fred below, jason haegele, and ross bender
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Fred Below, Jason Haegele, and Ross Bender](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012613/619637f540bd0d7f56658af1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Fred Below, Jason Haegele, and Ross Bender
Crop Physiology Laboratory Department of Crop Sciences
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
22nd Annual National No-Tillage Conference Springfield, IL
January 15, 2014
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Quest for High Soybean Yields
• 9 billion people by 2050 requires a doubling of crop production, including soybean
• US average soybean yields are currently about about 42 bushels/acre
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Quest for 85 Bushel Soybean
• 85 bushel soybean produced each year in state soybean yield contests
• World record soybean yield of 161 bushels
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Quest for 85 Bushel Soybean
• Intelligent Intensification with the management factors that have the biggest impact on soybean yield each year
• The Six Secrets of Soybean Success
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The Six Secrets of Soybean Success What Factors Have the Biggest Impact on Soybean Yield?
Champaign, IL 2012
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Not Secrets of Soybean Success, but Important to Overall Crop Productivity
• Corn yields 25 bu better when it follows soybean & requires less fertilizer N
• Soybean improves soil tilth compared to corn
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Crucial Prerequisites, but not Secrets of Success
• Drainage
• Weed Control
• Proper Soil pH
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Weather
65432 1
Factor Rank
The Six Secrets of Soybean Success
Given key prerequisites
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Excess Precipitation Delayed Planting in 2013
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Exceptional Drought in 2012
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Fertility Weather
65432 1
Factor Rank
The Six Secrets of Soybean Success
Given key prerequisites
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Typical Fertilization for Corn and Soybean in Illinois
• 180 lbs N, 90 lbs P2O5 and 120 lbs K20 per acre applied to corn. No S or micronutrients
• No fertilizer applied to soybean
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Nutrient Uptake and Removal by
62 Bushel Soybean
Nutrient Required
to Produce Removed with Grain
Harvest Index
lb acre-1 %
N 271 194 72 P2O5 50 39 78 K2O 180 75 42
S 19 11 57 Zn (oz) 7.9 2.1 27 B (oz) 5.9 1.8 36
Average of two varieties at DeKalb, IL 2012
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P and K Uptake and Removal by 62 bu Soybean vs 230 bu Corn
Nutrient Required to Produce
Removed with Grain
Harvest Index
Corn Soy Corn Soy Corn Soy lb acre-‐1 %
P2O5 101 50 80 39 79 78
K2O 180 180 56 75 32 42
Corn data from Agron J. 105:161-170 (2013); Soybean data from DeKalb, IL 2012
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Days After Planting0 20 40 60 80 100 120
K Up
take
(lb
K 2O a
c-1)
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
Perc
ent o
f Tot
al (%
)
0
20
40
60
80
100GrainFlowers, PodsStem, PetiolesLeaves
Planting V3 V7 R2 R4 R5 R6 R8
Growth Stage
K Uptake & Partitioning for 62 Bushel Soybean
Average of 2 varieties at DeKalb, IL 2012
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Days After Planting0 20 40 60 80 100 120
P Up
take
(lb
P 2O5 a
c-1)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Perc
ent o
f Tot
al (%
)
0
20
40
60
80
100GrainFlowers, PodsStem, PetiolesLeaves
Planting V3 V7 R2 R4 R5 R6 R8
Growth Stage
P Uptake & Partitioning for 62 Bushel Soybean
Average of 2 varieties at DeKalb, IL 2012
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Fertility Weather
65432 1
Factor Rank The Six Secrets of Soybean Success
Given key prerequisites
Genetics/Variety
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Variety Yield Variety Yield bu acre-1 bu acre-1
1 54.5 6 60.8 2 55.5 7 62.3 3 56.3 8 64.2 4 57.9 9 64.8 5 58.7 10 66.0
All Soybean Varieties are Not Created Equal
10 varieties with high-tech management at Champaign, IL 2012
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Fertility Weather
65432 1
Factor Rank The Six Secrets of Soybean Success
Given key prerequisites
Genetics/Variety Foliar Protection
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Soybean Yield Components
Yield = Pod number/acre x
Seeds per pod x
Weight per seed
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Node Number0 5 10 15 20
Pod
Num
ber (
per n
ode)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0How Does Pod Number Effect Soybean Yield
50 Bushels
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Node Number0 5 10 15 20
Pod
Num
ber (
per n
ode)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0How Does Pod Number Effect Soybean Yield
62 Bushels
50 Bushels
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Fertility Weather
65432 1
Factor Rank The Six Secrets of Soybean Success
Given key prerequisites
Genetics/Variety Foliar Protection Seed Treatment
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Impact of Seed Treatment on Emergence
Photos courtesy of AJ Woodyard, BASF
Untreated
Fungicide, Insecticide, Nematicide
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Fungicide only Fungicide, Insecticide, Nematicide
Impact of Seed Treatment on Soybean Growth
R2 growth stage, Champaign, IL 2012
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Impact of Seed Treatment on Soybean Growth
Plants at growth stage R2 at Champaign, IL 2012
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Fertility Weather
65432 1
Factor Rank The Six Secrets of Soybean Success
Given key prerequisites
Genetics/Variety Foliar Protection Seed Treatment Row Arrangement
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Row Spacing Affects Light Interception And Canopy Air Movement
30” Rows 20” Rows
Champaign, IL 2012
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Standard vs High Tech – Soybean 2012 Fertility P or K applied year before to corn
75 lbs P2O5 as MESZ (N, P, S, & Zn) Banded 4-6” directly under row at planting
Variety Normal maturity grown in region Longest possible maturity for region
Foliar - No foliar protection protection Fungicide or Insecticide or Both
Seed - Untreated or fungicide only treatment Fungicide, insecticide, nematicide
Row - 30 inch row spacing arrangement 20 inch row spacing
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Champaign
Harrisburg
Soybean Omission Plots 2012 6 plots at 4 sites with: • Two trials Champaign & Rushville • Banded fertility at planting • Maturity according to region • Normal maturity in standard vs full maturity in high tech
• Different company seed and foliar protection products: Syngenta or Monsanto/BASF
• All in 30 inch vs 20 inch rows, at a
seeding rate of 160,000 plants/acre
Rushville
DeKalb
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Soybean Omission Plot Design
Treatments evaluated in 30 and 20 inch row spacing
MANAGEMENT FACTORS Treatment FerQlity Variety Foliar Seed treatment
HIGH TECH Placed Full maturity Fungicide + InsecQcide Full
Decrease Techn
ology -‐FerQlity None Full maturity Fungicide + InsecQcide Full
-‐Variety Placed Normal maturity Fungicide + InsecQcide Full
-‐InsecQcide Placed Full maturity Fungicide only Full
-‐Fungicide Placed Full maturity InsecQcide only Full
-‐Foliar protecQon Placed Full maturity None Full
-‐Seed treatment Placed Full maturity Fungicide + InsecQcide Basic
TRADITIONAL None Normal maturity None Basic
Add Techno
logy +FerQlity Placed Normal maturity None Basic
+Variety None Full maturity None Basic
+Fungicide None Normal maturity Fungicide only Basic
+InsecQcide None Normal maturity InsecQcide only Basic
+Foliar protecQon None Normal maturity Fungicide + InsecQcide Basic
+Seed treatment None Normal maturity None Full
![Page 32: Fred Below, Jason Haegele, and Ross Bender](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012613/619637f540bd0d7f56658af1/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
No Interaction of Row Spacing and Other Management Factors in 2012
30” Rows 20” Rows
Champaign, IL 2012
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Location Yield Increase Δ bu acre-1
DeKalb +6.5* Champaign1 +3.0* Rushville1 +1.6* Harrisburg - 2.6* Average +2.1*
Yield Increase from 20” Row Spacing
*Significant P ≤ 0.05, Average of six trials in Illinois and of standard and high technology management. 1Two trials at Champaign and Rushville
![Page 34: Fred Below, Jason Haegele, and Ross Bender](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012613/619637f540bd0d7f56658af1/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Soybean Omission Plot Design
Treatments evaluated in 30 and 20 inch row spacing
MANAGEMENT FACTORS Treatment FerQlity Variety Foliar Seed treatment
HIGH TECH Placed Full maturity Fungicide + InsecQcide Full
Decrease Techn
ology -‐FerQlity None Full maturity Fungicide + InsecQcide Full
-‐Variety Placed Normal maturity Fungicide + InsecQcide Full
-‐InsecQcide Placed Full maturity Fungicide only Full
-‐Fungicide Placed Full maturity InsecQcide only Full
-‐Foliar protecQon Placed Full maturity None Full
-‐Seed treatment Placed Full maturity Fungicide + InsecQcide Basic
TRADITIONAL None Normal maturity None Basic
Add Techno
logy +FerQlity Placed Normal maturity None Basic
+Variety None Full maturity None Basic
+Fungicide None Normal maturity Fungicide only Basic
+InsecQcide None Normal maturity InsecQcide only Basic
+Foliar protecQon None Normal maturity Fungicide + InsecQcide Basic
+Seed treatment None Normal maturity None Full
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Location Standard HighTech Δ
bu acre-1
DeKalb 66.0 77.4 +11.4* Champaign 1 52.5 64.2 +11.7* Champaign 2 58.1 66.0 +7.9* Rushville 1 39.2 47.2 +8.0* Rushville 2 37.8 49.8 +12.0* Harrisburg 47.5 55.0 +7.5*
Soybean Yield Response to Management
* Significantly different at P ≤ 0.05. Average of 30 & 20” rows
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Standard System Add One Enhanced Factor Yield Δ
bu acre-1
Standard Management 50.1 +Fertility (extra N, P, S, Zn) 55.0 +4.9* +Variety (fullest maturity for region) 53.8 +3.7* +Fungicide (at R3 growth stage) 52.2 +2.1* +Insecticide (at R3 growth stage) 53.8 +3.7* +Fungicide and Insecticide 53.9 +3.8* +Seed treatment (at planting) 52.9 +2.8*
Add One Enhanced Factor to Standard Management
*Significantly different from standard at P ≤ 0.05. Average of 6 trials in Illinois in 2012 and of 30 and 20” rows
![Page 37: Fred Below, Jason Haegele, and Ross Bender](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012613/619637f540bd0d7f56658af1/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
High Tech System Omit One Enhanced Factor Yield Δ
bu acre-1
High Tech all Six Factors 60.0 -Fertility (fertility from previous corn) 56.3 -3.7* -Variety (normal maturity for region) 57.1 -2.9* -Fungicide (no fungicide) 57.2 -2.8* -Insecticide (no insecticide) 57.7 -2.3* -Fungicide and Insecticide 56.7 -3.3* -Seed treatment (none or base) 57.6 -2.4*
Omit One Enhanced Factor from High Tech System
*Significantly different from standard at P ≤ 0.05. Average of 6 trials in Illinois in 2012 and of 30 and 20” rows
![Page 38: Fred Below, Jason Haegele, and Ross Bender](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012613/619637f540bd0d7f56658af1/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Standard High Tech Factor Yield Δ Yield Δ
bu acre-1
None or All 50.1 60.0 Fertility 55.0 +4.9* 56.3 -3.7* Variety 53.8 +3.7* 57.1 -2.9* Fungicide 52.2 +2.1* 57.2 -2.8* Insecticide 53.8 +3.7* 57.7 -2.3* Fung. + Insect. 53.9 +3.8* 56.7 -3.3* Seed treatment 52.9 +2.8* 57.6 -2.4*
2012 Soybean Omission Plots – Average of Six Trials
* Significantly different at P ≤ 0.05. Average of 30 & 20” rows
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Standard vs High Tech – Soybean 2013 Fertility P or K applied year before to corn
75 lbs P2O5 as MESZ (N, P, S, & Zn) Banded 4-6” directly under row at planting
Variety Normal and Full maturity for region Normal and Full maturity for region
Foliar - No foliar protection protection Fungicide or Insecticide or Both
Seed - Untreated or fungicide only treatment Fungicide, insecticide, nematicide
Row - 30 inch row spacing arrangement 20 inch row spacing
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Champaign
Harrisburg
Soybean Omission Plots 2013 8 plots at 4 sites with: • Two plots at each site • Banded fertility at planting • Different company seed and
foliar protection products: Syngenta or Monsanto/BASF
• Normal and full maturity variety in each trial in 2013
• All in 30 inch vs 20 inch rows, at a
seeding rate of 160,000 plants/acre
Rushville
DeKalb
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No Difference Between Normal and Full Maturity Varieties in 2013 Probably Due
to Relatively Late Planting
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Row Spacing Interacted with
Other Management Factors in 2013
30” Rows 20” Rows
Champaign, IL 2012
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Row Space Standard High
Tech Δ
inches bushels acre-1
30 67.2 70.6 +3.4*
20 66.8 73.5 +6.7* Increase from
20 inch rows -0.4 +2.9*
Row Space and Management Interaction
* Significantly different at P ≤ 0.05. Average of eight trials each with two varieties in 2013
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Location Standard High Tech Δ ———— bushels acre–1 ————
DeKalb 1 63.3 69.7 +6.4* DeKalb 2 72.2 74.8 +2.6 Champaign 1 57.7 56.8 -0.9 Champaign 2 62.9 63.5 +0.8 Harrisburg 1 64.1 67.8 +3.7* Harrisburg 2 61.8 66.7 +4.9* Rushville 1 78.8 82.0 +3.2* Rushville 2 76.5 84.0 +7.5*
Average 67.2 70.6 +3.4*
Effect of Management on Soybean (30” Rows)
*Significant at P ≤ 0.1. Average of two varieties in each trial.
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Location Standard High Tech Δ ———— bushels acre–1 ————
DeKalb 1 63.4 75.6 +12.2* DeKalb 2 70.7 78.2 +7.5* Champaign 1 60.0 63.2 +3.2 Champaign 2 61.5 66.3 +4.8* Harrisburg 1 63.2 68.8 +5.6* Harrisburg 2 63.8 67.1 +3.3* Rushville 1 79.2 85.1 +5.9* Rushville 2 72.5 83.7 +11.2*
Average 66.8 73.5 +6.7*
Effect of Management on Soybean (20” Rows)
*Significant at P ≤ 0.1. Average of two varieties in each trial
![Page 46: Fred Below, Jason Haegele, and Ross Bender](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012613/619637f540bd0d7f56658af1/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
30”Rows 20” Rows
Add One Factor Yield Δ Yield Δ bushels acre-1
Standard 67.2 66.8 +Fertility 69.4 +2.2* 71.2 +4.4* +Fungicide 68.6 +1.4* 69.2 +2.4* +Insecticide 66.7 +0.5 68.8 +2.0* +Fung. + Insect. 69.2 +2.0* 70.1 +3.3* +Seed treatment 67.0 -0.2 69.4 +2.4*
Add One Enhanced Factor to Standard Management
*Significantly different at P ≤ 0.05. Average of eight trials in 2013
![Page 47: Fred Below, Jason Haegele, and Ross Bender](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012613/619637f540bd0d7f56658af1/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
30”Rows 20” Rows
Omit One Factor Yield Δ Yield Δ
bushels acre-1
High Tech (all) 70.6 73.5 –Fertility 69.8 -0.8 70.8 -2.7* –Fungicide 70.8 +0.2 72.8 -0.7 –Insecticide 70.0 -0.6 72.4 -1.1 –Fung. + Insect. 69.9 -0.8 71.0 -2.5* –Seed treatment 70.7 +0.1 70.9 -2.6*
Omit One Enhanced Factor From High-Tech System
*Significantly different at P ≤ 0.05. Average of eight trials in 2013
![Page 48: Fred Below, Jason Haegele, and Ross Bender](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012613/619637f540bd0d7f56658af1/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Standard High Tech
Factor Yield Δ Yield Δ bu acre-1
None or All 58.6 66.0 Fertility 62.6 +4.0* 63.4 -2.6* Fungicide 60.6 +2.0* 64.1 -1.9* Insecticide 60.8 +2.2* 64.6 -1.4* Fung. + Insect. 61.8 +3.2* 63.5 -2.5* Seed treatment 60.6 +2.0* 64.2 -1.8*
Soybean Omission Plots – Average of all Trials 2012-13
* Significantly different at P ≤ 0.05. Average of 30 & 20” rows
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Conclusions
• Soybean yield can be increased with crop management
• Each of the six secrets of soybean can independently increase yield and when combined into a system they are partially additive
![Page 50: Fred Below, Jason Haegele, and Ross Bender](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012613/619637f540bd0d7f56658af1/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Acknowledgements
• Brad Bandy • Tryston Beyrer • Tom Boas • Ryan Becker • Ross Bender • Fernando Cantao • Paula Cler • Keila Cunha • Paulo Galvao • Laura Gentry • Claire Geiger • Jason Haegele • Mark Harrison • Cole Hendrix • Adam Henninger
• Jim Kleiss • Brandon Litherland • Jack Marshall • Bianca Moura • Ellie Raup • Matías Ruffo • Juliann Seebauer • Marjorie Souza • Logan Smith • Martín Uribelarrea • Mike Vincent • Alison Vogel • Kyle Vogelzang • Wendy White
Personnel
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Champaign
Harrisburg
Crop Physiology Lab Sites & Farm Cooperators
DeKalb - Eric Lawler H.B. Babson Farms
Rushville - Mike Dyche Jr.
Dyche Farms Inc
Champaign – UI Research Farm
Harrisburg - Scott Berry Berry Farms
Rushville
DeKalb
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Acknowledgements
• AGCO • Agricen • Agrium • AgroFresh • BASF • Calmer Corn Heads • Crop Production Services • Dawn Equipment • Dow AgroSciences • DuPont/Pioneer • Fluid Fertilizer Foundation • GrowMark • Honeywell • Helena Chemical Company • Illinois Corn Marketing Board • Illinois Soybean Association
• IPNI • John Deere • Koch Agronomic Service • Monsanto • Mosaic • Nachurs • Netafilm • Orthman • Rosen’s Inc. • Syngenta • Stoller Enterprises • Valent BioSciences • WinField Solutions • Wolf Trax • Wyffels Hybrids
Financial Support
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Very Special Thanks • No-Till Farmer • Illinois Soybean Association
For more information:
Crop Physiology Laboratory at the University of Illinois
http://cropphysiology.cropsci.illinois.edu