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FOUNDATIONS OF SEMANTICWEB TECHNOLOGIES

Linked Data

Sebastian Rudolph

Dresden, 07. Feb 2014

Agenda

1 Linked (Open) Data

2 Semantic Web and HTMLRDFaMicroformatsGoogle Knowledge Graph

3 OWL ApplicationsOWL DL Application EDF EnergyOWL Profile Application BBC World CupSemantic Technologies in the Pharmaceutical Industry

4 Summary

TU Dresden, 07. Feb 2014 Foundations of Semantic Web Technologies slide 2 of 51

Agenda




4 Summary


Data in the Web• more and more data is available in the Web for programmatic access• often specified using Semantic Web Standards, e.g., the following Linking

Open Data (LOD) Initiativehttp://www.w3.org/wiki/SweoIG/TaskForces/CommunityProjects/LinkingOpenData

• using APIs, e.g. via JSON/REST

• Semantic Web technologies simplify the integration of data from differentsources

• combination of data leads to deeper insights


http://www.w3.org/wiki/SweoIG/TaskForces/CommunityProjects/LinkingOpenData

http://www.w3.org/wiki/SweoIG/TaskForces/CommunityProjects/LinkingOpenData

Linked Data in the Web 01.05.2007

Linking Open Data cloud diagram, by Richard Cyganiak and AnjaJentzsch. http://lod-cloud.net/


http://lod-cloud.net/


SWConference

Corpus

DBpedia RDF Book Mashup

DBLPBerlin

Revyu

Project Guten-berg

FOAFprofiles

Geo-names

Music-brainz

Magna-tuneJamendo

World Fact-book

DBLPHannover

SIOCprofiles

Sem-Web-

Central

Euro-stat

ECS South-ampton

BBCLater +TOTP

Doap-space

Open-Guides

Gov-Track

US Census Data

W3CWordNet

flickrwrapprWiki-

company

OpenCyc

lingvoj

Onto-world

BBCJohnPeel

Flickrexporter

Audio-Scrobbler QDOS

updated

RKB Explorer

NEW!riese

NEW!





As of July 2009

LinkedCTReactome

Taxonomy

KEGG

PubMed

GeneID

Pfam

UniProt

OMIM

PDB

SymbolChEBI

Daily Med

Disea-some

CAS

HGNC

InterPro

Drug Bank

UniParc

UniRef

ProDom

PROSITE

Gene Ontology

HomoloGene

PubChem

MGI

UniSTS

GEOSpecies

Jamendo

BBCProgrammes

Music-brainz

Magna-tune

BBCLater +TOTP

SurgeRadio

MySpaceWrapper

Audio-Scrobbler

LinkedMDB

BBCJohnPeel

BBCPlaycount

Data

Gov-Track

US Census Data

riese

Geo-names

lingvoj

World Fact-book

Euro-stat

flickrwrappr

Open Calais

RevyuSIOCSites

Doap-space

Flickrexporter

FOAFprofiles

CrunchBase

Sem-Web-

Central

Open-Guides

Wiki-company

QDOS

Pub Guide

RDF ohloh

W3CWordNet

OpenCyc

UMBEL

Yago

DBpediaFreebase

Virtuoso Sponger

DBLPHannover

IRIT Toulouse

SWConference

Corpus

RDF Book Mashup

Project Guten-berg

DBLPBerlin

LAAS- CNRS

Buda-pestBME

IEEE

IBM

Resex

Pisa

New-castle

RAE 2001

CiteSeer

ACM

DBLP RKB

Explorer

eprints

LIBRIS

SemanticWeb.org

Eurécom

RKBECS

South-ampton

CORDIS

ReSIST ProjectWiki

NationalScience

Foundation

ECS South-ampton

LinkedGeoData

BBC Music





As of September 2010

MusicBrainz

(zitgist)

P20

YAGO

World Fact-book (FUB)

WordNet (W3C)

WordNet(VUA)

VIVO UFVIVO

Indiana

VIVO Cornell

VIAF

URIBurner

Sussex Reading

Lists

Plymouth Reading

Lists

UMBEL

UK Post-codes

legislation.gov.uk

Uberblic

UB Mann-heim

TWC LOGD

Twarql

transportdata.gov

.uk

totl.net

Tele-graphis

TCMGeneDIT

TaxonConcept

The Open Library (Talis)

t4gm

Surge Radio

STW

RAMEAU SH

statisticsdata.gov

.uk

St. Andrews Resource

Lists

ECS South-ampton EPrints

Semantic CrunchBase

semanticweb.org

SemanticXBRL

SWDog Food

rdfabout US SEC

Wiki

UN/LOCODE

Ulm

ECS (RKB

Explorer)

Roma

RISKS

RESEX

RAE2001

Pisa

OS

OAI

NSF

New-castle

LAAS

KISTIJISC

IRIT

IEEE

IBM

Eurécom

ERA

ePrints

dotAC

DEPLOY

DBLP (RKB

Explorer)

Course-ware

CORDIS

CiteSeer

Budapest

ACM

riese

Revyu

researchdata.gov

.uk

referencedata.gov

.uk

Recht-spraak.

nl

RDFohloh

Last.FM (rdfize)

RDF Book

Mashup

PSH

ProductDB

PBAC

Poké-pédia

Ord-nance Survey

Openly Local

The Open Library

OpenCyc

OpenCalais

OpenEI

New York

Times

NTU Resource

Lists

NDL subjects

MARC Codes List

Man-chesterReading

Lists

Lotico

The London Gazette

LOIUS

lobidResources

lobidOrgani-sations

LinkedMDB

LinkedLCCN

LinkedGeoData

LinkedCT

Linked Open

Numbers

lingvoj

LIBRIS

Lexvo

LCSH

DBLP (L3S)

Linked Sensor Data (Kno.e.sis)

Good-win

Family

Jamendo

iServe

NSZL Catalog

GovTrack

GESIS

GeoSpecies

GeoNames

GeoLinkedData(es)

GTAA

STITCHSIDER

Project Guten-berg (FUB)

MediCare

Euro-stat

(FUB)

DrugBank

Disea-some

DBLP (FU

Berlin)

DailyMed

Freebase

flickr wrappr

Fishes of Texas

FanHubz

Event-Media

EUTC Produc-

tions

Eurostat

EUNIS

ESD stan-dards

Popula-tion (En-AKTing)

NHS (EnAKTing)

Mortality (En-

AKTing)Energy

(En-AKTing)

CO2(En-

AKTing)

educationdata.gov

.uk

ECS South-ampton

Gem. Norm-datei

datadcs

MySpace(DBTune)

MusicBrainz

(DBTune)

Magna-tune

John Peel(DB

Tune)

classical(DB

Tune)

Audio-scrobbler (DBTune)

Last.fmArtists

(DBTune)

DBTropes

dbpedia lite

DBpedia

Pokedex

Airports

NASA (Data Incu-bator)

MusicBrainz(Data

Incubator)

Moseley Folk

Discogs(Data In-cubator)

Climbing

Linked Data for Intervals

Cornetto

Chronic-ling

America

Chem2Bio2RDF

biz.data.

gov.uk

UniSTS

UniRef

UniPath-way

UniParc

Taxo-nomy

UniProt

SGD

Reactome

PubMed

PubChem

PRO-SITE

ProDom

Pfam PDB

OMIM

OBO

MGI

KEGG Reaction

KEGG Pathway

KEGG Glycan

KEGG Enzyme

KEGG Drug

KEGG Cpd

InterPro

HomoloGene

HGNC

Gene Ontology

GeneID

GenBank

ChEBI

CAS

Affy-metrix

BibBaseBBC

Wildlife Finder

BBC Program

mesBBC

Music

rdfaboutUS Census






MusicBrainz

(zitgist)

P20

Turismo de

Zaragoza

yovisto

Yahoo! Geo

Planet

YAGO

World Fact-book

El ViajeroTourism

WordNet (W3C)

WordNet (VUA)

VIVO UF

VIVO Indiana

VIVO Cornell

VIAF

URIBurner

Sussex Reading

Lists

Plymouth Reading

Lists

UniRef

UniProt

UMBEL

UK Post-codes

legislationdata.gov.uk

Uberblic

UB Mann-heim

TWC LOGD

Twarql

transportdata.gov.

uk

Traffic Scotland

theses.fr

Thesau-rus W

totl.net

Tele-graphis

TCMGeneDIT

TaxonConcept

Open Library (Talis)

tags2con delicious

t4gminfo

Swedish Open

Cultural Heritage

Surge Radio

Sudoc

STW

RAMEAU SH

statisticsdata.gov.

uk


Lists


SSW Thesaur

us

SmartLink

Slideshare2RDF

semanticweb.org

SemanticTweet

Semantic XBRL

SWDog Food

Source Code Ecosystem Linked Data

US SEC (rdfabout)

Sears

Scotland Geo-

graphy

ScotlandPupils &Exams

Scholaro-meter

WordNet (RKB

Explorer)

Wiki

UN/LOCODE

Ulm

ECS (RKB

Explorer)

Roma

RISKS

RESEX

RAE2001

Pisa

OS

OAI

NSF

New-castle

LAASKISTI

JISC

IRIT

IEEE

IBM

Eurécom

ERA

ePrints dotAC

DEPLOY

DBLP (RKB

Explorer)

Crime Reports

UK

Course-ware

CORDIS (RKB

Explorer)CiteSeer

Budapest

ACM

riese

Revyu

researchdata.gov.

ukRen. Energy Genera-

tors

referencedata.gov.

uk

Recht-spraak.

nl

RDFohloh

Last.FM (rdfize)

RDF Book

Mashup

Rådata nå!

PSH

Product Types

Ontology

ProductDB

PBAC

Poké-pédia

patentsdata.go

v.uk

OxPoints

Ord-nance Survey

Openly Local

Open Library

OpenCyc

Open Corpo-rates

OpenCalais

OpenEI

Open Election

Data Project

OpenData

Thesau-rus

Ontos News Portal

OGOLOD

JanusAMP

Ocean Drilling Codices

New York

Times

NVD

ntnusc

NTU Resource

Lists

Norwe-gian

MeSH

NDL subjects

ndlna

myExperi-ment

Italian Museums

medu-cator

MARC Codes List

Man-chester Reading

Lists

Lotico

Weather Stations

London Gazette

LOIUS

Linked Open Colors

lobidResources

lobidOrgani-sations

LEM

LinkedMDB

LinkedLCCN

LinkedGeoData

LinkedCT

LinkedUser

FeedbackLOV

Linked Open

Numbers

LODE

Eurostat (OntologyCentral)

Linked EDGAR

(OntologyCentral)

Linked Crunch-

base

lingvoj

Lichfield Spen-ding

LIBRIS

Lexvo

LCSH

DBLP (L3S)


Klapp-stuhl-club

Good-win

Family

National Radio-activity

JP

Jamendo (DBtune)

Italian public

schools

ISTAT Immi-gration

iServe

IdRef Sudoc

NSZL Catalog

Hellenic PD

Hellenic FBD

PiedmontAccomo-dations

GovTrack

GovWILD

GoogleArt

wrapper

gnoss

GESIS

GeoWordNet

GeoSpecies

GeoNames

GeoLinkedData

GEMET

GTAA

STITCH

SIDER

Project Guten-berg

MediCare

Euro-stat

(FUB)

EURES

DrugBank

Disea-some

DBLP (FU

Berlin)

DailyMed

CORDIS(FUB)

Freebase

flickr wrappr

Fishes of Texas

Finnish Munici-palities

ChEMBL

FanHubz

EventMedia

EUTC Produc-

tions

Eurostat

Europeana

EUNIS

EU Insti-

tutions

ESD stan-dards

EARTh

Enipedia


NHS(En-

AKTing) Mortality(En-

AKTing)

Energy (En-

AKTing)

Crime(En-

AKTing)

CO2 Emission

(En-AKTing)

EEA

SISVU

education.data.g

ov.uk

ECS South-ampton

ECCO-TCP

GND

Didactalia

DDC Deutsche Bio-

graphie

datadcs

MusicBrainz

(DBTune)

Magna-tune

John Peel

(DBTune)

Classical (DB

Tune)

AudioScrobbler (DBTune)

Last.FM artists

(DBTune)

DBTropes

Portu-guese

DBpedia

dbpedia lite

Greek DBpedia

DBpedia

data-open-ac-uk

SMCJournals

Pokedex

Airports


MusicBrainz(Data

Incubator)

Moseley Folk

Metoffice Weather Forecasts

Discogs (Data

Incubator)

Climbing

data.gov.uk intervals

Data Gov.ie

databnf.fr

Cornetto

reegle

Chronic-ling

America

Chem2Bio2RDF

Calames

businessdata.gov.

uk

Bricklink

Brazilian Poli-

ticians

BNB

UniSTS

UniPathway

UniParc

Taxonomy

UniProt(Bio2RDF)

SGD

Reactome

PubMedPub

Chem

PRO-SITE

ProDom

Pfam

PDB

OMIMMGI

KEGG Reaction

KEGG Pathway

KEGG Glycan

KEGG Enzyme

KEGG Drug

KEGG Com-pound

InterPro

HomoloGene

HGNC

Gene Ontology

GeneID

Affy-metrix

bible ontology

BibBase

FTS

BBC Wildlife Finder

BBC Program

mes BBC Music

Alpine Ski

Austria

LOCAH

Amster-dam

Museum

AGROVOC

AEMET

US Census (rdfabout)




Linked Data Principles*

Linked Data consists mainly of a number of principles for publishing data in theWeb:

1 Use URIs as names for things– documents, people, locations, concepts, etc.

2 Use HTTP URIs so that people can look up those names3 When someone looks up a URI, provide useful information, using the

standards (RDF*, SPARQL)4 Include links to other URIs, so that they can discover more things.

*http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html


http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html

5 Star Linked (Open) Data

8 Available on the web (whatever format) but with an openlicence, to be Open Data

88 Available as machine-readable structured data (e.g. excelinstead of image scan of a table)

888 as (2) plus non-proprietary format (e.g. CSV instead of excel)

8888 All the above plus, use open standards from W3C (RDF andSPARQL) to identify things, so that people can point at yourstuff

88888 All the above, plus: Link your data to other people’s data toprovide context




De-Referencing of an IRI• These IRIs can then be used also in other documents• For example in the document <http://ex.org/jones>:

<#denise> fam:child <#edwin>,<http://ex.org/smith#carol> .

• One can then extract the URL <http://ex.org/smith> from<http://ex.org/smith#carol> and find information about #carolfrom there


Connection between the IRI of a Thingand IRI of a Source

User Agent

Web Server

http://www.polleres.net/foaf.rdf#me

http://www.polleres.net/foaf.rdf

HTTPGET RDF


Connection between the IRI of a Thingand IRI of a Source

User Agent

Web Server

http://dbpedia.org/resource/Gordon_Brown

http://dbpedia.org/data/Gordon_Brown

http://dbpedia.org/page/Gordon_Brown

HTTPGET 303* HTTP

GET RDF

*HTTP Response Code 303: See OtherTU Dresden, 07. Feb 2014 Foundations of Semantic Web Technologies slide 14 of 51

Representations• Information resources can have different representations• A representation is a stream of bytes in a certain format such as HTML,

RDF/XML or JPEG• Example: an invoice is an information resource that might be represented

as printable PDF or as RDF document• A single resource can have many different representations, e.g., in

different formats, resolutions or languages


HTTP Content Negotiation• Content Negotiation (CN, conneg) is the process of selecting the best

representation for a query if several representations are available

$ curl -I -H "Accept: application/rdf+xml"http://dbpedia.org/resource/Gordon_Brown

$ curl -I -H "Accept: text/html"http://dbpedia.org/resource/Gordon_Brown

curl – Tool to send requests to a server or receive responses-H Custom header to pass to server-I Show document info only


HTTP Content Negotiation

$ curl -I -H "Accept: text/html"http://dbpedia.org/resource/Gordon_Brown

HTTP/1.1 303 See OtherDate: Mon, 04 Feb 2013 10:37:10 GMTContent-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8Content-Length: 0Connection: keep-aliveServer: Virtuoso/06.04.3132 (Linux) [...]Accept-Ranges: bytesLocation: http://dbpedia.org/page/Gordon_Brown


HTTP Content Negotiation

$ curl -I -H "Accept: application/rdf+xml"http://dbpedia.org/resource/Gordon_Brown

HTTP/1.1 303 See OtherDate: Mon, 04 Feb 2013 10:36:59 GMTContent-Type: application/rdf+xml; qs=0.95Content-Length: 0Connection: keep-aliveServer: Virtuoso/06.04.3132 (Linux) [...]Accept-Ranges: bytesTCN: choiceVary: negotiate,acceptContent-Location: /data/Gordon_Brown.xmlLink: <http://mementoarchive.lanl.gov/dbpedia[...]Location: http://dbpedia.org/data/Gordon_Brown.xmlTU Dresden, 07. Feb 2014 Foundations of Semantic Web Technologies slide 18 of 51

Linked Data Applications: MinimalArchitecture


MusicBrainz

(zitgist)

P20

Turismo de

Zaragoza

yovisto

Yahoo! Geo

Planet

YAGO

World Fact-book

El ViajeroTourism

WordNet (W3C)

WordNet (VUA)

VIVO UF

VIVO Indiana

VIVO Cornell

VIAF

URIBurner

Sussex Reading

Lists

Plymouth Reading

Lists

UniRef

UniProt

UMBEL

UK Post-codes

legislationdata.gov.uk

Uberblic

UB Mann-heim

TWC LOGD

Twarql

transportdata.gov.

uk

Traffic Scotland

theses.fr

Thesau-rus W

totl.net

Tele-graphis

TCMGeneDIT

TaxonConcept

Open Library (Talis)

tags2con delicious

t4gminfo

Swedish Open

Cultural Heritage

Surge Radio

Sudoc

STW

RAMEAU SH

statisticsdata.gov.

uk


Lists


SSW Thesaur

us

SmartLink

Slideshare2RDF

semanticweb.org

SemanticTweet

Semantic XBRL

SWDog Food

Source Code Ecosystem Linked Data

US SEC (rdfabout)

Sears

Scotland Geo-

graphy

ScotlandPupils &Exams

Scholaro-meter

WordNet (RKB

Explorer)

Wiki

UN/LOCODE

Ulm

ECS (RKB

Explorer)

Roma

RISKS

RESEX

RAE2001

Pisa

OS

OAI

NSF

New-castle

LAASKISTI

JISC

IRIT

IEEE

IBM

Eurécom

ERA

ePrints dotAC

DEPLOY

DBLP (RKB

Explorer)

Crime Reports

UK

Course-ware

CORDIS (RKB

Explorer)CiteSeer

Budapest

ACM

riese

Revyu

researchdata.gov.

ukRen. Energy Genera-

tors

referencedata.gov.

uk

Recht-spraak.

nl

RDFohloh

Last.FM (rdfize)

RDF Book

Mashup

Rådata nå!

PSH

Product Types

Ontology

ProductDB

PBAC

Poké-pédia

patentsdata.go

v.uk

OxPoints

Ord-nance Survey

Openly Local

Open Library

OpenCyc

Open Corpo-rates

OpenCalais

OpenEI

Open Election

Data Project

OpenData

Thesau-rus

Ontos News Portal

OGOLOD

JanusAMP

Ocean Drilling Codices

New York

Times

NVD

ntnusc

NTU Resource

Lists

Norwe-gian

MeSH

NDL subjects

ndlna

myExperi-ment

Italian Museums

medu-cator

MARC Codes List

Man-chester Reading

Lists

Lotico

Weather Stations

London Gazette

LOIUS

Linked Open Colors

lobidResources

lobidOrgani-sations

LEM

LinkedMDB

LinkedLCCN

LinkedGeoData

LinkedCT

LinkedUser

FeedbackLOV

Linked Open

Numbers

LODE

Eurostat (OntologyCentral)

Linked EDGAR

(OntologyCentral)

Linked Crunch-

base

lingvoj

Lichfield Spen-ding

LIBRIS

Lexvo

LCSH

DBLP (L3S)


Klapp-stuhl-club

Good-win

Family

National Radio-activity

JP

Jamendo (DBtune)

Italian public

schools

ISTAT Immi-gration

iServe

IdRef Sudoc

NSZL Catalog

Hellenic PD

Hellenic FBD

PiedmontAccomo-dations

GovTrack

GovWILD

GoogleArt

wrapper

gnoss

GESIS

GeoWordNet

GeoSpecies

GeoNames

GeoLinkedData

GEMET

GTAA

STITCH

SIDER

Project Guten-berg

MediCare

Euro-stat

(FUB)

EURES

DrugBank

Disea-some

DBLP (FU

Berlin)

DailyMed

CORDIS(FUB)

Freebase

flickr wrappr

Fishes of Texas

Finnish Munici-palities

ChEMBL

FanHubz

EventMedia

EUTC Produc-

tions

Eurostat

Europeana

EUNIS

EU Insti-

tutions

ESD stan-dards

EARTh

Enipedia


NHS(En-

AKTing) Mortality(En-

AKTing)

Energy (En-

AKTing)

Crime(En-

AKTing)

CO2 Emission

(En-AKTing)

EEA

SISVU

education.data.g

ov.uk

ECS South-ampton

ECCO-TCP

GND

Didactalia

DDC Deutsche Bio-

graphie

datadcs

MusicBrainz

(DBTune)

Magna-tune

John Peel

(DBTune)

Classical (DB

Tune)

AudioScrobbler (DBTune)

Last.FM artists

(DBTune)

DBTropes

Portu-guese

DBpedia

dbpedia lite

Greek DBpedia

DBpedia

data-open-ac-uk

SMCJournals

Pokedex

Airports


MusicBrainz(Data

Incubator)

Moseley Folk

Metoffice Weather Forecasts

Discogs (Data

Incubator)

Climbing

data.gov.uk intervals

Data Gov.ie

databnf.fr

Cornetto

reegle

Chronic-ling

America

Chem2Bio2RDF

Calames

businessdata.gov.

uk

Bricklink

Brazilian Poli-

ticians

BNB

UniSTS

UniPathway

UniParc

Taxonomy

UniProt(Bio2RDF)

SGD

Reactome

PubMedPub

Chem

PRO-SITE

ProDom

Pfam

PDB

OMIMMGI

KEGG Reaction

KEGG Pathway

KEGG Glycan

KEGG Enzyme

KEGG Drug

KEGG Com-pound

InterPro

HomoloGene

HGNC

Gene Ontology

GeneID

Affy-metrix

bible ontology

BibBase

FTS

BBC Wildlife Finder

BBC Program

mes BBC Music

Alpine Ski

Austria

LOCAH

Amster-dam

Museum

AGROVOC

AEMET

US Census (rdfabout)

Que

ry

Res

pons

e


Linked Data Summary

Semantic technologies simplify the access to data:• Facts regarding Berlin?

– http://de.dbpedia.org/resource/Berlin• Information about Queen

– BBC Music: http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/0383dadf-2a4e-4d10-a46a-e9e041da8eb3

– MusicBrainz: http://musicbrainz.org/artist/0383dadf-2a4e-4d10-a46a-e9e041da8eb3.html

• Data integration gives additional benefits


Linked Data Tools• Tabulator Browser PlugIn/Ajax Scripts:

http://www.w3.org/2005/ajar/tab

• Semantic Web Client Library (Querying the complete Semantic Web withSPARQL): http://wifo5-03.informatik.uni-mannheim.de/bizer/ng4j/semwebclient/

• D2R Server: Accessing databases with SPARQL and as Linked Data:http://d2rq.org/d2r-server

• Data cleaning & linking to Freebase:https://github.com/OpenRefine (was Google Refine)

• RDF Export for Google Refine: http://lab.linkeddata.deri.ie/2010/grefine-rdf-extension/


http://www.w3.org/2005/ajar/tab

http://wifo5-03.informatik.uni-mannheim.de/bizer/ng4j/semwebclient/

http://wifo5-03.informatik.uni-mannheim.de/bizer/ng4j/semwebclient/

http://d2rq.org/d2r-server

https://github.com/OpenRefine

http://lab.linkeddata.deri.ie/2010/grefine-rdf-extension/

http://lab.linkeddata.deri.ie/2010/grefine-rdf-extension/

Agenda




4 Summary


RDFa Example• Integration of RDF in (X)HTML documents

All content on this site is licensed under <ahref="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">a Creative Commons License</a>.

versusAll content on this site is licensed under<a rel="license"

href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">a Creative Commons License</a>.

<http://example.org/a.html><http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/>

license


RDFa Example 2

<div><h2>The trouble with Bob</h2><h3>Alice</h3>...

</div>

versus

<div xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"><h2 property="dc:title">The trouble with Bob</h2><h3 property="dc:creator">Alice</h3>...

</div>


RDFa Example 3<div>

<p>Alice Birpemswick</p><p>Email: <a href="mailto:[email protected]">

[email protected]</a></p><p>Phone: <a href="tel:+1-617-555-7332">

+1 617.555.7332</a></p></div>

versus

<div typeof="foaf:Person"xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/">

<p property="foaf:name">Alice Birpemswick</p><p>Email: <a href="mailto:[email protected]"

rel="foaf:mbox">[email protected]</a></p><p>Phone: <a href="tel:+1-617-555-7332"

rel="foaf:phone">+1-617-555-7332</a></p></div>TU Dresden, 07. Feb 2014 Foundations of Semantic Web Technologies slide 25 of 51

Applications of RDFa• Google filters, for example, RDFa terms and uses them to improve the

presentation of search results


MicroformatsMicroformats are simple and open data formats based on existing standards(XHTML)

• Uses POSH (Plain Old Semantic HTML), i.e., HTML Tags that do notspecify the presentation (bold, i), but that have semantics (abbr,acronym, title, . . . )

• Use of semantic CSS class names– not: <span class="blueText">...</span>– but: <span class="submenu">...</span>

• Special vocabularies for the markup in some domains• Considers the roles and semantics of the elements


hRecipe – Microformat for Recipes• For the semantic annotation of web pages for recipes• Allows for

– searching for recipes with certain ingredients– automatic grouping of recipes– finding quick recipes (short preparation time)

• Mapping into RDFa exists (hrecipe-rdf)

Example<div class="hrecipe">

<h1 class="fn">French Fries</h1><p class="summary">French Fries ...</p><p>

Contributed by <span class="author">Tom</span>and the <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn" href="...">Cooky Gang</a></span>.

</p>...


hRecipe – Microformat for Recipes

Example...<p>Published <span class="published">

<span class="value-title"title="2008-10-14T10:05:37-01:00"/>

14. Oct 2008</span></p><h2>Ingredients</h2><ul>

<li class="ingredient"><span class="value">500</span><span class="type">gr</span> potatoes.

</li>...

</ul>...

</div>


Example in the Web• The Recipe Depository http://www.therecipedepository.com/• SAPO Sabores http://sabores.sapo.pt/• ITV Food http://www.itv.com/food/

• Epicurious.com http://www.epicurious.com/

• http://foodnetwork.com/

• Plan to Eat http://www.plantoeat.com/recipe_book• essen & trinken http://www.essen-und-trinken.de/

hRecipe-conform meta data in RDF• ...


http://www.therecipedepository.com/

http://sabores.sapo.pt/

http://www.itv.com/food/

http://www.epicurious.com/

http://foodnetwork.com/

http://www.plantoeat.com/recipe_book

http://www.essen-und-trinken.de/

Micro Data and schema.org• Joint project of Google, Microsoft and Yahoo!• Compromise between the extensibility of RDFa and the simplicity of

microformats• Goal: better understanding of the contents of web pages and, as a result,

a better presentation of search results


Google Knowledge Graph• The US version of Google now also uses structured data (from Freebase)• For the disambiguation of search terms and direct presentation of

relevant information• Considers search terms no longer as simple strings (but as designator for

things)


Agenda




4 Summary


Application Areas of OWL• OWL DL mainly is used outside the Semantic Web• Many applications in medicine and life sciences• Terminologies are traditionally popular there• Keyword indexing of documents• Semantic annotations of research data (e.g., gene sequences)• Classification used in health records and for statistics


Example Ontologies in OWL• OBO Foundry: The Open Biological and Biomedical Ontologies• BioPortal ontologies

– Terms for the electronic patient record– Annotation of gene sequences– Research into new drugs

• GO Gene Ontology• ICD International Classification of Diseases• FMA Formal Model of Anatomy• . . .


Use of OWL in the EDF EnergyManagement Advisor

Weather

Consumption

Building

. . .50 parameters

EMA

TipTip

Tip


EMA Ontology• Ontology models the domain and situation of customers• First modelling was strictly following existing binary decision diagrams

(simplified)• Reasoner “recognises” the situation of a customer• Certain situations correspond to tips• Original ontology used nominals and role chains• Was difficult to comprehend and reasoner performance was not optimal


EMA Ontology Improvements• Customers are directly modelled in an ABox• Per customer only simple ABox facts are loaded• Constructors that are problematic for reasoning are avoided: nominals,

role chains• TBox modelling was simplified• Ontology now allows incremental reasoning• Customers can be classified independent of each other in different

reasoner instances• Used for about 30.000 customers in France


BBC Website for the Football World Cup2010

• Ontology describes how facts about the world cup relate to each other• Such meta data are saved as RDF triples• For example, “Frank Lampard” is part of “England Squad” or “England

Squad” competed in “Group C” of the “FIFA World Cup 2010”



“The underlying publishing framework does not author contentdirectly; rather it publishes data about the content - metadata. Thepublished metadata describes the world cup content at a fairlylow-level of granularity, providing rich content relationships andsemantic navigation. By querying this published metadata we areable to create dynamic page aggregations for teams, groups andplayers."

Jem Rayfield, Senior Technical Architect, BBC News and Knowledgehttp://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/bbcinternet/2010/07/bbc_world_cup_2010_dynamic_sem.html


http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/bbcinternet/2010/07/bbc_world_cup_2010_dynamic_sem.html

http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/bbcinternet/2010/07/bbc_world_cup_2010_dynamic_sem.html


• OWL inference used to enrich the data (forward chaining) and SPARQLused for queries

• Ontology contains texts contributed by journalists: stories, blogs, profiles,pictures, videos and statistics

• Journalistic contributions are automatically classified (NLP techniques)and manually tagged

• Statistics and game results from other sources are imported from XMLand mapped to ontological concepts

• Web pages are automatically assembled and contain relevant links• Approach also used for Olympia 2012


Semantic Web Technologies MeetPharmaceutical DataPhil Ashworth presents at the 2. European Semantic Technology Conference:http://videolectures.net/estc08_ashworth_swtpdi/


http://videolectures.net/estc08_ashworth_swtpdi/

http://videolectures.net/estc08_ashworth_swtpdi/

Agenda




4 Summary


Summary• The amount of available machine processable data grows continuously• Semantics is needed to integrate data from different sources• Query and visualisation of data provides added value

• The processing and querying data from different sources increases thetransparency and facilitate research (tests of hypotheses becomes easier)


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