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frames can be simple indexual elements
(Hanko:
1985, Bauman:
such as the names or texts of episodes, or their
1992),
functional, semantic or semiotic meanings, or their
functioning within the context of the broken frame.
Nearly the same process is brought to bear when ora].
sources absorb parts of mediated performances into the
general body of oral stories
From a more structural viewpoint, it is not strange
that such changes occur; it can be noted that oral sources
collect aspects of mediated performances by breaking down
their formal unities as movies or books. Names of producers,
directors,
authors, and usually of titles are almost
completely lost in the oral sources
Like the dimensions of time and place which were
explored earlier, names of authors and titles often serve as
reference points for enhancement of believability, with .3.n
especial valuing of references derived from the printed
media:
the people often refer to "a book, a ~aklCl book"; in
the case of movies, they say, "a movie, a ~ak1.c1. movie,"
often using names of actors who distinguished certain
" Blilent Ufuk's movie, (Kenc;::
1950,
1952) Fikret
movies:(Erksan:
1958) ;Hakan's movie" " Tanju Korel's movie"
1989) i or "the colored movie.(Erksan:
the only slight difference other than those
Otherwise,
which corne from the technical nature of the media is that
the transference from, or selection of, elements, and the
185
reframing of broken frames, is more unconscious than in the
mediated performances.
186
CHAPTER-V:
CONCLUSION
In this study the relationships between oral forms of
folklore and mediated performances have been investigated
within the cult of ~aklCl Mehmet Efe
Cak1C1 Mehmet Efe was an outlaw who lived in
Western ffi1otolian region of Turkey between 1871 and 1911
His rebellion against the Ottoman state occupied the last
fifteen years of his life. From a folkloristic standpoint
~aklCl Mehmet Efe's life as an outlaw has the traits that
classify him as a "noble robber," meaning that he "took fron-1
the rich and gave to the poor" within the regional zeybek
tradition of social banditry which makes him a Robin Hood-
like figure in the Turkish socio-cultural context. ~aklcl
Mehmet,
an outstanding representative of the tradition of
zeybekler,
is celebrated as a folkhero by the people. As
result of the celebration of him as a folkhero, an enormous
cult has arisen around the life story of ~aklcl Mehmet
The cult of CaklCl Mehmet started to develop while he
The interactions between oral forms ofwas still alive.
folklore and mediated performances began with the cult's
In this workrise, and it has continued to the present.
CaklCl Mehmet's status as a folkhero and the stories within
the Cult of CaklCl Mehmet have been briefly explained to
provide a better understanding of the transmissions between
187
the cult's mediated and oral forms of folklore. The
interactions between t]~e mediated performances and oral
forms of folklore effec::t a web of intertextuality
This analysis of 1::ransmissional relationships betwe~n
oral forms of folklore aJ:ld mediated performances is limi~ed I
to oral stories, four mo'lTies, and four novels about ~akl.ql.
Mehmet which first app,eared as feuilletons in the
newspapers
The stories and t:heir contextual characteristics were
illustrated by briefly analyzing the storytelling tradit~onl
functional,
formal,
contextucilin the region. The stories'
and basic socia-semantic meanings were pointed out by
exploring the contexts which create the transmissional
relationship in each case.
the relationshtpf: IIn the final part of the this study,I .
between ioral forms of folklore and med1ated performances
were analyzed in accord with the intertextual character ~fI
continu~tive and discontinuitive elements around one ~aktc
story.
As a result of trle analysis of this story it can be
understood that transI11issional relationships can occur aF
(an item within the element. of thethe indexical level
cult), or at the level of semantic meaning or function.
At either level the transmissional process is basedl 0 I
the breaking down of the frame of1two act~ons;
in order to take an ite~performances (oral or mediated)
188
from it and 2) the reframing of it in the context of new
performances.IIn addition, the process of transmission is
manipulated by culturally specific functional and semantic
dynamics in the cult of CaklCl Mehmet Efe in the Turkish
socio-cultural context. It is useful to emphasize that the
traditional f~rm of oral storytelling remains intact from
one presentation to another, but still changes in content
and context take place, and it is also useful to emphasize
that the most important and enduring of continuities bE=tween
all types of "performances" is the adaptability of stories
which allows for individual creativity to come into play
while at the same time allowing for the different
interactions, interrelationships and manipulations to occur
as transformational meanings.
The cultlof CaklCl Mehmet Efe has never been the
subject of me~hodical research, and there is no scientific
work on the C\illt the cult of <;aklClAs has been seen,
Mehmet Efe presents many research opportunities which could
be identified future research targets:
Focusing on the merakl~ groups with their structures
and their sha~ing of performances could be investigated as
case studies. One particular group's usage of the stories'
trans formal meanings (Honko: 1985) as a repertoire could be
investigated.
Moreover, the relationship between meanings
and textual changes or correlations through considerat:ion of
contextual structures as a dimension could be investigated.
theIn other wctrds, by using the same research strategy,
stories,
ot.her than their textual and contextual meanings
and formal relationships, could be investigated to engender
understandi.ng in accordance with various possible
research
explanations.
For instance, by analyzing movies,
strategies could be designed for a better understanding of
the transmi.ssd.onal relationships between the visual media
exposure and responses to moviesand the oral sources'
within the framework of their background
The cult's relationship with the other efe cults as a
genre could be investigated. For example, the relationship
of efe storie~ (efe hikayeleri) , as a genre, with the other
in regard togenres such as the Nasreddin Hoca stories,
could betheir function,
form,
and contextual meanings,
investigated
The real life and legendary lives of ~aklcl and the
correlatiorl between two could be investigated
The folklsongs of <::aklcl and their performance versions
by local bands and the influence of mass media, the
television anid radio, upon them could be
etc.,investigated.
(past) andThe cult's chronological growth backward
forward (the time limit after ~aklcl's death) could be
investigated.
By doing more fieldwork in other parts of the region of
CaklCl's operations and collecting stories, a small-scale
190
motif-index could be made and changes in motifs could be
classified, especially with regard to their meanings in
their various contexts.
192
Asarc1k11,
Hayrettin. (1972
:"
Dagdaki Diplomat" Yeui Devir
Gazetesi.
A serial Article between 9 April 1972-13
October 1972.
Ba$goz,Ilhan.
(1985) ." KOroglu Duzeni" in Folklor Yazl1arl
Istanbul:
Adam YaY1nlar1.
Bauman,
Richard. (1989): "American Folklore Studies and
Social Transformation A Performance-Centered
Perspective.
Text ~ ~erformance QuarterlY.V.9., n.3
(July)
:1989:p.175-184.
Bauman,
Richard. (1992
:
Lecture.4, April,1992
Bayar, Celal. (1968): Ben dexazd1m.
Vol.
6, Kervan YaYJ.nlarJ.
Istanbul
Baykara,
Tuncer.
(1976)
: "Zeybekler" .Belqelerle TUrk Tarihi
Derqisi.
Vol.IV. No.22 P.56-65.
Bayrak,
Mehmet.
(1985):
~kivallk ve Eskiva TUrkuleri. Yorum
Yay.
Ankara
Blanc, Paul. (1903-1911): ']~elegrams about <;akJ.cJ. Mehmet
The Telegrams are translated to Turkish by Orner
Efe.
Sami Co$ar ( see, Co~~ar:1973 .He gives the telegrams
by this reference French Foreign Affairs Ministry
193
Archives under the title of "Turauie: politiaue
Interieur:e, Asie-Minore,ArchiDel in the volumes of
67,68,69,70.
Boatright,C.
Mody. (1969): "The Formula in Fiction and Drama"
Western Folklore, April,28:p.135-145.
Pertev Naili. (1947 "~ukurova/danFolklor
Boratav,
Derlemeleri" D.T.C.F. Derqisi.
vol.VI,num.l,
"~akJ.cJ. Efe" Ulku. n.59Boratav, Pertev Naili. (1938).:
Ocak,1938.
1969) : "Folklore in the Mass Media" Folklore
Tom.Burns,Forum.
July.P.90-l06
1973 " Fransiz Dis isleri Bakanligi-.Co$ar, Orner Sam]..
Belgelerine Gore ~aklrcall Mehmet Efe. Millivgt
Gazetesi, ~ serial article between May 27-June 13
Degh,
Linda.
:L989) : Folktales and Society: StOry tellinqj~
Trans.
Emily M.Hunqaricln Deasant Community.
Shossberger.
Bloomington: Indiana University
Priscilla.
(1971 "Folklore in the Mass Media"
Denby,
Folklore Forum. September. p.113-121
195
Voigt:
Genre, Struct:ureand ReDroduction in Oral-
Literature. Akadernia Kiado. Budapest.
Hutcheon,
Linda. (1989): J:ntertextuality, In International
Encyclopedia of Co~.lunication. Ed. Erik Barnoun. New
York:
Oxford Press.
Kabaagacl~1 Cevat $ak~r. (1977): Hey Koca Yurt. Bilgi
Istanbul...
KadrJ., Vassaf (Moralizade~1 his last name after 1926) .(1908
CaklCl'nln Ilk Kurs~. Matbaa-i Cihan. Istanbul 13251.
Karadag,
Mustafa. (1975
:
TUrk HalkJ.nJ.n Dirlik Duzen KavqasJ.~
Istanbul:
Rernzi Kitabevi
Kemal,Ya$ar.
(1956) : "<::aklrcall Efe" Cumhurivet Gazetesi.
A serial Article between is, March and 25 July.
Kemal,Ya$ar.
(1972
:
~.rcalJ. Efe. Toros yaYlnlari.
Istanbul
Ken~1 Faruk. (1950): " ~:lrcall Mehmet Efe" The producer
company:
Istanbul Film in Istanbul.
Ken<;, Faru*. (1950) ; "Cakl.rcall. Melunet Efe'nin Ollimu."
Producer Company:Istanbul Film in Istanbul
196
Ken9, Faruk. (1952): ~~call Mehmet Efe'nin Hazinesi.
The producer Compan~': Istanbul Film and Ozen Film.
Kooistra, Paul.
(1989):
~~riminals As Heroes: Structure,
Power & Identity. Bowling Green: Bowling Green State
University Popular ]?ress. Ohio
Lord,
Albert. (1960): ~Sirtqer of Tales. Haward University
Press.Cambridge
Oz6n,
Nijad. (1962): ~ Sinema Tarihi. Artist
YaYJ.nlarJ..Ankara.
Ozon, Nijad. (1968). ~ Sinemasl Kronoloiisi. Bilgi
YaYJ.nevi.
Ankara.
Oztelli,
Cahit. (1983): Halk Ttirktileri: Evlerinin anti. Ozgti~
YaY1nlar1.
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Paredes,
Americo. (1958): With His pistol in His Hand: A
Border Ballad and Its Hero. University of Texas pres~:
Austin
Rasim,
Ahmed (Abas1yan1k after 1926). (1913). "Yine
Tasvir-i Efkar Gazetesi 11.8.1329 1913)
<;ak1rca11"
197
Scognomillo,
Giovanni. (1987): Turk Sinemas1 Tarihi. Metis
YaYJ.nlarJ..
Vol.l, Istanbul
Scognomillo,
Giovanni. (1988) : Turk Sinemas~ Tarihi, Metis
YaYlnlarl.
Vol.2, Istanbul
Sertoglu, Murat. (1933
:
~ak~rcall Mehmet Efe.Yeni ASlr
Gazetesi.1933.
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YaYlnevi:Istanbul.
Sertoglu, Murat. (1943): ~klrcall Mehmet Efe NaSll Vuruldu?
Guven BaSlm ve YaYlnevi: Istanbul.
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Sertoglu, Murat. (1972): Kamall Zeybek, Tercliman
Gazetesi.1972.
Stahl, Dolby Sandra. (1989): Literary Folkloristics and
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Press.Sun,
Zeynel Besim. (1934): Caklcl Efe. Izmir Tica;-et Postasl
YaYlnlarl:
Izmir
Sun, zeynellBesim. (1932-33):" <';akJ.cJ. Efe". ~rnir Ticaret
Postasl Gazetesi. A serial Article between April, 16,
1932 and 9 October, 1933
198
Tarman
I.
Bakir.
(1971):
CakJ.rcalJ.'nJ.n IntikarnJ..
Todorov, Tzvetaltl. (1977 : The Poetics of Prose. Trans.
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Tzvetam.
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Principle. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota
Tugrul,
Mehmet. (undated): Cal Kovlerinden Derlenmis Mani ve
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Tuska,
Jon. (198~
:
BillvTheKid A Bio-BiblioaraDhv.
Westport:
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Reiewon the article of
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199
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Tetkik.
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MaGazines and Newspapers:
Ahenk Gazetesi: Izmir:22. September. 1909, 17 November 1911.
Cumhuriyet Gazetesi:Istanbul
Kalem MecmuaSl:Istanbul
K6ylu Gazetesi: !stanbul:1O. February,
1910.
Moniteur Oriental: Istanbul: 28 October, 1910.
Milliyet GazeteS~:Istanbul.
Istanbul:19 November,1910.
Sabah:
Servet-i Funun: Istanbul: 6 April 1909, 17 november, 1911.
Tanin Gazetesi: Iistanbul: 28. October,1910.
Tasvir-i Efkar: Istanbul:8 December,1913.
200
Tercliman Gazetesi.Istanbul
Istanbul:5-6 January, 28 October, 1910Tercliman-i Hakikat:
17 November 1911
Turkiye Gazetesi:Istanbul
Yeni ASlr Gazetesi:lzrnir
Izrnir.28 October, 1910.17 November 1911.Yeni Gazete:
Movies and Videos:
1.Caklrcall Mehmet Efe.(1950a): by Faruk Ken9,
screenwriter:
Faruk Ken9,
director:
Faruk Ken9, assistant director; Enver
Buryin,
actors and actress; Blilent Ufuk, Glilistan Deniz
(Guzey), Salih Tozkoparan, A, Karaokyu. The producer company
is Istanbul Film in Istanbul
2.Cak1rca11 MI:hmet Efe Nas11 Vuruldu?(1950b): by Faruk
Ken9,screenwriter:
Faruk Ken9, director;Faruk Ken9,
assistant director Enver Bur9in, actors and actresses;
Bulent Ufuk, Gulistan Deniz (Guzey ,Salih Tozkoparan, A.
Karaok<;.'u. The producer company
is
Istanbul Film in
Istanbul
3.Caklrcall Mehmet Efe'nin Hazineleri (1952) :by Faruk Ken<;:
screenwriter;
Faruk KenYI director Faruk KenYI assistant
actors and actresses; Bulent Ufuk,director; Enver Bur<;:in,
, Belgin Doruk, a. Karaok9u, MahirGulistan Deniz (Guzey
201
Ozerdern,
Ayfer Feray, Set tar Kormuk<;:u, Kadir Savun. The
producer company is the Istanbul Film and Ozen Film in
Istanbul
4.Dokuz Daqin Efesi.(1958): by Metin Erksan, screenwriter;
Metin Erksan, director; Metin Erksan, assistant director;
Sevket Klymaz, music; Nedim V. Otyam, actors and actresses;
Fikret Hakan, Serpil Gul, Kadir Savun, Hayri Esen, Eral Ta$,
Hayati Harnzaoglu, Yl1maz Gruda. The producer company is
Birsel Film in Istanbul
5. Dokuz Daqin Efesi.(1989) :by Metin Erksan, screenwriter;
Metin Erksan, Assistant directoriTanju Korel, actors and
actresses; Tanju Korel, Cevriye Cesen, Hayati Hamzaoglu,
Erol Ta$. This is a colored reproduction of the first movie
for vcr. The producer company is Altug Videoculuk An. in
Istanbul
6.
Viva Zapata(1952 : by Elia Kazan.
1952):
by Fred Zinnemann7 Hiqh Moon'
8.
The Girl of Golden West by Fred Zinneman.
202
Oral Sources~
The Oral sources I interviewed about CaklCl Mehmet Efe
are given by their name, year, place, age and occupation
Ardic;:,
Idris.
(1991) :Ayva11k/Ku9ukk6y:43: Farmer.
Arslan,
Adnan. (1991) :Ayvallk: 31: Businessman.
~. ..Akba$, Derya. (1991) :Odem1$:56:mus1c1an (neyzen).
Akka$,Sadlk.
(~991) :Odemi$:60:retired government official.
AsarcJ.klJ., Hayrettin. (Mustafa Muftuoglu): (1991) :Istanbul:63:
Historian,
Journalist, novelist.
Balak,
Ali. (1991) :Odemi$/Ttirkonu Koyu:32:Farmer.
Bilgin,
Recep. (1991) :Odemi$:70: Businessman.
Bozkurt,
Vehbi. (1991) :Ayva11k/Turk6zu K6yu:29:Farmer.
Canoglu, Bulen~. (1991) :Ayvallk:34: Government offilcial.
$eref.
(1991) :AyvalJ.k:31:Track Driver.
Canoglu,
CanS1Z, Mehmet
(1991):
6demi$/Kayak6y:44 :Farmer
CanS1Z, Mestan.
1991):
Odemi$/Kayakoy:41: Farmer
<;:aklrcall, Sal!ih. (1991) :6demi~: 65:Farmer
<:;etin, Aydln. (1990) :Nazilli:30: University Professor.
<;:obanoglu, Bay:ram. (1991): Oderni$:34: Tailor
Cobanoglu,
Mustafa. (1991) :Ayvallk:37: Farmer.
Erkan, Aysel. (!1991) :Ayva11k:49: House wife
203
ElmaslJ., HaV'J'a
(1986)
:Ayva11k:98: House wife.
Ekici,
Yusuf (1991) :Odemi$:32 Religious Teacher.
Kamall,Ibrahim.
(1991) :Odemi$:58: Businessman.
Kamall,
Mustafa. (1991
:6demi~:51:
Medical Doctor.
Kalmaz, Kadir. (1991 :Odemi$/Geryeklili Koyu:Farmer
Kazaner, Rahime. (1991) :AyvalJ.k:64: Housewife.
Kazaner, Huly"a. (1991) :Ayvallk:28:Housewif~
Kazaner,
Kernal.
(1991) :Ayvallk:67: Builder.
Kazaner,
Orhan. (1991) :Ayvallk:Builder
Kenc,Faruk.1991)
:Istanbul:82: retired movie producer.
Kernal,
Ya$ar.
(1991) :Istanbu1:64:novelist,
journalist.Koyun,
Cengiz. (1991) :Ayvallk:55: Farmer.
Klll~,
Kerem Ali. (1991) :6demi$/Ger~eklili koyu:67:Farmer.
Kurt,$eref.
(1991
:Ankara:26:
University student.
Kuran, Osman,.
1991:6demi$~49:Blacksmith.
Tekerlek9ioglu, Hasan. (1991) :Odemi$:62: master of horse
carriage
Telli,
Ibrahim.1991}
:Odemi$:40: Dentist.
Ibaklloglu,
Musa. (1991)Odemi$/Gerc;:eklili Koyu:93:Farmer
Ocal, Aydemir. (1991) :Ankara:35: worker.
Okuzcu,
Ibrahim.
(1991
:Ankara:30:
university professor
Ozdemir, Hasan. (1987) :Bergama/Demircidere Koyu:54: Farmer.
Ugural,
Necdet. (1991) :Ayvallk:37: Barber.
Ugural,
Metin. (1991
:Ayvallk:33:printer.Ugural,
Ozer. (1991
:Ayvallk:28:printer.Yavuz,
Behi~ Galip. (1991) :Odemi$:48: High school teacher.
204
Yal<;ln,
Sule~~an.
(1991) :Odemi$:55: perfume salesman.
Yava$,
Mustafa. (1991) :Ayvallk:36:Farmer
:Odemi$/Kayak6y:68:FarmerY6rukoglu, At~et. (1991
VITA
OZKUL COBANOGLU
Personal Statistics
Date of Birth: 23 October, 1961 Place of Birth: Ayvalik,Turkey
Number of Children: 0Maritial Status: Single
Business Address: Hacettepe UniversitesiEdebiyat FakultesiTurk Halkbilimi Bolumu .
060600 Beytepe/ANKARATURKEY
Telephone: (90)-4-2234456
Home Address: Fethiye Mahallesi Cami Caddesi, NOi6Ayvalik/10400 TURKEY.
Telephone: (90)-663-17369.
Educational History
1979-81 Incomplete B.A. Faculty of Divine,Ankara at Ankara.
University of
1981-86 B.A. Humanities and Turqology, Hacettepe Universityat Ankara.
1986-88 Incomplete M.A.(Folklore), Hacettepegraduate credits) '.
Social Sciences InstituteUniversity at Ankara. (24
1989 Intensive English Program; American LanguageAcadeffi¥, University of Southern Colorado at Puebloand Center of Language Training (CELT) IndianaUniversity at Bloomigton.
1990-91 GraduateInstitute,
student for M.A. degree. FolkloreIndiana University at Bloomington.
1990
M.A.
Folklore Institute, Indiana University atBloomington.
Scholarships,
AwardsFelJLowships,
Scholarship of Education the Foundation of Diyanetat Ankara.
1985
Scholar~)hip for language training and M.A. degree irthe U.S.A. (Hacettepe University at Ankara).
1989-92
Professional Experience
Teacher'
Turkish, Turkish Literature and history (a private training center high school and elementarylevels) Zafer Universiteye Hazirlik Dershanesi,Yozgat, and Akademi Dershanesi, Ankara. (Ninemonths) .
1986-87
Pennanent research and teaching assistant,Department of Turkish Folklore, Hacettepe Universityat Ankalra.
1987-91
Permanent teaching assistant: F1Ol and F1O2 OttomanTurkisrl and F205 Literature of Turkish Sufi Orders.
1987-88
Permanent research assistant: To learn AmericanEnglish and to get an M.A. in Folklore in theu. S .A. .
1988-91
Research assistant for Professor Henry Glassie atthe Folklore Institute at Indiana University inBloomington.
1992
Field Experience
M.A. fieldwork in the Turkish Republic (TURKEY), theproviru:e of Bergama at the village of Demircidere.(researched monogrophy of the village and its oralculture the fieldwork specialized aroud the genre ofthe Th;~htaci Turqoman's hyms and believe system ofthe Thahtaci Turqomans-a folk group in westernAnatolia-.)
1988
M.A.
f].eldwork in the Turkish Republic (Turkeyvarious places Ayvalik, Odemis, etc.
, 1n1991
Unive],:sity Committees and Community Service
1987-88 Registration Officer, Department ofFolklore, Hacettepe University at Ankara.
Turkish
1987 Address to the HacettepeAssociation's Ramadan Meeting.
Graduate Students
1988 Address to the HacettepeAsso,ciation's Ramadan Meeting.
Publications
Graduate Students
1983 "'rahtacilarin Mensei Meselesine~nocak Derqisi,n.l,p.23-30.
Dair Notlar"
REFERENCES
Umay Gunay, Di:rectorTurkish Folklo:re DepartmentHacettepe University060600 Beytepe,/Ankara
WRKEY
Abdurrahrnan Gu:~el, DirectorTurkish and Tu:rkish LiteratureDepartment, Ga:~i University.062500 BesevleJr/Ankara
TURKEY
Sukru Elcin, D:LrectorResearch Insti1:ute of Turkish Culture17th. Street O~51800 Bahcelievler/Ankara
TURKEY
Ilhan Basgoz, DirectorTurkish Studie:3 Depatment of UralicAltaic Studies, Indiana UniversityBloomington, Indiana 47405
Henry GlassieIndiana UniversityFolklore Institute506 North Fess StreetBloomington, IJtldiana 47405