frank r. leslie, b. s. e. e., m. s. space technology, ls ieee 3/17/10, rev. 2.1.0 fleslie @fit.edu;...
TRANSCRIPT
Frank R. Leslie, B. S. E. E., M. S. Space Technology, LS IEEE
3/17/10, Rev. 2.1.0
fleslie @fit.edu; (321) 674-7377
www.fit.edu/~fleslie
Go with the Flow!
14.0 Hydroelectric Energy
https://www.nwp.usace.army.mil/
Oil ~$82 on 3/17/2010
In Other News . . .
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Chile will build a $3.8 billion hydro dam in Patagonia
Backpack power plant (at right) DOE Announces Funding Opportunity
for Marine and Hydrokinetic Technology Development, March 10, 2010
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) today announced its intent to issue a Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) for the advancement of marine and hydrokinetic technology. The FOA, entitled "Marine and Hydrokinetic Technology Readiness Advancement Initiative," will solicit applications for projects to advance the development of technologies that generate renewable electricity from waves, currents, tides, free-flowing rivers, and the ocean's thermal energy. Technologies at various levels of development will be evaluated based on metrics and guidelines established by DOE, and funding will be competitively awarded to a variety of projects. For more details, please view the Notice of Intent on the FedConnect Web site. (Search by Issuing Office Golden.)
14 Overview: Hydropower
Hydropower is a conventional energy form since it has been in existence so long
Hydro falls within the renewable category since solar energy powers the rainfall cycle; some people want to remove (breach) dams to get rid of blockages to travel, to see the canyon, and to stabilize river flows
The latter makes for controversy in salmon areas as dams may interfere with spawning [ed. note: Do those who want salmon to “swim free” eat salmon steaks in Berkeley, California fern-garden restaurants?]
Only ~10% of potential water flows are currently usedGeorgia Tech researching tidal flows
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/projects.html#mhtma
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https://www.nwp.usace.army.mil/hdc/corpshydro.htm
14 Overview: Hydropower in the US
Hydropower is primarily commercial in the US, and supplies 13% of total electrical generation
While fossil-fired steam holds the highest rank, hydro is #3, second only to nuclear power
050322 http://www.corpsresults.us/hydro/default.htm
14.0 About This Presentation
14.1 History14.2 Dam Energy14.3 Sources of Water Power14.4 Waterwheels 14.5 High-Speed Turbines14.6 Physics of Operation14.7 Power vs. Head and Flow14.8 Issues and Trends14.0 Conclusion
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14.1 History of Water Power
Greek poet Antipater (400 B.C.) refers to energy of falling water www.calpoly.edu/~cm/ studpage/ashan/
~200 B.C.E., Egyptians were grinding grain with horizontal water mills
Technology from the Persians (Iran/Iraq), who may have gotten it from China
By the First Century, the wheels were turned to operate vertically (horizontal axis) at much better efficiency
About 1800, water mills were common in Europe and New England
In 1820s, Benoit Furneyron invented the turbineFirst electric power of 12 kW on Fox River,
Appleton Wisconsin, 1882 www.calpoly.edu/~cm/ studpage/ashan/
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World's largest storage dam, Uganda's Owen Falls Dam. The hydroelectric station at the dam supplies most of the electricity requirements of Uganda, and parts of Kenya. (Photo:Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Thailand)
14.2 Hydroelectric Energy (Dams)
The solar distillation of ocean and surface waters and ground moisture produces rain that stores potential energy above sea level
The impoundment of this water energy has long been used for generation of electricity
Hydro dams were commonplace in the 1930’s, but many have fallen into disuse and were removed
Once installed, these systems produced low cost electricity
Newhalem WA Gorge Plant; photo: Leslie, 2002
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14.2 Hydroelectric Energy (continued)
Florida has only two small hydropower plants near Georgia (C. H. Corn Hydroelectric and Jim Woodruff Dam), while the Pacific Northwest relies heavily on Columbia River hydropower for cheap electricity (Number 3 is the 3 to 16 watt system at Florida Tech)
Most useful sources have been exploited years ago Dams are under attack by environmentalists who want
water unhindered for fish passage, recreation, and for endangered species --- some of them claim hydro is not renewable (but it is)
www.srh.noaa.gov/tlh/cpm/ chattahoochee.html
Impounded waters reduce ocean rise, prevent loss of life and property loss from floods
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http://talgov.com/citytlh/utilities/electric/corn.html
14.3 Sources of Water Power
Impoundments such as dams hold back water to increase the head and store water for use in droughtsHigh pressure turbines use high pressure streams and
relatively lower volumes of water “Run of river” dams don’t store water in a deep reservoir
but merely channel it to the turbinesThese turbines run with large volumes and low pressures
Many dams control flooding downstream and have no hydropower generators
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http://www.miamiconservancy.org/Flood_Protection_&_Water_Management/Great_Flood_of_1913/
My hometown; Dayton, Ohio, flood of 1913
14.3.1 Chief Joseph Dam in Washington
Run of river dam on Columbia River, Oregon
Produces 2069 MW; Grand Coulee is 6465 MW!
The other kind of dam is the storage dam with a high reservoir
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Photo by F. Leslie, 2002
14.3.1.1 Chief Joseph Dam “Fish Ladder”
Fish ladder to allow fish to bypass the dam and turbines
Federal fish counters identify and tally them
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Photo by F. Leslie, 2002
14.3 Electrical Switch Yard at a Dam
Bonneville Dam upstream from Portland
Energy from the turbines is collected on bus bars for transmission
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After a transformer raises the voltage (and decreases the current), the high lines connect to the red-and-white tower’s insulators to be connected into the grid
Photo by F. Leslie, 2002
14.3 Utah Dam Electrical Transformers
060319 http://www.shoestringbooks.com/Utah/Dam-power%20converters.jpg
High power has three phases, thus three single-phase transformers are used for each generator’s output
14.4 Water Wheels
Types of water wheels are based upon where the water strikes itPitchback – water drops from top and is
deflected backwards to fall back towards the dam
Overshot – shoots over the top onto the wheel; the usual kind
Breastshot – strikes about 50% to 80% of height of the near side of the wheel
Undershot – pushes underneath and need not be more than immersed in a stream
Waterwheels turn slowly compared with turbines one to fifty rpmWith no load, the Florida Tech wheel turns 10
turns in 11 seconds100317
14.4.1 Water Wheels: Pitchback
Note the difference in direction of the water flow A containing surround structure could force the water against the
wheel as it falls and increase the weight of the water in the wheel
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http://www.whitemill.org.uk/z0028.htm
14.4.2 Water Wheels: Overshot
The water flows across the top of the wheel, pushing it forward, but also partially filling the buckets so that the weight pushes downward to turn the wheel
The inertia of the water helps turn the wheel only slightly since it doesn’t flow very fastA very fast flow would be needed to get kinetic
energy
100317 http://inventors.about.com/gig/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/3807/features/watermills.html
14.4.3 Water Wheels: Breastshot
The water strikes the wheel about mid-way up so the inertia and the weight of the water push the wheel around
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Water Flow
Note the contoured channel or surround at the bottom of the wheel that holds the water into the wheel
14.4.4 Water Wheels: Undershot
The undershot wheel is simply placed in a stream with the bottom of the wheel pushed by the current
Works well where there is little depth and no head Inefficient, but works where others won’t
080317 http://inventors.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/3807/features/watermills.html
Can be on a small boat anchored in a stream
14.5.2 Energy Extraction: Bulb Turbine
Small versions of the bulb turbine can be lowered into a stream by hand to power a remote home
http://www.hitachi.co.jp/Div/hitachi/hydraulic-turbine/BULB.htm
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Ampair's Aquair UW submersible propeller turbine
30 ft diameter 0.8 ft diameter
14.5.3 Energy Extraction: Kaplan Turbine
A Washington state dam turbine runner at The Dalles
My wife in red shirt is 5’ 2” tall
http://www.hitachi.co.jp/Div/hitachi/hydraulic-turbine/KAPLAN.htm
050322Photo by F. Leslie, 2002
14.5.4 Energy Extraction: Pelton Turbine
These double cups catch the water from the input water jets and redeflect it for maximum thrust to spin the rotor; the water falls away
Pelton turbines are popular for microturbines producing remote home energy
http://www.hitachi.co.jp/Div/hitachi/hydraulic-turbine/others.htm
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http://www.galeforce.nireland.co.uk/Water/water.htm
14.5.5 Small Harris hydro generator for home use
http://www.realgoods.com/renew/shop/product.cfm?dp=1200&sd=1201&ts=1017101
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An automotive alternator is rewound to generate the required voltage at a low speed, as car alternators run at 5,000 to 18,000 rpm
A Pelton wheel turbine is spun by four valved nozzle flows
14.6 Physics of Turbine Operation
Head of water: height above turbine; the greater the head, the more pressure at the turbine entrance
Flow rate: mass flow provides the energy transferEnergy extraction: efficiencies of various turbine
types drive the selection vs. cost of the installationHP input from water = W•Q•H/33000, where
W is 62.42 pounds per cubic footQ is flow in cubic feet per minuteAnd H is the head in feet (1 hp =
33000ft-lbs/minute = 550 fl-lbs/second)Electrical Efficiency = V•I•(100%)/(Hpin•(746W/hp))
Overshot wheels average ~50% since the kinetic energy turns the wheel
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14.6.1 Turbine/Generator Description
A small exciter generator is at the top of the shaft and its energy drives the stator (stationary) coils of the large alternator
The alternator (main generator of alternating current) is above the turbine on the same shaft
The turbine at the bottom spins at a slow speed (~150 rpm) to move the rotor coils past the stator coils and generate at the desired frequency (60 Hz in the US; often 50 Hz overseas)
400MW Pump-Turbine for Kazunogawa power station, Japan.
http://www.hitachi.co.jp/Div/hitachi/hydraulic-turbine/PUMP.htm050322
14.6.2 A Typical Turbine Hall
Tongland Turbine Hall, Kirkcudbright, Galloway
The exciters are located atop the generators and drive the field coils of the generator 4 ft high by 8 ft
diameter exciters on topNote 4 ft. handrails on
generatorsTurbine areas are very
noisy, requiring ear protection and radio intercoms
050322 http://www.freefoto.com/pictures/industry/hydro_electric/index.asp?i=56
WATER FLOW IN LITRES PER SECOND
14.7 Power vs. Head and Flow
030307http://
www.galeforce.nireland.co.uk/
NET HEADOR PRESSURE
IN METRESOF WATER
APPROXIMATE PIPE DIAMETER (mm)
14.7.3 Hydro Plant Restoration
090317 http://www.frenchriverland.com/
Celeste and Chris Kruger dropping the Brockway Mills rotor through the hatch in the powerhouse roof.
From the French River Land site in Massachusetts
14.8 Issues and Trends
The optimum locations for major dams have already been exploited; many smaller dams have been opened
Large dams are currently under attack by some who feel that they should be breached to “restore the natural river flows” and “to let the river run free”This lack of dams often led to massive floods and
loss of life in the pastFurther large installations are unlikely, although
many small stream systems are still being developedDroughts have reduced water flow in the Northwest,
impacting the energy supply and increasing pricesThe reservoir behind large impoundment dams can
generate GHG due to decomposition of plant material050322
14.8.1 Issues and Trends
Glen Canyon Dam is perhaps the most hated by radicals who want it destroyed so the river can “run free”
This design won ASCE Outstanding Engineering Achievement Award for 1964
060308 http://www.shoestringbooks.com/Utah/default.htm
14 Conclusion: Hydropower
The majority of logical hydropower sites were developed long ago
There are still some dams in construction, like China’s Three Gorges 18 GW dam (final touches)
Africa has only 7% hydro potential developedHydropower in the US West was a result of
President Hoover’s work program to increase employment during a depression and also to provide cheap electricity to spur commerce in the West
Small hydropower on the scale of remote home energy is still developing
Hydropower provides inexpensive electricity in the US Northwest, primarily from the huge Columbia River
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14.A Appendix: Water Flow Estimation
The weir could be a board with a horizontal slot cut in it030323
Depth over weir dam, inches
Cu. ft per minute per in. of dam width
1 0.40
2 1.13
3 2.07
4 3.20
5 4.47
6 5.87
7 7.40
8 9.05
9 10.80
10 12.64
References: Books
Boyle, Godfrey. Renewable Energy, Second Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-19-26178-4. (my preferred text)
Brower, Michael. Cool Energy. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press, 1992. 0-262-02349-0, TJ807.9.U6B76, 333.79’4’0973.
Duffie, John and William A. Beckman. Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes. NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 920 pp., 1991
Gipe, Paul. Wind Energy for Home & Business. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Pub. Co., 1993. 0-930031-64-4, TJ820.G57, 621.4’5
Patel, Mukund R. Wind and Solar Power Systems. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1999, 351 pp. ISBN 0-8493-1605-7, TK1541.P38 1999, 621.31’2136
Sørensen, Bent. Renewable Energy, Second Edition. San Diego: Academic Press, 2000, 911 pp. ISBN 0-12-656152-4.
Texter, [MIT]
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References: Websites, etc.
http://hydropower.inel.gov/turbine/02-11037-NWhydro.pdfhttp://www.thesustainablevillage.com/products/catalogs/vol1no1/screen/03_SV_2002_Energy.pdfhttp://www.absak.com/diagram/index.html Home water power sitehttps://www.nwp.usace.army.mil/ The Army Corps of Engineershttp://www.waterwheelfactory.com/http://inventors.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/3807/features/watermills.htmlhttp://ww2.green-trust.org:8383/hydro.htmhttp://www.watermotor.net/indexflash.htm microhydrohttp://www.nrel.gov/clean_energy/teach_hydroelectric.htmlhttp://www.small-hydro.com/http://www.miamiconservancy.org/Flood_Protection_&_Water_Management/Great_Flood_of_1913/default.htmhttp://www.homepower.com/files/ You can find past Home Power magazine files here [my endorsement: subscribe to this magazine!]http://aquamor.tripod.com/Wheel.htm for a waterwheel pumphttp://www.corpsresults.us/hydro/default.htmhttp://www.frenchriverland.com/ Excellent small hydro site!http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/blog/climate/the-weekly-geek-micro-hydro-power-20080227http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_history.html
________________________________________________________________http://www.nwp.usace.army.mil/home.asp
www.ferc.gov/ Federal Energy Regulatory Commissionwww.google.com/search?q=%22renewable+energy+course%22solstice.crest.org/dataweb.usbr.gov/html/powerplant_selection.html
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In Other News . . . Older
“U.S. to encourage renewable energy on public lands, including some hydro
WASHINGTON 3/13/09 (PennWell) — The Department of Interior announced it has created a special task force to speed the development of renewable energy projects, including some hydropower, on federal lands.
"More so than ever, with job losses continuing to mount, we need to steer the country onto a new energy path," Interior Secretary Ken Salazar said.
The new Task Force on Energy and Climate Change is to identify specific zones on public lands where the department can act rapidly to create large-scale production of some hydropower, solar, wind, geothermal, and biomass energy. It also is to work to resolve obstacles to renewable energy permitting, siting, development, and production.” --- http://www.hydronews.net/story.asp?story_id=5210
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