Franklin D. Rooseveltand the New Deal

Redefined Democracy:Political Rights Economic

Security Social Justice

■Essential Question:–What were the causes of the

Great Depression?

■Warm-Up Question:–Think about the changes that

took place in America in the 1920s. In what ways were these changes good? Bad?

The Great Depression Era

The Business of America

Calvin Coolidge (President) fit pro-business spirit of the

1920s Famous quote:

“The chief business of the American people is business . . .the man who builds a factory builds a temple – the man who works there worships there”

President Calvin Coolidge 1924-1928

American Business Flourishes

President Coolidge (Republican) successor Herbert Hoover favored governmental policies

that kept taxes down and business profits up

Tariffs were high, which helped American manufacturers

Government interference in business was minimal

The Impact of the Auto Auto

backbone of the American economy

Ford Model T came only in black sold for $290 ($3553 in 2011 dollars) Over 15 million were sold by 1927

How Auto Changed America Paved roads, traffic lights, motels, billboards Home design (garages, driveways) Gas stations, repair shops, shopping centers Freedom for rural families Independence for women and young people By 1920 80% of world’s vehicles in U.S.

Airline Transport Becomes Common

airline industry began as a mail carrying service quickly “took off”

By 1927 Pan American Airways was making transatlantic passenger flights

When commercial flights began, all flight attendants were female and

white.

American Standard Of Living Soars

1920-1929 (prosperity)

Americans owned 40% of the world’s wealth

average annual income rose 35% during the 1920s

(for top earners) discretionary income

increased

Electrical Conveniences electricity transforms the

nation Electric refrigerators Stoves Irons Toasters Vacuums washing machines sewing machines

All available!

Modern Advertising Emerges

Ad agencies no longer sought to merely “inform” the public about their products

Agencies hired psychologists to study how best to appeal to Americans’ desire for youthful, beauty, health and wealth

“Say it with Flowers” slogan doubled sales between 1912-1924

A Superficial Prosperity Many during the

1920s believed the prosperity would go on forever Wages Production GNP stock market all rose

significantly

But. . . .

Problems on the Horizon?■ Businesses

expanded recklessly

■ Iron & railroad industries faded

■ Farms nationwide suffered losses due to overproduction

■ Too much was bought on credit including stocks

Causes of the Great Depression The 1920s were a decade of consumer

spending & the economy looked healthy on the surface: Income did increase in the 1920s, but

there were some severe problems with the U.S. economy

In October 1929, the “Roaring Twenties” came to an end & the Great Depression began…why?

The Great Depression

We in America today are nearer to the final triumph over poverty than ever before in the history of any land. The poorhouse is vanishing from among us.

-- Herbert Hoover, 1928

Causes of the Great Depression

Causes of the Great Depression

Agricultural overproduction bank issue

Industrial overproduction Uneven division of

wealth Over-extension of credit

bank issue International economic

situation bank issue

■ Banking catastrophe3 strikes against the

banks You’re Out!

Causes of the Depression■ Agricultural overproduction:

– The end of WWI led to a decline in demand for agricultural products

– Too much food led to a 40% drop in crop prices

– Farmers could not pay back loans & many had their farms foreclosed

– Some rural banks failed

Causes of the Depression■Industrial overproduction:

–Mass-production of consumer goods led to overproduction

–People did not need as many appliances & cars by the end of the decade (under-consumption)

–Railroads, textiles, steel, coal mining, construction were barely profitable

Overproduction of Consumer Goods

Too much inventory…Not enough buyers

“Traditional” industries suffered in the 1920s

Profits for Coal MiningProfits for Railroad Companies

Corporate Profits for Coal and Railroad Industries, 1920-1930

Causes of the Depression■Uneven Division of Wealth

–Despite rising wages, the gap between the rich & poor grew wider in the 1920s

–70% of Americans were considered “poor”

–Most of the spending in the 1920s was done by 30% of the population

Distribution of Wealth in the 1920s

* An income of $2,500 per year was considered the minimum

amount needed for a decent standard of

living

Causes of the Depression■ Credit:

– Many Americans used easy credit to live beyond their means

– By “buying now & paying later,” Americans generated large debts

– As a result, Americans cut back on spending by the end of the decade

Americans bought goods on credit & did not have much in savings accounts

Easy credit created a stock market bubble

Causes of the Depression■The Stock Market:

–In the 1920s, the stock market soared & people speculated with stocks• bull market – upward

trend in stock market–Many people borrowed

money to pay for stocks, called buying on margin

Buying Stocks on Margin

Causes of the Depression■The Stock Market:

–There was no regulation of the market & some companies altered stock values to raise profits• bear market – downward

trend in stock market

Causes of the Depression■The Stock Market:

–On October 29, 1929 (Black Tuesday) the stock market crashed

–People rushed to sell, prices plummeted, & investors lost $30 billion

–Speculators who bought on the margin, could not pay off their debts

–Many lost their savings

The stock market crash in October 1929 marked

the beginning of the “Great Depression”

Causes of the Depression■ The Stock Market:

– Speculators who bought on the margin, could not pay off their debts

– Many lost their savings“Wall Street Lays An Egg”

- Daily Variety (Oct. 30, 1929)

The U.S. stock market had only about 3 million active buyers & sellers but the spillover into the

greater economy led to the Great Depression

Causes of the Depression■ International Economic Situation:

– France / England borrowed $$$ to finance WWI

– Reparations from Germany / Austria used to make payments

– Overtime, G and A could not make the reparation payments

– 1927 – 1928 F and E borrowed more $ to pay debts

Causes of the Depression■ International Economic

Situation:– Post-war debts in Europe &

high protective tariffs in America limited international trade

– The Great Depression led to a global depression in Europe, Asia, & Latin America

– World trade fell by 40%– exacerbated banking crisis

A Global Depression

Causes of the Depression■Bank Failures:

–After the crash, people tried to withdraw their money from banks

–In 1929, 600 banks failed due to lack of funds & the inability to recoup loans

–The failure of the banks left many Americans without their life savings

Bank & Business Failures, 1928-1933

Effects of the Great Depression■ The Great Depression led to a collapse of

the U.S. financial system– 9,000 banks & 90,000 businesses failed

by 1933– Gross National Product (GNP) total value of all goods and services produced in a given year

• 1929 -- GNP = $103 Billion• 1933 -- GNP = $56 Billion

– 15% unemployment throughout the 30s, sometimes reaching as high as 25%

Effects of the Great Depression■Consumer Confidence:

–Millions of Americans lost their jobs or took pay cuts to keep jobs

–The lack of confidence in the future kept people from spending money

–The lack of spending made the depression drag on until the 1940s

Unemployment & Consumer Spending, 1928-1933

Depression Life■ Shantytowns or

(“Hoovervilles”)– with no money for

mortgages, many forced onto streets• selling an apple

– America had record poverty & suicide rates; Fathers abandoned families; Healthcare declined

– Private charities created soup kitchens & breadlines to help• breadlines and soup

kitchens synonymous with the Great Depression

Soup Kitchens & Breadlines

Mortgage Foreclosures

Poverty in America

The Dust Bowl■ The effects of the depression were

made worse by the Dust Bowl:–Heavy droughts & over-farming in

the West destroyed the Plains–In the early 1930s, windstorms

swept away loose soil–Farmers in the Plains left their

farms & searched for work or better land in West coast states

Dust Bowl■ Farmers in crisis

– drought creates setting for (Harvest Gypsies)

The Dust Bowl (1931-1939) worsened the effects of the DepressionAreas Affected by the Dust Bowl drought“Okies” & “Arkies”

Escapism Americans head to the movies

and listen to the radio in record numbers films with themes such as

triumph over adversity visions of a better life Examples: The Wizard of Oz,

Mr.Smith Goes to Washington, Gone With the Wind, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs

Radio comedies and daily news Examples: Lone Ranger,

Soap Operas “Guiding Light”

EscapismDepression in Art attempt by artists to capture

the real America John Steinbeck's The Grapes of

Wrath William Faulkner's The Sound

and the Fury

Regionalist school (art movement) Emphasized traditional

American values Thomas Hart Benton Grant Wood

American Gothic by Grant Wood

How Herbert Hoover Dealt with the Crisis

Confidence economics “Prosperity is right

around the corner.” Rugged

Individualism Success comes

through individual effort / private enterprise

How Herbert Hoover Dealt with the Crisis

“I do not believe that the power and duty of the General Government ought to be extended to the relief of individual suffering.... The lesson should be constantly enforced that though the people support the Government the Government should not support the people.” -- Herbert Hoover, 1930

Who should relieve the suffering? Community / Church resources

Salvation Army, Community Chest, Red Cross

President Hoover’s Response■President Herbert Hoover initially

rejected bold government action in response to the depression:–He tried to reassure Americans

that prosperity would return–He called for volunteerism &

“rugged individualism”

President Hoover’s Response■ As the depression worsened, Hoover

called for more gov’t action–The gov’t issued relief checks to

help the unemployed–The Reconstruction Finance Corps

(RFC) loaned money to failing businesses

–Building projects like Hoover Dam■ These efforts did not end the

depression & many citizens lost faith in President Hoover

The Bonus Army 1932

15,000 WWI veteransWho?

Marched to Washington D.C. to get a $ bonus they were supposed to receive in 1945

What?

The Bonus Army 1932

Called out the troops, Army dispersed the Bonus Marchers

What did Hoover do?

Conclusions■ The Depression of the 1930s came

as a shock to Americans:–When the stock market crashed in

1929, businesses closed & millions were unemployed

–Americans lost faith in Hoover & began looking for new leadership & a more active government to solve their problems