four wheel steering_2
TRANSCRIPT
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DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF FOUR WHEEL STEERING MECHANISM TO IMPROVE MANEUVERABILITY
STUDENT NAME REGISTER NO M.Nandha Kishore 31109114057
B.Nagaraja Sankar 31109114055B.Mohammed Iburahim 31109114049
Guided byMr.K.G. Maheswaran
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DIFFICULTIES IN PRESENT STEERING SYSTEM
Drivers find it difficult in controlling the vehicle at lower speeds
(<30kmph).
Turning radius of the vehicle is fairly high.
Response in the changing curvature is very low at lower speeds.
Handling the vehicles at narrow corners and sharp turns are
difficult in a normal steering.
These disadvantages can be overcome to a great extent by
using four wheel steering (4WS).
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IDENTIFICATION OF SOLUTION
(a)Counter Steering System (b) Active Steering System.
•Online Reference : ieeexplore.ieee.org•Book Reference : Automotive Mechanics By William H.Crouse
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DESIGN METHODOLOGY
Additional steering unit added to the rear wheels. Bevel gears (4) used effectively as It can transmit the rotary motion perpendicularly. One bevel gear is introduced in the front steering rod(1). Other bevel gear is connected to the transfer rod(2).
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Customized gear box with three modes i.e. forward (Active), reverse (Counter) and neutral ( Normal).
Three modes in gear box Neutral Mode (Normal Steering)
◦ In this mode the rotary motion will not transfer to the rear wheels.◦ So only Front wheels are steered as like normal cars.Forward Mode (Active Steering)◦ In this mode the front and rear wheels will rotate in the same direction.Reverse Mode (Counter Steering)◦ In this mode both the rear wheels will turn in the opposite direction to the
front wheels.
.
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DESIGN CALCULATION AND DESIGN
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LIST OF SYMBOLS
SYMBOL DESCRIPTION
o Instantaneous Centre, m
θ Angle of the Inside ‘Lock’ degree
φ Angle of Outside ‘Lock’, degree
c Distance between the Pivot Centers, m
b Wheel Base of the Vehicle, m
d Length of the Track Road, m
a Wheel Track, m
r Tie rod length, m
α Angle of the knuckle arms, degree
δf Angle of the front wheel, degree
δr Angle of the rear wheel, degree
ξ Rear steering proportioning factor
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WHEEL BASE CALCULATIONd = 0.610mc = 0.780 ma = 0.908 mr = 0.21m assume θ = 40`sin α= (c-d)/ 2r = 0.4048α =23.88`sin(α+θ) +sin (α-φ) = 2sinα0.8979+sin(23.88-φ) = 0.8096φ = 28.94`For correct steeringcotφ –cotθ = (c/b)1.8085-1.1918 = (0.78/b)Base b = 1.6 mRef:- AUTOMOBILE MECHANICS by DR N.K.GIRI
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VEHICLE DESIGN
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TURNING RADIUS CALCULATION NORMAL STEERINGb = 1.6ma = 0.908mc = 0.780mφ = 28.94`Considering outer wheel,Turning radius of the outer wheel Rf = (b/sinφ)+((a-c)/2) = (1.6/sin28.94)+((0.908-0.780)/2) = 3.307+0.064 = 3.371mTurning radius of the vehicle is Rf = 3.371mRef:- AUTOMOBILE MECHANICS by DR N.K.GIRI
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FOUR WHEEL STEERING
δf = 28.94` Take ξ = 0.5δr = ξδfδr = 0.5(28.94`)δr = 14.47`Rf cosδf = Rr cosδr3.371cos28.94 = Rr cos14.472.95 = 0.968RrRr = 3.05mTurning radius of the vehicle is Rr = 3.05m
So nearly 10% of the turning radius is reduced
Ref:- FUNDAMENTALS OF VEHICLE DYNAMICS by THOMAS
D GILLESPIE
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Gear Box CalculationTake Module (m)= 1.5mm Adentum = 1m Dedentum = 1.157 mModule = (Pitch/ 3.14)Pitch = Module * 3.14= 1.5 * 3.14Pitch= 4.712mm
Assume No of Teeth (z1) = 82OD = (No of teeth + 2) * module = (82+2)* 1.5 = 126mmID = OD-2(adentum+dedentum)
= 126-2(1.5+1.74) = 119mmPCD = OD-2m
= 126-2(1.5) = 123mmTooth Thickness = m*z*sin(90/z)
= 1.5*82*sin(90/82) = 2.35mm
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Similarly for Z2 = 40OD = 63mmID = 56mmPCD = 60mmThickness = 2.35mm
Z3 = 50OD = 78 mmID = 71mmPCD = 75mmThickness = 2.35mm
Z4 = 24OD = 39mmID = 32 mmPCD = 36 mmThickness = 2.35 mm
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Design Of Engage And Disengage Mechanism With Variable Modes
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Graph – Steered Angle Vs Turning Radius
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FABRICATED WORKFRONT WHEEL MOUNTING:
Material Used : Mild Steel Plate 4mm thickProcess undergone : Cutting , Drilling, Grinding, Arc welding.M10 bolt and lock nut
Tyres Used : Tvs Sunny tyres.
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REAR WHEEL MOUNTING:
Material Used : Mild Steel Plate 4mm thick, Square Channel – 1.6mm thick.Process undergone : Cutting , Drilling, Grinding, Arc welding.M10 bolt and lock nut.
Mild Steel Rod – 25mm thickMild steel plate – 4mm thickProcess Undergone : Cutting, Facing, Turning, Arc Welding.
Tyres Used : Bajaj Scooter Tyres..
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STEERING UNIT AND BEVEL GEARS MOUNTING:
Steering Unit Used:TATA Indica Steering Unit. ( Both Front And Rear )Alterations Made : Tie rod Length Reduced.
M10 Bolt And Nut.
Bevel Gear Setup Used : Major alterations in Fiat Differential Unit.Process undergone : Cutting , Grinding, Arc welding, TIG Welding.
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GEAR BOX MOUNTING :
Gear Type Used : Spur Gear/ Material : Mild SteelModule = 1.540T Teeth / O.D =63mm 82 Teeth/OD= 126mm24Teeth/OD= 39mmGear Ratio : 1 (Input) : 0.487 (output) E.g: Steering outputIf the front wheel is steered to an angle of 40 degree.The rear wheel will have a max turning angle of 20 degree.
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Frame Construction: Material Used : Mild Steel Square Channel -1.6mm Thick..Process undergone : Cutting , Grinding, Arc welding.
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STEERING MODES
Normal Steering Mode
Counter Steering ModeActive Steering Mode
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TESTINGU-Turn
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L-Turn
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PARKING ASSISTANCE
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COST ESTIMATIONMaterials Total Price(Rs)
Steering unit(2) 3000Universal joint(5) 500
Tyres(4) 2000Bevel gears 1000
Frame 3000Steering wheel 500Bolt and Nut 500
Engage and disengage mechanism 5000Shaft 500
Welding and Machining charges 2000Front wheel mounting 1000Rear wheel mounting 1500
Total 19500
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IMPLEMENTATION COST IN PRESENT SYSTEM
Materials Total Price(Rs)
Steering unit(1) 1500
Universal joint(5) 500
Bevel gears 1000
Engage and disengage Mechanism 5000
Total 8000
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Thank You