11Laboratory of Plant Systematics, K.U.Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Plant Systematics, K.U.Leuven, Belgium; 22Institute of Systematic Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland; Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland; 33Nationaal Nationaal

Herbarium Nederland, Leiden branch, The NetherlandsHerbarium Nederland, Leiden branch, The Netherlands ; ; 44Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, United Kingdom Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, United Kingdom

A search for phylogenetically informative A search for phylogenetically informative wood characters in the subfamily wood characters in the subfamily

Rauvolfioideae (Apocynaceae)Rauvolfioideae (Apocynaceae)

Frederic LensFrederic Lens11, Mary E. Endress, Mary E. Endress22, Pieter Baas, Pieter Baas3, 3, Steven Steven JansenJansen44 and Erik Smets and Erik Smets1,31,3

• Ca. 1000 spp., 84 genera, 10 tribes• Small to medium-sized trees, tropical lowland forests• Lianas in 24 genera, most diverse in Willughbeieae• Uniform flower morphology

– Traditional classifications based on seed and fruit characters

INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES RESULTS DISCUSSION CONCLUSION

Plumeria rubra Catharanthus roseus Vinca minor

INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES RESULTS DISCUSSION CONCLUSION

Carissa macrocarpa

Allamanda schottiiAllamanda schottiiStemmadenia littoralis

Cascabela thevetia

Simões et al. 2007:

5 chloroplast genes + morphology

climbing taxa

Rauvolfioideae paraphyletic

APSA clade:

-Apocynoideae

-Periplocoideae

-Secamonoideae

-Asclepiadoideae

• (1) Detailed wood anatomical descriptions– LM and SEM observations– 91 species, 50 genera, all 10 tribes– CTFw, Lw, MADw, SJRw, Tw, WAGw

• (2) Find meaningful wood features characterizing Rauvolfioideae tribes

• (3) Compare anatomy of climbers vs. nonclimbers

• (4) Unravel wood evolution within Apocynaceae

INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES RESULTS DISCUSSION CONCLUSION

VesselVessel groupinggrouping

INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES RESULTS DISCUSSION CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES RESULTS DISCUSSION CONCLUSION

Vessel perforations, vessel pitting Vessel perforations, vessel pitting

Imperforate tracheary elementsImperforate tracheary elements

INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES RESULTS DISCUSSION CONCLUSION

Axial parenchyma distributionAxial parenchyma distributionINTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES RESULTS DISCUSSION CONCLUSION

RaysRays

INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES RESULTS DISCUSSION CONCLUSION

Calcium oxalate crystalsCalcium oxalate crystals

INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES RESULTS DISCUSSION CONCLUSION

Laticifers and intraxylary phloemLaticifers and intraxylary phloem

INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES RESULTS DISCUSSION CONCLUSION

Diagnostic wood features within Tabernaemontaneae s.s. …Diagnostic wood features within Tabernaemontaneae s.s. …

INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES RESULTS DISCUSSION CONCLUSION

… … lead to recognition of the former tribe Ambelanieaelead to recognition of the former tribe Ambelanieae

INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES RESULTS DISCUSSION CONCLUSION

Climbing vs. nonclimbing genera in WillughbeieaeClimbing vs. nonclimbing genera in Willughbeieae

INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES RESULTS DISCUSSION CONCLUSION

Climbing vs. nonclimbing genera in WillughbeieaeClimbing vs. nonclimbing genera in Willughbeieae

INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES RESULTS DISCUSSION CONCLUSION

AspidospermeaeAlstonieaeKopsia-VinceaeVinceae

Noncli-Willughbeieae

Tabernaemontaneae s.s.DiplorhynchusMelodineaeAlyxieaeHunterieaePlumerieaeCarisseaeWright., Nerieae, Malouet.PeriplocoideaeRemaining ApocynoideaeSecamonoideae

Cli-Willughbeieae

Ambelanieae (Tabern s.l.)

INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES RESULTS DISCUSSION CONCLUSION

Asclepiadoideae

Vessel element length:Vessel element length:

— > 700 µm

— 400-700 µm

— < 400 µm

climbing taxa

Vessel grouping:Vessel grouping:

— solitary vessels

— radial multiples

— clusters common

AspidospermeaeAlstonieaeKopsia-VinceaeVinceae

Noncli-Willughbeieae

Tabernaemontaneae s.s.DiplorhynchusMelodineaeAlyxieaeHunterieaePlumerieaeCarisseaeWright., Nerieae, Malouet.PeriplocoideaeRemaining ApocynoideaeSecamonoideae

Cli-Willughbeieae

Ambelanieae (Tabern s.l.)

INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES RESULTS DISCUSSION CONCLUSION

Asclepiadoideae

climbing taxa

Axial parenchyma:Axial parenchyma:

— excl apotracheal

— apo- & paratracheal

— excl paratracheal

— absent

AspidospermeaeAlstonieaeKopsia-VinceaeVinceae

Noncli-Willughbeieae

Tabernaemontaneae s.s.DiplorhynchusMelodineaeAlyxieaeHunterieaePlumerieaeCarisseaeWright., Nerieae, Malouet.PeriplocoideaeRemaining ApocynoideaeSecamonoideae

Cli-Willughbeieae

Ambelanieae (Tabern s.l.)

INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES RESULTS DISCUSSION CONCLUSION

Asclepiadoideae

climbing taxa

No cells per axial No cells per axial parenchyma strand:parenchyma strand:

— 8-10

— 4-8

— < 4

AspidospermeaeAlstonieaeKopsia-VinceaeVinceae

Noncli-Willughbeieae

Tabernaemontaneae s.s.DiplorhynchusMelodineaeAlyxieaeHunterieaePlumerieaeCarisseaeWright., Nerieae, Malouet.PeriplocoideaeRemaining ApocynoideaeSecamonoideae

Cli-Willughbeieae

Ambelanieae (Tabern s.l.)

INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES RESULTS DISCUSSION CONCLUSION

Asclepiadoideae

climbing taxa

• Rauvolfioideae wood anatomically diverse• Typical wood characters for most tribes

– Vessel grouping, vessel element length– Number of cells per axial parenchyma strand– Fibre type

• Climbing vs. nonclimbing anatomy:– Paratracheal vs. apotracheal parenchyma– Tracheid presence vs. absence

• Some wood characters are diagnostic at the family level– E.g. Baileyan trend for vessel element length

INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES RESULTS DISCUSSION CONCLUSION