the explosive growth of southern Florida cities.