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Foundations in Criminology and Criminal Justice

Course organiser: Dr Caroline Lanskey This paper provides an introduction to the field of criminology, its debates and challenges, its current research preoccupations and future directions. It aims to enable students to develop an informed and critical appreciation of theories of crime and responses to crime in local and international contexts and a broad understanding of the research issues in the study of crime and criminal justice. The paper is divided into three parts: Part I: Criminological concepts and contexts Part II: Understanding criminal activity Part III: Criminal justice responses and consequences The lectures will address these general topics with reference to specific case studies for example, gangs, drugs, terrorism, young people, women. The course is deliberately cross-cultural in focus, covering criminology in different international contexts. It will focus on the acquisition of key concepts, theories and debates, interpretation and critique of these concepts and use of these reflective insights to, solve problems (e.g. how do we reduce knife crime?) and innovate through thought experiments (e.g. What would a society without punishment look like?) Lectures will be held on Mondays from 10 – 12 pm in Room 1.8 at the Institute of Criminology. Lectures are central to this paper and students are strongly advised to attend all of them. The two-hour block will enable discussion of illustrative case studies. The paper requires 6 substantive supervisions: three in the Michaelmas term and three in the Lent term. Four of the supervisions are essay-based. In the other two supervisions students may be asked to contribute in different ways e.g. present on a topic, discuss a case study or provide a book or film review. The reading list in the paper guide and the supervision questions below provide guidance for students and supervisors. Students are not expected to cover all topics but to make a balanced selection in consultation with their supervisors. A revision lecture and supervision will take place in the first two weeks of the Easter term. Reading List The reading list for the lectures is given below. Additional materials will be listed on the paper’s Moodle website.

General Readings: These are some textbooks and reference sources which will serve as a useful background to the paper. Newburn, T. (2017) Criminology, 3rd edition, Cullompton: Willan. Hale, C., Hayward, K., Wahidin, A. and Wincup, E. (2013) Criminology, 3rd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press. McLaughlin, E., Muncie, J., (eds) (2013) Criminological Perspectives: Essential readings, 3rd edition, London: Sage. Newburn, T. (ed.) (2009) Key Readings in Criminology, Cullompton: Willan. McLaughlin, E. and Newburn, T. (eds) (2010) Sage Handbook of Criminological Theory, London: Sage.

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Lilly, J.R., Cullen, F.T., and Ball, R.A. (2015) Criminological theory: Context and consequences, Thousand Oaks, California: Sage. McLaughlin, E. and Muncie, J., (2013) Sage Dictionary of Criminology, London: Sage.

Useful websites for policy on crime and justice in the UK Home Office: https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/home-office Her Majesty’s Prison and Probation Service: https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/her-majestys-prison-and-probation-service Parliament: https://www.parliament.uk/ Police: https://www.police.uk/ Ministry of Justice: https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/ministry-of-justice Prison Reform Trust: http://www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/ Youth Justice Board: https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/youth-justice-board-for-england-and-wales

Some journals worth knowing about: Asian Journal of Criminology Australian Journal of Criminology British Journal of Criminology Criminal Justice Matters Criminology European Journal of Criminology Punishment and Society Policing and Society Prison Service Journal Theoretical Criminology The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice

Part 1 Criminological concepts and contexts The first part of the course considers definitional and operational issues. What is criminology? How do we generate criminological knowledge? How do we define offenders and victims? What are the consequences of our definitions?

1. What is criminology? This first lecture provides an introduction to the field of criminology, its disciplinary characteristics, its subject interests and reach. It considers political, social and academic dynamics orienting the field and its current preoccupations. It considers debates on ‘public criminology’ and asks ‘who or what is criminology for’?

Required Reading Newburn, T. (2007) Criminology, Cullompton: Willan. Read chapter 1 ‘Understanding crime and criminology’, pp. 1-6. Garland, D. (2002) ‘Of crimes and criminals: the development of criminology in Britain’, in M. Maguire, R. Morgan and R. Reiner (eds) Oxford Handbook of Criminology, 3rd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Young, J. (2011) The Criminological Imagination, Cambridge: Polity Press. Downes, D., Rock, P. and McLaughlin, E. (2016) Understanding Deviance: A guide to the sociology of crime and rule-breaking, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Read chapter 1. Melossi, D., Sozzo, M. and Sparks, R. (2011) Travels of the Criminal Question: Cultural embeddedness and diffusion, Oxford: Hart. Read chapter 1.

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Shoham, G.S., Knepper, P. and Kett, M (eds) (2010) International Handbook of Criminology, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Read any chapter on criminology in one non-Western country.

Further reading Carrington, K., Hogg, R., Scott, J. and Sozzo, M. (2018) ‘Criminology, Southern Theory and Cognitive Justice’ in K. Carrington, R. Hogg, J. Scott and M. Sozzo (eds), The Palgrave Handbook of Criminology and the Global South, Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 3-17. Christie, N. (2004) A Suitable Amount of Crime, London: Routledge. Rock, P. (2014) ‘The public faces of public criminology’, Criminology and Criminal Justice, 14(4):412-33. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895813509638 Garland, D. and Sparks, R. (2000) ‘Criminology, social theory and the challenge of our times’, British Journal of Criminology, 40(2): 189-204. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/40.2.189 Loader, I. and Sparks, R. (2011) ‘Criminology’s public roles: a drama in six acts’, in M. Bosworth and C. Hoyle (eds) What Is Criminology?, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Lumsden, K. and Goode, J. (2018) ‘Public criminology, reflexivity and the enterprise university: experiences of research, knowledge transfer work and co-option with police forces’, Theoretical Criminology, 22(2): 243-57. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480616689299 Carrington, K., Hogg, R. and Sozzo, M. (2018) 'Southern criminology' in W.S. DeKeseredy and M. Dragiewicz, Routledge Handbook of Critical Criminology, 2nd edition, London: Routledge, pp. 57-73.

2 How is criminological knowledge generated? This lecture considers the methods of criminological research. It describes different research approaches and the assumptions that underpin them. Using a case study of cyber-crime it discusses the challenges of conducting criminological research, the range of data sources (research-generated and ‘official) from which criminologists can collect data and their relative strengths and limitations. It considers broader debates on objectivity and subjectivity, particularity and universality. How do we assess the quality of criminological research?

Required Reading Lynch J. (2018) ‘Not even our own facts: criminology in the era of big data’, Criminology, 56: 437-454. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12182 Ferrell, J. (2009) ‘Kill method: a provocation’, Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Criminology 1(1):1-22. http://www.jtpcrim.org/January_Articles/Kill_Method_A_Provocation_Jeff_Ferrell.pdf Wright, R., Decker, S.H., Redfern, A.K. and Smith, D.L. (1992) ‘A snowball’s chance in Hell: doing ethnography with active residential burglars’, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 29(2): 148–161. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427892029002003 Hope, T. (2013) 'What do crime statistics tell us?' in Hale, C., Hayward, K., Wahidin, A. and Wincup, E. Criminology, 3rd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 43 -64. Hough, M. (2010) ‘Gold standard or fool’s gold? The pursuit of certainty in experimental criminology’, Criminology and Criminal Justice, 10(1):11-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895809352597 Daly, K. (2011) ‘Shake it up, baby: practising rock ‘n’ roll criminology’, in M. Bosworth and C. Hoyle (eds) What Is Criminology?, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Walters, R. (2003) ‘New modes of governance and the commodification of criminological knowledge’, Social and Legal Studies, 12(1): 5-26. https://doi.org/10.1177/096466390301200101

Further Reading Becker, H.S. (1967) ‘Whose side are we on?’, Social Problems, 14(3):239-47. https://www.jstor.org/stable/799147 Blumer, H. (1956) ‘Sociological analysis and the "variable"’, American Sociological Review, 21(6):683-90. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2088418

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Bourdieu, P. (1991) ‘The peculiar history of scientific reason’, Sociological Forum, 6(1): 3-26. https://www.jstor.org/stable/684379 Cullen, F. T., Gendreau, P., Jarjoura, G. R., and Wright, J. P. (1997) ‘Crime and the bell curve: lessons from intelligent criminology’, Crime and Delinquency, 43(4), 387-411. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128797043004001 Hough, M. (2014) ‘Confessions of a recovering ‘administrative criminologist’’: Jock Young, quantitative research and policy research’, Crime, Media, Culture, 10(3): 215-226. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741659014556044 Wright Mills, C. (2000) The Sociological Imagination, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Young, J. (2011) The Criminological Imagination, Cambridge: Polity Press. Leonelli, S. (2014) ‘What difference does quantity make? On the epistemology of big data in biology’, Big Data and Society, 1(1):2053951714534395. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951714534395 Matthews, R. (2017) ‘False starts, wrong turns and dead ends: reflections on recent developments in criminology’, Critical Criminology, 25(4):577-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-017-9372-9 Nelken, D. (2009) ‘Comparative criminal justice: beyond ethnocentrism and relativism’, European Journal of Criminology, 6(4): 291-311. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370809104684 Torrance, H. (2008) ‘Building confidence in qualitative research: engaging the demands of policy’, Qualitative Inquiry, 14(4): 507-27. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800407309380 Phillips, C., and Earle, R. (2010) ‘Reading difference differently? Identity, epistemology and prison ethnography’, British Journal of Criminology, 50(2): 360-378. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azp081

3 What is crime? The following four lectures discuss key concepts in the study of criminology. The first asks ‘what is meant by ‘crime’? It considers the strengths and limitations of different approaches from legal definitions to wider conceptualisations of social harm. It addresses debates on crime as a social construct and the ‘reality’ of crime. It considers change and variability in definitions across countries. Key questions: Which activities are defined as criminal and why? How do definitions change over time? Who and what is criminalised as a consequence? The discussions will consider changing legal responses to homosexuality, and the creation of ‘new crimes’ such as ‘hate crimes’ and ‘crimmigration’.

Required Reading Newburn, T. (ed.) (2009) Key Readings in Criminology, Cullompton: Willan. Read part 1, ‘Understanding crime and criminology’, ‘What is crime’?’, ‘Conceptions of deviance, official data and deviants’, ‘The construction and deconstruction of crime’ and ‘A suitable amount of crime’. Felson, M. (2011) ‘Sort crimes, not criminals’, in M. Bosworth and C. Hoyle (eds) What Is Criminology?, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Sanders, T. and Campbell, R. (2014) ‘Criminalization, protection and rights: global tensions in the governance of commercial sex’, Criminology and Criminal Justice, 14(5): 535– 548. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895814543536 Nader, L. (2003) ‘Crime as a category—domestic and globalized’, in P.C. Parnell and S.C. Kane, Crime’s Power: Anthropologists and the ethnography of crime, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 55-76.

Further Reading Barker, V. (2012) ‘Global mobility and penal order: criminalizing migration, a view from Europe’, Sociology Compass, 6(2): 113–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2011.00444.x Comaroff, J. (2010) ‘Anthropology and crime: an interview with Jean Comaroff’, PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review, 33(1): 133-139. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1555-2934.2010.01096.x Franko, L. A. (2018) ‘Cyber-criminologies’ in P. Carlen and F. Ayres (eds), Alternative Criminologies, London: Routledge, pp. 182 – 197.

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Schneider, J. and Schneider, P. (2008) ‘The anthropology of crime and criminalization’, Annual Review of Anthropology, 37: 351-373. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.36.081406.094316 Tilly, C. (1985) ‘War making and state making as organized crime’, in C. Besteman, Violence: A reader, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 35-60.

4. Borders of criminology This lecture extends the discussion in the previous one to consider criminology or criminologies ‘at the edge’. It considers the development of ‘green criminologies’ and arguments to move beyond the concept of crime to a broader conceptualisation of social and environmental harm. What are the advantages and disadvantages of moving beyond ‘crime’ as an orienting definition?

Required Reading Hillyard, P. and Tombs, S. (2017) ‘Social harm and zemiology’, in A. Liebling, S. Maruna and L. McAra (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, 6th edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Walklate, S. (2018) 'Whose harm counts? Exploring the intersections of war and gendered violence(s)', in A. Boukli and J. Kotzé (eds) Zemiology: Reconnecting crime and social harm, Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 129-144. White, R. (2010) ‘A green criminology perspective’, in E. McLaughlin and T. Newburn (eds) The Sage Handbook of Criminological Theory, London: Sage.

Further Reading Aas, K.F. and Bosworth, M. (2013) The Borders of Punishment: Migration, citizenship, and social exclusion, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Dorling, D. et al (2005) Criminal Obsessions: Why harm matters more than crime, Centre for Crime and Justice Studies. Available online at: http://www.crimeandjustice.org.uk/sites/crimeandjustice.org.uk/files/Criminal%20obsessions.pdf Hillyard, P. (2005) ‘Criminal obsessions: crime isn’t the only harm’, Criminal Justice Matters 62(1): 26-46. https://www.crimeandjustice.org.uk/publications/cjm/edition/cjm-62-uses-research Muncie, J. (2000) ‘Decriminalizing criminology’, in G. Lewis, S. Gewirtz and J.Clarke (eds) Rethinking Social Policy, London: Sage. South, N. (2007) 'The corporate colonisation of nature: bio-prospecting, bio-piracy and the development of green criminology', in P. Beirne and N. South (eds) Issues in Green Criminology: Confronting harms against environments, humanity and other animals, Cullompton: Willan. Walters, R. (2018) ‘Green criminologies’ in P. Carlen and F. Ayres (eds) Alternative Criminologies, London: Routledge, pp. 165 – 181.

5. Who are ‘offenders’? Lectures 5 and 6 consider definitions of offenders and victims. The first asks ‘who is defined as an offender? The individual law breaker? The group? The organisation? The state? It considers the ways in which people who break the law have been portrayed over time: the ‘outlaw’; the dangerous or risky ‘other’ and debates on the age at which young people are considered to be responsible for criminal activities.

Required Reading Tappan, P.W. (1947) ‘Who is the criminal?’ American Sociological Review, 12(1): 96-102. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2086496 Melossi, D. (2000) ‘Changing representations of the criminal’ in D. Garland and R. Sparks, Criminology and Social Theory, Oxford: Clarendon, pp. 149–181. Croall, H. (2011) Crime and Society in Britain, Harlow: Longman. Read chapter 4, ‘Pathological offenders?’, chapter 15, ‘Understanding white collar and corporate crime’, and chapter 17, ‘Understanding State Crime’.

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Levi, M. (2012) ‘The organisation of serious crime for gain’ in M. Maguire, R. Morgan and R. Reiner (eds) Oxford Handbook of Criminology, 5th edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Brown, S. (2005) Understanding Youth and Crime: Listening to youth?, Maidenhead: Open University Press. Read chapter 1, ‘Constructing the other: childhood and youth’, pp. 4-25.

Further Reading Becker, H.S. (1963) Outsiders: Studies in the sociology of deviance, New York: The Free Press. Goldson, B. (2013) ‘”Unsafe, unjust and harmful to wider society”: Grounds for raising the minimum age of criminal responsibility in England and Wales’, Youth Justice, 13(2): 111-130. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225413492054 Green, P. and Ward, T. (2012) ‘State crime: a dialectical view’ in M. Maguire, R. Morgan and R. Reiner (eds) Oxford Handbook of Criminology, 5th edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Young, J. (1999) The Exclusive Society: Social exclusion, crime and difference in late modernity, London: Sage. Rafael, Vicente L. (ed.) (1999) Figures of Criminality in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Colonial Vietnam, Ithaca, N.Y. : Southeast Asia Program Publications, Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University. Read the introduction, ‘Criminality and its others’. Canning, P. (2018) ‘”No ordinary crowd”: Foregrounding a “hooligan schema” in the construction of witness narratives following the Hillsborough Football Stadium disaster’, Discourse and Society, 29(3):237-55. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926517734665 Downes, D., Rock, P. and McLaughlin, E. (2016) Understanding Deviance: A guide to the sociology of crime and rule-breaking, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Webber, C. and Yip, M. (2013) 'Drifting on and off-line: humanising the cybercriminal', in S. Winlow and R. Atkinson, (eds) New Directions in Crime and Deviancy, Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 191–205. Hobbs, D. (2013) Lush Life: Constructing organized crime in the UK, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

6. Who are ‘victims’? We consider the ways in which victims have been defined, including different typologies and the concept of victim ‘worthiness and the frequent overlap between being a victim and being an offender. It considers research on victims of ‘hidden or invisible’ crimes, such as of corporate crime, crimes of the state and victims who are ‘hidden’ or invisible’ themselves such as families bereaved through murder, prisoners’ families.

Required Reading Browne, K., Bakshi, L., and Lim, J. (2011) ‘”It's something you just have to ignore”: Understanding and addressing contemporary lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans safety beyond hate crime paradigms’, Journal of Social Policy, 40(04), 739-756. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279411000250 Rock, P. (2009) ‘On becoming a victim’, in T. Newburn (ed.) Key Readings in Criminology, Cullompton: Routledge. Croall, H. (2011) Crime and Society in Britain, Harlow: Longman. Read chapter 6, ‘The victims of crime’. Hoyle, C. and Zedner, L. (2007) ‘Victims, victimisation and criminal justice’ in M. Maguire, R. Morgan and R. Reiner (eds) Oxford Handbook of Criminology, 4th edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Newburn, T. (ed.) (2009) Key Readings in Criminology, Cullompton: Routledge. Read 17.2, ‘Fiefs and peasants: accomplishing change for victims in the criminal justice system’, 17.3, ‘Violence against women and children: the contradictions of crime control under patriarchy’, and 17.4, ‘Multiple victimisation: its extent and significance’. Walklate, S. (2011) ‘Reframing criminal victimisation: finding a place for vulnerability and resilience’, Theoretical Criminology, 15(2): 175–192.

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Further Reading Bottoms, A. and Costello, A. (2010) 'The phenomenon of victim-offender overlap: a study of offences against households', in A. Bottoms and J.V. Roberts (eds) Hearing the Victim: Adversarial justice, crime victims and the state, London: Routledge, pp. 104-139. Christie, N. (1986) 'The ideal victim', in E.A. Fattah (ed.) From Crime Policy to Victim Policy, London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 17-30. Christie, N. (1977) ‘Conflicts as property’, British Journal of Criminology, 17(1): 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a046783 Davies, P. (2011) Gender, Crime and Victimisation, London: Sage Hales, L. and Gelsthorpe, L. (2012) The Criminalisation of Migrant Women, Cambridge: Institute of Criminology. Mathiesen, T. and Hjemdal, O.K. (2011) ‘A new look at victim and offender – an abolitionist approach’, in M. Bosworth and C. Hoyle (eds) What Is Criminology?, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 223-234. Murray, J. (2005) ‘The effects of imprisonment on families and children of prisoners’, in A. Liebling and S. Maruna (eds) The Effects of Imprisonment, London: Routledge, pp. 442-492. Roulstone, A., Thomas, P. and Balderston, S. (2011) ‘Between hate and vulnerability: unpacking the British criminal justice system’s construction of disablist hate crime’, Disability and Society, 26(3): 351-364. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2011.560418 Scraton, P. (2013) ‘The legacy of Hillsborough: liberating truth, challenging power’, Race and Class, 55(2): 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306396813499488 Stanko, E. (2000) ‘Naturalising danger’ in M. Brown and J. Pratt (eds) Dangerous Offenders, London: Routledge. Sokoloff, N.J. (ed.) (2005) Domestic Violence at the Margins: Readings on race, class, gender, and culture, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. von Hentig, H. (1940) ‘Remarks on the interaction of perpetrator and victim’, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 31(3): 303-309. Sandra Walklate, S. (2015) ‘Jock Young, left realism and critical victimology’, Critical Criminology, 23(2): 179 – 190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-015-9274-7

Audio Visual Resources Kimberlee Crenshaw. The Urgency of Intersectionality. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=akOe5-UsQ2o

Part II Understanding criminal activity The following ten lectures focus on research which aims to identify why people break the law. We will discuss theories of crime in relation to four orienting analytical constructs: society, power, the personal and the temporal with consideration too of the contexts in which theories developed.

7. Crime and Society I The first two lectures discuss theories of crime which are oriented towards the influence of society on the person. In the first lecture we cover macro-theories of society - theorists’ application of Durkheim’s concept of Anomie in the development of Strain theories and their extension into theories of subcultures. In both these lectures we draw on research on gang formation to understand and critique the theories.

Required Reading Introduction to criminological theory Lilly, J.R, Cullen, F.T. and Ball, R.A. (2015) Criminological Theory: Context and consequences, 6th ed., Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Read chapter 1.

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McLaughlin, E. and Newburn, T. (eds) (2010) The SAGE Handbook of Criminological Theory, London: SAGE Publications Ltd. Read pp. 1 – 12. Strain and sub-cultural theories Downes, D., Rock, P. and McLaughlin, E. (2016) Understanding Deviance: A guide to the sociology of crime and rule-breaking, 7th ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press. Read chapter 5, ‘Anomie’, and chapter 6, ‘Culture and subculture’. Hallsworth, S. and Young, T. (2010) ‘Street collectives and group delinquency: social disorganization, subcultures and beyond’, in E. McLaughlin and T. Newburn (eds) The SAGE Handbook of Criminological Theory, London: SAGE Publications Ltd, chapter 4. Lilly, J.R, Cullen, F.T. and Ball, R.A. (2015) Criminological Theory: Context and consequences, 6th ed., Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Read chapter 3, ‘Rejecting individualism: the Chicago school’, and chapter 4, ‘Crime in American society’. Newburn, T. (2017) Criminology, 3rd ed., Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Read chapter 8, ‘Durkheim, anomie and strain’, and chapter 9, ‘The Chicago school, subcultures and cultural criminology’. Newburn, T. (ed.) (2009) Key Readings in Criminology, Cullompton: Willan. Read chapter 8.1, ‘The normal and the pathological’, chapter 8.2, ‘Social structure and anomie’, and chapter 8.3, ‘Why do individuals engage in crime?’.

Further Reading Agnew, R. and Brezina, T. (2010) ‘Strain theories’, in E. McLaughlin and T. Newburn (eds) The SAGE Handbook of Criminological Theory, London: SAGE Publications Ltd, chapter 5. Bernburg, J.G. (2002) ‘Anomie, social change and crime. A theoretical examination of Institutional-Anomie theory’, The British Journal of Criminology, 42(4): 729-742. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/42.4.729 Cernkovich, S.A., Giordano, P.C. and Rudolph, J.L. (2000) ‘Race, crime, and the American dream’, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 37(2): 131-170. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427800037002001 Durkheim, E. (1893) translated by Halls, W.D. (1984) The Division of Labour in Society, Basingstoke: Macmillan. Nordstrom, C. (2007) Global Outlaws: Crime, money, and power in the contemporary world, Berkeley: University of California Press. Katz, R.S. (2000) ‘Explaining girls' and women's crime and desistance in the context of their victimization experiences: a developmental test of revised strain theory and the life course perspective’, Violence Against Women, 6(6), 633-660. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801200006006005 Merton, R.K. (1938) ‘Social structure and anomie’, American Sociological Review, 3(5): 672-682. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2084686 Anderson, E. (2000) Code of the Street: Decency, violence, and the moral life of the inner city, New York: W.W. Norton. Short, J.F. Jr, (1998) ‘The level of explanation problem revisited—The American Society of Criminology 1997 presidential address’, Criminology, 36(1): 3-36. https://search.proquest.com/docview/220692215?accountid=9851 Whyte, W.F. (1993) Street Corner Society: The social structure of an Italian slum, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Cloward, R.A. and Ohlin, L.E. (1998) Delinquency and Opportunity: A theory of delinquent gangs, London: Routledge. Lowenkamp, C.T., Cullen, F.T. and Pratt, T.C. (2003) ‘Replicating Sampson and Groves's test of social disorganization theory: revisiting a criminological classic’, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 40(4): 351-373. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427803256077

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8. Crime and Society II In the second lecture we cover other theories which take micro-society as the orienting concept in explanations of crime – the interaction between the person and others: theories of social learning and of social control.

Required Reading Lilly, J.R, Cullen, F.T. and Ball, R.A. (2015) Criminological Theory: Context and consequences, 6th ed., Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Read chapter 3, ‘Rejecting individualism: the Chicago school’. Newburn, T. (2017) Criminology, 3rd ed., Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Read chapter 11, ‘Control theories’. Newburn, T. (ed.) (2009) Key Readings in Criminology, Cullompton: Willan. Read chapter 7.1, ‘Differential association’, chapter 7.2, ‘Social structure and social learning’, chapter 11.2, ‘A control theory of delinquency’, and chapter 11.3, ‘A general theory of crime’. Decker, S.H., Melde, C. and Pyrooz, D.C. (2013) ‘What do we know about gangs and gang members and where do we go from here?’, Justice Quarterly, 30(3): 369-402. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2012.732101 Venkatesh, S.A. (1997) ‘The social organization of street gang activity in an urban ghetto’, American Journal of Sociology, 103(1): 82–111. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/231172

Further Reading Theories of Social Learning and Social Control Lilly, J.R, Cullen, F.T. and Ball, R.A. (2015) Criminological Theory: Context and consequences, 6th ed., Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Read chapter 6, ‘The complexity of control – Hirschi’s two theories and beyond’. Paternoster, R. and Bachman, R. (2010) ‘Control theories’, in E. McLaughlin and T. Newburn (eds) The SAGE Handbook of Criminological Theory, London: SAGE Publications Ltd, chapter 6. Pratt, T.C. and Cullen, F.T. (2000) ‘The empirical status of Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime: a meta-analysis’, Criminology, 38(3): 931-964. https://search.proquest.com/docview/220711584?accountid=9851 Pratt, T.C., Cullen, F.T., Sellers, C.S., Winfree L.T. Jr, Madensen, T.D., Daigle, L.E., Fearn, N.E. and Gau, J.M. (2010) ‘The empirical status of social learning theory: a meta-analysis’, Justice Quarterly, 27(6): 765-802. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820903379610 Winfree L.T. Jr (2015) ‘Social learning theory and delinquent behavior: past, present, and future investigations’, in M.D. Krohn and J. Lane (eds) The Handbook of Juvenile Delinquency and Juvenile Justice, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. Gang Research Adamson, C. (2000) ‘Defensive localism in white and black: a comparative history of European- American and African-American youth gangs’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 23(2): 272–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/014198700329051 Mooney, J. (2003) ‘It’s the family, stupid: continuities and reinterpretations of the dysfunctional family as the cause of crime in three political periods’, in R. Matthews and J. Young (eds) The New Politics of Crime and Punishment, Cullompton: Willan, pp. 100–110. Harding, D.J. (2010) Living the Drama: Community, conflict, and culture among inner-city boys, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Contreras, R. (2018) ‘From nowhere: space, race, and time in how young minority men understand encounters with gangs’, Qualitative Sociology, 41(2): 263-280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11133-018-9380-4 Thrasher, F.M. (1936) The Gang: A study of 1,313 gangs in Chicago, 2nd ed., Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

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Wilson, W.J. (2009) More Than Just Race: Being black and poor in the inner city, New York: Norton & Company.

9. Crime and Power I Lectures 9 and 10 consider the role of power as an explanatory factor in offending. The first discusses Marxist theories crime as a consequence of the oppression of the dominant majority and theoretical critical responses. It also considers defiance theory - crime as defiance to perceived injustice.

Required Reading Lilly, J.R, Cullen, F.T. and Ball, R.A. (2015) Criminological Theory: Context and consequences, 6th ed., Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Read chapter 8, ‘Social power and the construction of crime: conflict theory’. Newburn, T. (2017) Criminology, 3rd ed., Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Read chapter 12, ‘Radical and critical criminology’, and chapter 13, ‘Realist criminology - left realism’. Newburn, T. (ed.) (2009) Key Readings in Criminology, Cullompton: Willan. Read chapter 12.1, ‘Toward a political economy of crime’, chapter 12.2, ‘The theoretical and political priorities of critical criminology’, chapter 12.3, ‘Radical criminology in Britain’, chapter 13.1, ‘Reflections on realism’, and chapter 13.2, ‘The failure of criminology: the need for a radical realism’. Sherman, L.W. (2010) ‘Defiance, compliance and consilience: a general theory of criminology’, in E. McLaughlin and T. Newburn (eds) The SAGE Handbook of Criminological Theory, London: SAGE Publications Ltd, chapter 19.

Further Reading Gelsthorpe, L. and Morris, A. (1988) ‘Feminism and criminology in Britain’, The British Journal of Criminology, 28(2): 93-110. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a047731 Hall, S. and Jefferson, T. (eds) (1976) Resistance Through Rituals: Youth subcultures in post-war Britain, London: Hutchinson. Lilly, J.R, Cullen, F.T. and Ball, R.A. (2015) Criminological Theory: Context and consequences, 6th ed., Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Read chapter 9, ‘The variety of critical theory’. Sparks, R. (1992) ‘Reason and unreason in left realism: some problems in the constitution of the fear of crime’, in R. Matthews and J. Young (eds) Issues in Realist Criminology, London: Sage Publications Ltd, pp. 119-135. Taylor, I., Walton, P. and Young, J. (2013) The New Criminology: For a social theory of deviance, London: Routledge. Young, J. (1992) ‘Ten points of realism’, in J. Young and R. Matthews (eds) Rethinking Criminology: The realist debate, London: Sage Publications Ltd.

10. Crime and Power II The second lecture considers theories arguing the development of crime as a consequence of processes of ‘othering, ’of social exclusion and marginalisation: labelling and stigmatisation. With reference to feminist research on crimes committed by women and critical race theorising of hate crimes, it also considers the extent to which power differentials between majority and minority ethnic populations and between men and women are relevant to our understanding of the causes of crime.

Required Reading Croall, H. (2011) Crime and Society in Britain, Harlow: Longman. Read chapter 9, ‘Gender and crime’. Newburn, T. (ed.) (2009) Key Readings in Criminology, Cullompton: Willan. Read chapter 10, ‘Interactionism and labelling theory’. Newburn, T. (2007) Criminology, Cullompton: Willan. Read chapter 10, ‘Interactionism and labelling theory’.

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Phillips, C. and Webster, C. (eds) (2014) New Directions in Race, Ethnicity and Crime, London: Routledge. Renzetti, C.M., Miller, S.L. and Gover, A.R. (eds) (2013) Routledge International Handbook of Crime and Gender Studies, London: Routledge. Read chapter 7, ‘Prostitution’, chapter 8, ‘A gendered view of violence’, chapter 9, ‘A 21st century look at gender, drug use and theft’, and chapter 10, ‘Where are all the women in white-collar crime?’. Lilly, J.R, Cullen, F.T. and Ball, R.A. (2015) Criminological Theory: Context and consequences, 6th ed., Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Read chapter 10, ‘The gendering of criminology: feminist theory’. Smith, H.P. and Bohm, R.M. (2008) ‘Beyond anomie: alienation and crime’, Critical Criminology, 16(1): 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-007-9047-z

Further Reading Becker, H.S. (1963) ‘Outsiders’, in E. McLaughlin and J. Muncie (eds) (2013) Criminological Perspectives: Essential readings, London: SAGE. http://www.personal.psu.edu/exs44/406/becker_outsiders_from_weitzer.pdf Daly, K. (2010) ‘Feminist perspectives in criminology: a review with gen Y in mind’, in E. McLaughlin and T. Newburn (eds) The SAGE Handbook of Criminological Theory, London: SAGE Publications Ltd, chapter 12. Dutta, D. and Sircar, O. (2013) ‘India's winter of discontent: some feminist dilemmas in the wake of a rape’, Feminist Studies 39(1): 293-306. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23719318 Huey, J. and Lynch, M.J. (2005) ‘The image of black women in criminology: historical stereotypes as theoretical foundation’, in S. Gabbidon and H.T. Greene (eds) Race, Crime, and Justice: A reader, New York: Routledge, pp. 127. Lilly, J.R, Cullen, F.T. and Ball, R.A. (2015) Criminological Theory: Context and consequences, 6th ed., Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Read chapter 7, ‘The irony of state intervention: labelling theory’. McAlinden, A. (2005) ‘The use of ‘shame’ with sexual offenders’, The British Journal of Criminology, 45(3): 373-394. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azh095 Muncie, J. (2010) ‘Labelling, social reaction and social constructionism’, in E. McLaughlin and T. Newburn (eds) The SAGE Handbook of Criminological Theory, London: SAGE Publications Ltd, chapter 7. Pamment, N. and Ellis, T. (2010) 'A retrograde step: the potential impact of high visibility uniforms within youth justice reparation', The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 49(1): 18-30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2311.2009.00578.x Sharpe, G. (2010) Offending Girls: Young women and youth justice, Cullompton: Willan. Potter, H. (2015) Intersectionality and Criminology: Disrupting and revolutionizing studies of crime, Abingdon: Routledge. Read chapter 3, ‘Reduxing criminology: an intersectional assessment of identity- and power-blind research and theory’. McAra, L. and McVie, S. (2007) ‘Youth justice? The impact of system contact on patterns of desistance from offending’, European Journal of Criminology, 4(3): 315-345. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370807077186

11. Crime and the Person I The following pair of lectures consider theories of crime which focus on the person – looking first at those which focus on personal agency and reasoning: theories of rational choice, moral reasoning, and routine activity.

Required Reading Lilly, J.R, Cullen, F.T. and Ball, R.A. (2015) Criminological Theory: Context and consequences, 6th ed., Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Read chapter 13, ‘Choosing crime in everyday life: routine activity and rational choice theories’. Akers, R.L. (1990) ‘Rational choice, deterrence, and social learning theory in criminology: the path not taken’, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 81(3): 653-676.

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https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/jclc81&i=663 Chamard, S. (2010) ‘Routine activities’, in E. McLaughlin and T. Newburn (eds) The SAGE Handbook of Criminological Theory, London: SAGE Publications Ltd, chapter 11. Sykes, G.M. and Matza, D. (1957) ‘Techniques of neutralization: a theory of delinquency’, American Sociological Review, 22(6): 664-670. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2089195 Cornish, D.B. and Clarke, R.V. (2017) ‘The rational choice perspective’ in R. Wortley and M. Townsley (eds) Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis, New York: Routledge, pp. 29-61.

Further Reading Cornish, D.B. and Clarke, R.V.G. (eds) (2014) The Reasoning Criminal: Rational choice perspectives on offending, New York: Transaction Publishers. Cohen, L.E. and Felson, M. (1979) ‘Social change and crime rate trends: a routine activity approach’, American Sociological Review, 44(4): 588-608. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2094589 Felson, M. (1998) Crime and Everyday Life, 2nd ed., Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press. Short, J. (1997) ‘The place of rational choice in criminology and risk analysis’, The American Sociologist, 28(2): 61-72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12108-997-1007-2 Miller, J. (2013) ‘Individual offending, routine activities, and activity settings: revisiting the routine activity theory of general deviance’, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 50(3): 390-416. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427811432641

12. Crime and the Person II The second lecture considers personal characteristics and the work of the positivist school in criminology. It considers psychological, cognitive and biosocial theories.

Required Reading Newburn, T. (2017) Criminology, 3rd ed., Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Read chapter 6, ‘Biological positivism’. Newburn, T. (ed.) (2009) Key Readings in Criminology, Cullompton: Willan. Read chapter 6.2, ‘The increasing appropriation of genetic explanations’, chapter 6.4, ‘Evolutionary psychology and crime’, and chapter 7.4, ‘The link between cognitive ability and criminal behavior’. Lilly, J.R, Cullen, F.T. and Ball, R.A. (2015) Criminological Theory: Context and consequences, 6th ed., Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Read chapter 2, ‘The search for the “criminal man”’, and chapter 14, ‘The search for the “criminal man” revisited: biosocial theories’. Hollin, C.R. (2013) Psychology and Crime: An introduction to criminological psychology, London: Routledge. Read chapters 1–4.

Further Reading Lombroso, C., trans. Gibson, M. and Rafter, N.H. (2006) Criminal Man, Durham: Duke University Press. Dip in and out of 5 editions presented here. Eysenck, H.J. (1979) ‘Crime and Personality’, Medico-Legal Journal, 47(1): 18-32. Durkheim, E. (1964) ‘The normal and the pathological’, in T. Newburn (ed.) (2009) Key Readings in Criminology, Cullompton: Willan. Jones, D.W. (2008) Understanding Criminal Behaviour: Psychosocial approaches to criminality, Cullompton: Willan. Read chapter 2, ‘Mental disorder: madness, personality disorder and criminal responsibility’. Rafter, N. (2011) ‘Lombroso’s ‘La Donna delinquente’: its strange journeys in Italy, England and the USA, including scenes of mutilation and salvation’, in D. Melossi, M. Sozzo and R. Sparks (eds) Travels of the Criminal Question: Cultural embeddedness and diffusion, Oxford: Hart, chapter 7. Peay, J. (2011) Mental Health and Crime, London: Routledge. Peay, J. (2012) ‘Mentally disordered offenders, mental health and crime’, in M. Maguire, R. Morgan and R. Reiner (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, 5th ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 426-449.

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13. Crime and Temporality I The final theme for our study of why people commit crime draws on theories which identify the relevance of a temporal understanding of criminal behaviour. The first lecture considers developmental theories and life course criminology.

Required Reading Piquero, A.R. and Mazerolle, P. (eds) (2001) Life-Course Criminology: Contemporary and classic readings, Belmont: Wadsworth. Read chapter 2, ‘Crime and deviance in the life course’, chapter 5, ‘Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behaviour: a developmental taxonomy’, and chapter 10, ‘Understanding variability in lives through time: contributions of life-course criminology’.

Further Reading McAra, L. and McVie, S. (2012) ‘Critical debates in developmental and life-course criminology’, in M. Maguire, R. Morgan and R. Reiner (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, 5th ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 531-560. van Schellen, M., Apel, R. and Nieuwbeerta, P. (2012) ‘”Because you’re mine, I walk the line”? Marriage, spousal criminality, and criminal offending over the life course’, Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 28(4): 701-723. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-012-9174-x Sweeten, G., Piquero, A.R. and Steinberg, L. (2013) ‘Age and the explanation of crime, revisited’, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(6): 921-938. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-9926-4

14. Crime and Temporality II The second lecture considers why people stop committing crime over time. It discusses current theories of desistance and the social, personal and structural factors considered to be integral to the process.

Required Reading Bottoms, A. (2013) ‘Desistance from crime’, in Z. Ashmore and R. Shuker (eds) Forensic Practice in the Community, London: Routledge, chapter 13. McNeill, F., Farrall, S., Lightowler, C. and Maruna, S. (2012) ‘How and Why People Stop Offending: Discovering desistance’, IRISS Insight no.15. https://www.iriss.org.uk/resources/insights/how-why-people-stop-offending-discovering-desistance McIvor, G., Murray, C. and Jamieson J. (2004) ‘Desistance from crime: is it different for women and girls?’, in S. Maruna and R. Immarigeon (eds) After Crime and Punishment: Pathways to offender reintegration, Cullompton: Willan, chapter 8. Devlin, A. and Turney, R. (1999) Going Straight: After crime and punishment, Winchester: Waterside Press.

Further Reading Calverley, A. (2013) Cultures of Desistance: Rehabilitation, reintegration and ethnic minorities, London: Routledge. Cullen, F.T. (1994) ‘Social support as an organizing concept for criminology: presidential address to the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences’, Justice Quarterly, 11(4): 527-559. https://www.heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/jquart11&id=537&collection=journals&index=journals/jquart Farrington, D.P. (1986) ‘Age and crime’ in N. Morris and M.H. Tonry (eds) Crime and Justice: An annual review of research, Volume 7, Chicago: Chicago University Press, pp. 189-250. Laub, J.H. and Sampson, R.J. (2006) Shared Beginnings, Divergent Lives: Delinquent boys to age 70, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

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Farrall, S., Calverley, A., Sharpe, G. and Hunter, B. (2014) Criminal Careers in Transition: The social context of desistance from crime, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Maruna, S. (2001) Making Good: How ex-convicts reform and rebuild their lives, Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association. Paternoster, R. and Bushway, S. (2009) ‘Desistance and the "feared self": toward an identity theory of criminal desistance’, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 99(4): 1103-1156. https://www.heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/jclc99&id=1111&collection=journals&index=journals/jclc Weaver, B. (2016) Offending and Desistance: The importance of social relations, New York: Routledge.

15. Integrated Theories Having discussed the multiple theoretical perspectives on why people commit (and stop) crime we consider theories which integrate social and personal factors. We consider arguments for and against the idea of integration and two theories of integration.

Required Reading Barak, G. (2010) ‘Integrative criminology’, in E. McLaughlin and T. Newburn (eds) The SAGE Handbook of Criminological Theory, London: SAGE Publications Ltd, chapter 9. Owen, T. (2012) ‘The biological and the social’, in S. Hall and S. Winlow (eds) New Directions in Criminological Theory, Abingdon: Routledge. Wikström, P-O.H., Oberwittler, D., Treiber, K. and Hardie, B. (2012) Breaking Rules: The social and situational dynamics of young people's urban crime, Oxford: Oxford University Press, chapter 1. Thornberry, T.P. (1987) ‘Toward an interactional theory of delinquency’, Criminology, 25(4): 863-891. https://www.heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/crim25&id=875&collection=journals&index=journals/crim

Further Reading Bernard, T.J. and Snipes, J.B. (1996) ‘Theoretical integration in criminology’, in M. Tonry (ed.) Crime and Justice, Volume 20, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 301–348. Krohn, M.D. and Eassey, J.M. (2014) ‘Integrated theories of crime’, in J.M. Miller (ed.) The Encyclopedia of Theoretical Criminology, Chichester: Wiley Blackwell, pp. 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118517390.wbetc028 Thornberry, T.P., Lizotte, A.J., Krohn, M.D., Farnworth, M. and Jang, S.J. (1991) ‘Testing interactional theory: an examination of reciprocal causal relationships among family, school, and delinquency’, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 82(1): 3-35. https://www.heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/jclc82&id=15&collection=journals&index=journals/jclc Farrington, D.P. (2005) ‘The integrated cognitive antisocial potential (ICAP) theory’, in D.P. Farrington (ed.) Integrated Developmental and Life-Course Theories of Offending, Somerset, N.J.: Transaction, pp. 73–92.

16. Why Do People Commit Crime? Debate

Further Reading Roitman, J. (2006) ‘The ethics of illegality in the Chad Basin’, in J. Comaroff and J.L. Comaroff (eds) Law and Disorder in the Postcolony, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 247-272. Fleisher, M.L. (2000) ‘Kuria cattle raiding: capitalist transformation, commoditization, and crime formation among an East African agro-pastoral people’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 42(4): 745-769. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2696692 Goffman, A. (2014) On the Run: Fugitive life in an American city, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

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Whyte, W.F. (1993) Street Corner Society: The social structure of an Italian slum, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Newell, S. (2012) The Modernity Bluff: Crime, consumption, and citizenship in Côte d’Ivoire, Chicago. University of Chicago Press. Chouhy, C., Cullen, F.T. and Unnever, J.D. (2016) ‘Mean streets revisited: assessing the generality of rival criminological theories’, Victims & Offenders, 11(2): 225-250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2014.974791 Irwin-Rogers, K. and Harding, S. (2018) ‘Challenging the orthodoxy on pupil gang involvement: when two social fields collide’, British Educational Research Journal, 44(3): 463-479. https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.3442

Part III Criminal Justice Responses and Consequences The third part of the programme considers societies’ responses to those who break the law. It identifies different approaches to criminal ‘justice’ and their effects.

17. Criminal Justice Policy Making: Societal Drivers This first lecture considers drivers for criminal justice policies at global and local levels. It discusses writings on late modern societies, neoliberalism, post-colonialism, globalisation, law and religion and political transition. Drawing on comparative analyses of justice systems it asks how do macro theories of society help us to understand the workings and practices of criminal justice systems today?

Required Reading Cavadino, M. and Dignan, J. (2006) ‘Penal policy and political economy’, Criminology & Criminal Justice, 6(4): 435-456. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895806068581 Denney, D. (ed.) (2008) ‘Living in dangerous times: fear insecurity risk and social policy’, Social Policy and Administration, special issue 42(6): 557-713. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/14679515/2008/42/6 Garland, D. (1996) ‘The limits of the sovereign state: strategies of crime control in contemporary society’, British Journal of Criminology, 36(4): 445–471. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a014105 Lacey, N., Soskice, D. and Hope, D. (2018) ‘Understanding the determinants of penal policy: crime, culture, and comparative political economy’, Annual Review of Criminology, 1: 195-217. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-criminol-032317-091942 Lynch, M. (2002) ‘The culture of control: crime and social order in contemporary society’ (book review), PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review, 25(2): 109-112. https://doi.org/10.1525/pol.2002.25.2.109 Wacquant, L. (2001) ‘The penalisation of poverty and the rise of neo-liberalism’, European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 9(4): 401-412. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013147404519 Braithwaite, J. (2018) ‘Criminology, peacebuilding and transitional justice: lessons from the Global South’, in K. Carrington, R. Hogg, J. Scott and M. Sozzo (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Criminology and the Global South, Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 971-990. Wenzelburger, G. (2016) 'A global trend toward law and order harshness?', European Political Science Review, 8(4): 589-613. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755773915000247

Further Reading Bauman, Z. (2013) Liquid Modernity, Cambridge: Polity Press. Beck, U. (1992) Risk Society: Towards a new modernity, Volume 17, London: Sage Publications. Garland, D. (2002) The Culture of Control: Crime and social order in contemporary society, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kemshall, H. (2003) Understanding Risk in Criminal Justice, Maidenhead: Open University Press.

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Lumsden, K. and Goode, J. (2018) ‘Public criminology, reflexivity and the enterprise university: experiences of research, knowledge transfer work and co-option with police forces’, Theoretical criminology, 22(2): 243-257. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480616689299 Lundy, P. and McGovern, M. (2008) ‘Whose justice? Rethinking transitional justice from the bottom up’, Journal of Law and Society, 35(2): 265-292. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6478.2008.00438.x Mythen, G. (2014) Understanding the Risk Society: Crime, security and justice, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. O'Malley, P. (2010) Crime and Risk, Los Angeles: Sage. Peck, J. (2003) ‘Geography and public policy: mapping the penal state’, Progress in Human Geography, 27(2): 222-232. https://doi.org/10.1191/0309132503ph424pr Putnam, R.D. (2000) Bowling Alone: The collapse and revival of American community, New York: Simon & Schuster. Savelsberg, J.J. (2011) 'Globalization and states of punishment', in D. Nelken (ed.) Comparative Criminal Justice and Globalization, Farnham: Ashgate, pp. 69-86.

18. Criminal Justice Structures and Agencies This lecture provides an overview of different criminal justice institutions: the police, the courts, prisons and probation services. It provides a historical overview of the development of these agencies in England and Wales and considers variations and similarities in approach drawing on international cases studies.

Required Reading Comaroff, J. and Comaroff, J.L. (eds) (2006) Law and Disorder in the Postcolony, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, chapter 1. Morris, A. and Maxwell, G. (1998) ‘Restorative justice in New Zealand: family group conferences as a case study’, Western Criminology Review, 1(1). http://www.westerncriminology.org/documents/WCR/v01n1/Morris/Morris.html Newburn, T. (2017) Criminology, 3rd ed., Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Read chapter 2, ‘Crime and punishment in history’, and chapter 23, ‘Understanding criminal justice’. Gelsthorpe, L. (2001) ‘Critical decisions and processes in the criminal courts’, in E. McLaughlin and J. Muncie (eds) Controlling Crime, London: Sage. Uglow, S. (2013) ‘Criminal justice system’, in C. Hale, K. Hayward, A. Wahidin and E. Wincup, (eds) Criminology, 3rd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, chapter 22.

Further Reading Foucault, M., trans. Sheridan, A. (1977) Discipline and Punish: The birth of the prison, London: Allen Lane. Valverde, M. (2008) ‘Beyond Discipline and Punish: Foucault’s challenge to criminology’, Carceral Notebooks, 4: 201-223. http://www.thecarceral.org/cn4_valverde.pdf Comaroff, J. and Comaroff, J. (2004) ‘Criminal obsessions, after Foucault: postcoloniality, policing, and the metaphysics of disorder’, Critical Inquiry, 30(4): 800-824. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/423773 Rehman, J. (2007) ‘The Sharia, Islamic family laws and international human rights law: examining the theory and practice of polygamy and Talaq’, International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family, 21(1): 108-127. https://doi.org/10.1093/lawfam/ebl023

19. Public opinion and criminal justice policy This lecture considers the relationship between the public and penal policy. It explores definitions of the public, and conceptualisations of the fear of crime. It covers concepts such as populist punitivism and the role that public plays in directing the action of criminal justice processes in England and Wales with reference to campaigns to raise the profile of the victim.

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Required Reading Hollway, W. and Jefferson, T. (1997) ‘The risk society in an age of anxiety: situating fear of crime’, The British Journal of Sociology, 48(2): 255-266. https://www.jstor.org/stable/591751 Carvalho, H. and Chamberlen, A. (2018) ‘Why punishment pleases: punitive feelings in a world of hostile solidarity’, Punishment & Society, 20(2): 217-234. https://doi.org/10.1177/1462474517699814 Cohen, S. (1972/1980) Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The creation of the mods and rockers, London: Granada Publishing Limited. Currie, E. (2016) ‘The violence divide: taking “ordinary” crime seriously in a volatile world’, in R. Matthews (ed.) What Is To Be Done About Crime and Punishment? Towards a ‘public criminology’, [United Kingdom]: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 9-30. Roberts, J. and Stalans, L.J. (2018) Public Opinion, Crime, and Criminal Justice, Boulder: Westview.

Further Reading Hall, S., Critcher, C., Jefferson, T., Clarke, J. and Roberts, B. (1978) Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the state, and law and order, London: Macmillan. Drake, D. (2011) ‘The ‘dangerous other’ in maximum-security prisons’, Criminology & Criminal Justice, 11(4): 367-382. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895811408836 Farrall, S. (2014) ’Fear of crime’, in J.S. Albanese (ed.) The Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Volume II (CR-GU), pp. 833-838. Jennings, W., Farrall, S., Gray, E., and Hay, C. (2017) ‘Penal populism and the public thermostat: crime, public punitiveness, and public policy’, Governance, 30(3): 463-481. https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12214 Hough, M. and Roberts, J.V. (2004) Youth Crime and Youth Justice: Public opinion in England and Wales, Bristol: Policy Press. Jones, T. and Newburn, T. (2013) ‘Policy convergence, politics and comparative penal reform: sex offender notification schemes in the USA and UK’, Punishment & Society, 15(5): 439-467. https://doi.org/10.1177/1462474513504801

20. Media and criminal justice policy This lecture considers how crime is represented in the media and the social consequences. How are criminals and offenders represented in the media? What are the effects of media reporting of crime on criminal justice policies? Building on discussions in the previous lecture, it considers the use of social media by the public in the reporting and representations of crime

Required Reading Jewkes, Y. (2004) Media and Crime: A critical introduction, London: Sage. Greer, C. (2003) ‘Media representations of dangerousness’, Criminal Justice Matters, 51(1): 4–5. https://www.crimeandjustice.org.uk/publications/cjm/article/media-representations-dangerousness Greer, C. and Jewkes, Y. (2005) ‘Extremes of otherness: media images of social exclusion’, Social Justice, 32(1): 20–31. http://www.jstor.org/stable/29768287 Franklin, B. and Petley, J. (1996) ‘Killing the age of innocence: newspaper reporting of the death of James Bulger’, in J. Pilcher and S. Wagg (eds) Thatcher’s Children? Politics, childhood and society in the 1980s and 1990s, London: Falmer Press, pp. 134–154. Carrabine, E. (2014) 'Crime, culture and media in a globalising world', in B.A. Arrigo and H.Y. Bersot (eds) The Routledge Handbook of International Crime and Justice Studies, Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 397–419.

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Trottier, D. (2014) ‘Vigilantism and power users: police and user-led investigations on social media’, in D. Trottier and C. Fuchs (eds) Social Media, Politics and the State: Protests, revolutions, riots, crime and policing in the age of Facebook, Twitter and YouTube, London: Routledge.

Further Reading Rose, T. (2013) ‘Public tales wag the dog: telling stories about structural racism in the post-civil rights era’, Du Bois Review: Social Science Research On Race, 10(2): 447-469. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742058X13000234 Arrigo, B.A. (2006) 'The ontology of crime: on the construction of the real, the image and the hyperreal', in B.A. Arrigo and C.R. Williams (eds) Philosophy, Crime and Criminology, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, pp. 41-73. Jusionyte, I. (2013) ‘On and off the record: the production of legitimacy in an Argentine border town’, PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review, 36(2): 231-248. https://doi.org/10.1111/plar.12024 Mills, L.G. (2011) ‘Have I got news for you? Media, research, and popular audiences’, in M. Bosworth and C. Hoyle (eds) What is Criminology?, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kidd-Hewitt, D. (2002) ‘Crime and the media – a criminological perspective’ in Y. Jewkes and G. Letherby (eds) Criminology: A reader, London, Sage. Trottier, D. and Fuchs, C. (eds) (2014) Social Media, Politics and the State: Protests, revolutions, riots, crime and policing in the age of Facebook, Twitter and YouTube, London: Routledge.

21. Politics and Governance I These two lectures consider the role of politics in the governance of crime. The first considers the theme of social control and governance through crime. It considers theorisations of penal power as a means to contain and discipline on groups threatening the disruption of the social order. It considers how general ideas apply to the criminal justice responses to the Riots of 2011 in England and the phenomenon of mass incarceration in the US.

Required Reading Simon, J. and Silvestre, G. (2018) ‘Governing through crime’, in P. Carlen and F. Ayres (eds) Alternative Criminologies, London: Routledge. Cohen, S. (1985) Visions of Social Control. Cambridge: Polity Press, pp.1-9. Bottoms, A.E. (1995) ‘The philosophy and politics of punishment and sentencing’, in C. Clarkson and R. Morgan (eds) The Politics of Sentencing Reform, Oxford: Clarendon Press. Rose, N. (2000) ‘Government and control’, British Journal of Criminology, 40(2): 321-339. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/40.2.321 Squires, P. (2009) ‘The knife crime “epidemic” and British politics’, British Politics, 4(1): 127-157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/bp.2008.40 O’Malley, P. (2018) ‘Crime and Risk’, in P. Carlen and F. Ayres (eds) Alternative Criminologies, London: Routledge.

Further Reading Barak, G. (2017) Unchecked Corporate Power: Why the crimes of multinational corporations are routinized away and what we can do about it. London: Routledge. Bosworth, M., Franko, K., and Pickering, S. (2018) ‘Punishment, globalization and migration control: “Get them the hell out of here”’, Punishment and Society, 20(1): 34-53. https://doi.org/10.1177/1462474517738984 Katja, F. (2017) ‘Criminology, punishment, and the state in a globalized society’, in A. Liebling, S. Maruna, and L. McAra (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology: Oxford University Press. Muncie, J. (2005) ‘The globalization of crime control—the case of youth and juvenile justice: Neo-liberalism, policy convergence and international conventions’, Theoretical Criminology, 9(1): 35-64.

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https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480605048942 Okin, S.M. "Feminism, women's human rights, and cultural differences." Hypatia 13, no. 2 (1998): 32-52. Snacken, S. and Van Zyl Smit, D. (2013) ‘Distinctive features of European penology and penal policy making’, in T. Daems, D. van Zyl Smit and S. Snacken (eds) European Penology?, Oxford: Hart Publishing. Stokes, E. (2000) ‘Abolishing the presumption of doli incapax: Reflections on the death of a doctrine’, in J. Pickford (ed) Youth Justice: Theory and Practice, London: Cavendish, pp.51–74. Sanders, T. and Campbell, R. (2014) 'Criminalization, protection and rights: global tensions in the governance of commercial sex', Criminology and Criminal Justice, 14(5): 535-548. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895814543536

22. Politics and Governance II This second lecture considers the legitimacy of the use of penal power and its link to social order. It looks at the concepts of procedural justice and distributive justice with reference to research on policing and prisons.

Required Reading Bottoms, A.E. and Tankebe, J. (2017) Police Legitimacy and the Authority of the State, London: Hart Publishing Limited. Bowling, B. and Phillips, C. (2007) ‘Disproportionate and discriminatory: reviewing the evidence on police stop and search’, The Modern Law Review, 70(6): 936-961. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2230.2007.00671.x Phillips, C., Bowling, B. and McAra. (2017) ‘Ethnicities, racism, crime, and criminal justice’, in A. Liebling, S. Maruna and L. McAra (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Sparks, J.R. and Bottoms, A.E. (1995) ‘Legitimacy and order in prisons’, British Journal of Sociology, 46(1): 45-62. https://doi.org/10.2307/591622 Carrabine, E. (2005) Prison riots, social order and the problem of legitimacy. British Journal of Criminology, 45(6), 896-913.

Further Reading Bowling, B. (2018) ‘Pulled over: how police stops define race and citizenship’, Policing and Society, 28: 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2018.1473978 Fisher, K.J. (2015) ‘Selectivity, legitimacy and the pursuit of post-Arab Spring international criminal justice’, in K.J. Fisher and R. Steward (eds) Transitional Justice and the Arab Spring, Abingdon: Routledge. Kooistra, P. (1990) ‘Criminals as heroes: linking symbol to structure’, Symbolic Interaction, 13(2): 217-239. https://doi.org/10.1525/si.1990.13.2.217 Liebling, A. (2011) ‘Distinctions and distinctiveness in the work of prison officers: legitimacy and authority revisited’, European Journal of Criminology, 8(6): 484-499. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370811413807 Miller, J. (2010) ‘Stop and search in England: a reformed tactic or business as usual?’, British Journal of Criminology, 50(5): 954-974. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azq021 Miller, L. 2001. ‘Looking for Postmodernism in all the wrong places: implementing a New Penology’, British journal of criminology, 41(1): 168-84. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/41.1.168

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Murray, K. and Harkin, D. (2016) ‘Policing in cool and hot climates: legitimacy, power and the rise and fall of mass stop and search in Scotland’, British journal of criminology, 57(4): 885-905. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azw007 Quinton, P. (2011) ‘The formation of suspicions: police stop and search practices in England and Wales’, Policing and Society, 21(4): 357-368. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2011.610193 Tankebe, J. (2013) ‘Viewing things differently: the dimensions of public perceptions of police legitimacy’, Criminology, 51(1), 103-135. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2012.00291.x

23 Managerialism, Marketization and Economics This lecture discusses the influence of market-oriented ideologies on criminal justice. Using the UK as a case study, it examines the influence of managerialism and the private sector on prison and probation services. It discusses the emergence of the ‘new penology’ and actuarial justice its on-going relevance to the recording of crime and the monitoring of risk and offending. It charts recent research on ‘big data’ and ‘algorithmic justice’.

Required Reading Feeley, M. and Simon, J. (1992) ‘The New Penology: notes on the emerging strategy of corrections and its implications’, Criminology 30(4): 449–474. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01112.x McGuire, M. (2012) Technology, Crime and Justice: The question concerning Technomia, Cullompton: Willan. Read final chapter Hannah-Moffat, K. (1999) ‘Moral agent or actuarial subject: risk and Canadian women's imprisonment’, Theoretical Criminology, 3(1): 71-94. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480699003001004 Shefer, G. and Liebling, A. (2008) ‘Prison privatization: In search of a business-like atmosphere?’, Criminology and Criminal Justice, 8(3): 261-278. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895808092429 Tomczak, P.J. (2014) ‘The penal voluntary sector in England and Wales: beyond neoliberalism?’, Criminology and Criminal Justice, 14(4): 470-486. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895813505235

Further Reading Christie, N. (2016) Crime Control as Industry: Towards gulags, western style, Abingdon: Routledge. Hannah-Moffat, K. (2005) ‘Criminogenic needs and the transformative risk subject: Hybridizations of risk/need in penalty’, Punishment and Society, 7(1): 29-51. https://doi.org/10.1177/1462474505048132 Hollin, C.R. and Palmer, E.J. (2006) ‘Criminogenic need and women offenders: A critique of the literature’, Legal and Criminological Psychology, 11(2): 179-195. https://doi.org/10.1348/135532505X57991 Ritzer, G. (1983) ‘The “McDonaldization” of society’, Journal of American culture, 6(1): 100-107. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-734X.1983.0601_100.x Liebling, A. and Crewe, B. ‘Prisons beyond the new penology: the shifting moral foundations of prison management’, in J. Simon and R. Sparks (eds) The Sage Handbook of Punishment and Society (2012), London: Sage, pp.283-308. Rogers, R. (2000) ‘The uncritical acceptance of risk assessment in forensic practice’, Law and human behavior, 24(5): 595-605. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005575113507

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Zedner, L. (2006) ‘Liquid Security: Managing the Market for Crime Control’, Criminology and Criminal Justice, 6(3):267-88. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895806065530

24. Surveillance The following five lectures consider different ways in which governmental power is deployed to prevent and address offending. The first considers the activities of surveillance and supervision. It discusses the role of strategies of censorship, situational crime prevention and surveillance of offenders in prison and the community including the development of electronic monitoring.

Required Reading Clarke, R.V. (1980) ‘”Situational” crime prevention: theory and practice’, British Journal of Criminology, 20(2): 136-147. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a047153 Hayward, K. (2007) ‘Situational crime prevention and its discontent: Rational Choice Theory versus “the culture of now”’, Social Policy and Administration, 41(3): 232-250. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9515.2007.00550.x Jefferson, T. (2012) ‘Policing the riots: from Bristol and Brixton to Tottenham, via Toxteth, Handsworth, etc: Tony Jefferson tells the angry, ongoing story of rioting over the past 30 years’, Criminal Justice Matters, 87(1), 8-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/09627251.2012.670995 Newburn, T. (ed) (2009) Key Readings in Criminology, Cullompton: Willan. Read chapter 25, 'The police and policing' and chapter 28, 'Prisons'. Bentham, J. (2012) ‘The Panopticon’, in P. Priestley and M. Vanstone (eds) Offenders or Citizens?: Readings in rehabilitation, London: Routledge.

Further Reading Aas, K.F. (2011) ‘“Crimmigrant” bodies and bona fide travelers: surveillance, citizenship and global governance’, Theoretical criminology, 15(3):331-46. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480610396643 Alford, C.F. (2000) ‘What would it matter if everything Foucault said about prison were wrong? Discipline and Punish after twenty years’, Theory and society, 29(1), 125-146. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007014831641 Cohen, S. (1985) Visions of Social Control, Cambridge: Polity Press. Mathiesen, T. (1997) The viewer society: Michel Foucault's Panopticon revisited. Theoretical criminology, 1(2), 215-234. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480697001002003 Jones, R. (2013) ‘Surveillance in a risk society’, in Hale, C., Hayward, K., Wahidin, A. and Wincup, E. (eds) Criminology (3rd edition), Oxford: Oxford University Press Reiner, R. (2010) The Politics of the Police. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Read chapter 1, ‘Watching the watchers’, chapter 4, ‘Cop cultures’ and chapter 7, ‘Police powers and accountability’. Bowling, B. (1999) ‘The rise and fall of New York murder: zero tolerance or crack's decline?’, British Journal of Criminology, 39(4): 531-554. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/39.4.531 Callanan, V.J. and Rosenberger, J.S. (2011) ‘Media and public perceptions of the police: examining the impact of race and personal experience’, Policing and Society, 21(2): 167-189. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2010.540655

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Greene, J. A. (1999) ‘Zero tolerance: a case study of police policies and practices in New York City. Crime and Delinquency, 45(2): 171-187. 35. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128799045002001 Haberfeld, M. and Cerrah, I. (2010) Comparative Policing, London: Sage. van Hulst, M. (2013) ‘Storytelling at the police station the canteen culture revisited’, British Journal of Criminology, 53(4): 624-642. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azt014 Waddington, P.A. (2003) ‘Police (canteen) sub-culture. An appreciation’, British Journal of Criminology, 39(2): 287-309. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/39.2.287

25. Punishment in Theory The first part of this lecture asks what social functions does punishment serve? It provides an overview of key sociological theories of punishment and their explanatory concepts of social solidarity (Durkheim), bureaucratic governance (Weber), political economy and class control (Marx), technology of power (Foucault) culture (Garland) The second part asks: how do societies justify the use of punishment? It provides an overview of justifications in terms of the prevention of future crime (deterrence, reform, incapacitation) and justifications as a response to crimes already committed (censure and retribution) and considers arguments for the abolition of punishment.

Required Reading Newburn, T. (2017) Criminology, 3rd edition, Cullompton: Willan. Read chapter 22, ‘Penology and Punishment’. Brown, D. (2018) ‘Mass Incarceration’, in P. Carlen and F. Ayres (eds) Alternative Criminologies, London: Routledge. De Giorgi, A. (2018) ‘Punishment and Political economy’ in P. Carlen and F. Ayres (eds) Alternative Criminologies, London: Routledge. Bosworth, M. and Palmer, S. (2012) ‘Prisons: securing the state’, in W.S. DeKeseredy and M. Dragiewicz (eds), Routledge Handbook of Critical Criminology, 2nd edition, London: Routledge, pp. 488-500. Zedner, L. Criminal Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Read chapter 3,’Punishment’.

Further Reading Canton, R. (2018) ‘Probation and the philosophy of punishment’, Probation Journal, 65(3): 252-268. https://doi.org/10.1177/0264550518776768 Christie, N. (1982) Limits to Pain: The role of punishment in penal policy, Oxford: Robertson. Fassin, D. (2018) The Will to Punish, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Garland, D. (2017) Penal power in America: forms, functions and foundations. Journal of the British Academy, 5: 1-35. https://doi.org/10.5871/jba/005.001 Melossi, D. (2001) ‘The cultural embeddedness of social control: reflections on the comparison of Italian and North-American cultures concerning punishment’, Theoretical criminology 5(4): 403-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480601005004001 Hudson, B. (2003) Understanding Justice: An introduction to ideas, perspectives and controversies in modern penal theory, 2nd edition, Buckingham: Open University Press. Read chapter 1, 'Perspectives on punishment'.

26. Forms of punishment The second lecture considers punishment in practice. It considers physical and psychological forms of punishment and different spaces in which punishment is practiced: the public and the hidden, the socially-integrated and the segregated.

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Required Reading Nelken, D. (2011) ‘Theorising the embeddedness of punishment’, in D. Melossi, S. Máximo and R. Sparks (eds) Travels of the Criminal Question: cultural embeddedness and diffusion, London: Bloomsbury Publishing. Nellis, M. (2013) 'Electronic monitoring and the community supervision of offenders', in A. Bottoms, S. Rex and G. Robinson (eds) Alternatives to Prison, Cullompton: Willan, pp. 224-247. Newburn, T. (2017) Criminology, London: Routledge. Read chapter 29, ‘Prisons and Imprisonment’, pp. 699-762. Crewe, B. (2016) ‘The sociology of imprisonment’, in Y. Jewkes, B. Crewe, and J. Bennett (eds) Handbook on Prisons, London: Routledge.

Further Reading Bloomfield, B. (2001) ‘In the right place at the right time: electronic tagging and problems of social order/disorder’, The Sociological Review, 49(2): 174-201. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-954X.00251 Bosworth, M. and Palmer, S. (2012) ‘Prisons: securing the state’, in W.S. DeKeseredy and M. Dragiewicz (eds) Routledge Handbook of Critical Criminology, 2nd edition, London: Routledge, pp. 488-500. Garland, D. (2001) Mass Imprisonment: Social causes and consequences, Thousand Oaks: Sage. Nellis, M., Beyens, K. and Kaminski, D. (2013) Electronically Monitored Punishment: international and critical perspectives. Cullompton: Willan. Crewe, B. (2015) ‘Inside the belly of the penal beast: Understanding the experience of imprisonment’, International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 4(1), 50-65. https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v4i1.201 Forman Jr, J. (2012) ‘Racial critiques of mass incarceration: beyond the new Jim Crow’, New York University Law Review, 87(1): 21-69. https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/fss_papers/3599 Sykes, G.M. (1954/2007) The Society of Captives: a study of a maximum security prison. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Wacquant, L. (2002) ‘The curious eclipse of prison ethnography in the age of mass incarceration’, Ethnography, 3(4): 371-397. https://doi.org/10.1177/1466138102003004012

Useful website: World Prison Brief: http://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total

27. Intervention and programmes This lecture considers the function of interventionism in responses to offending. It considers intervention as prevention and as a form of rehabilitation. It traces criminological debates on the effectiveness of interventions for people who have offended from ’nothing works to ‘what works’.

Required Reading Farrington, D.P. (2007) ‘Childhood risk factors and risk-focused prevention’, in M. Maguire, R. Morgan and R. Reiner (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 602-640. Martinson, R. (1974) ‘What works?-Questions and answers about prison reform’, The Public Interest, 35(22): 1-33. https://search.proquest.com/docview/1298113963/fulltext/483882B6007A46F2PQ/1?accountid=9851 Cullen, F.T. and Gendreau, P. (2001) ‘From nothing works to what works: changing professional ideology in the 21st century’, The Prison Journal, 81(3): 313-338.

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https://doi.org/10.1177/0032885501081003002 Bonta, J. and Andrews, D.A. (2007) ‘Risk-need-responsivity model for offender assessment and rehabilitation’, Rehabilitation, 6(1): 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854811406356 Robinson, G. (2008) ‘Late-modern rehabilitation: The evolution of a penal strategy’, Punishment and Society, 10(4): 429-445. https://doi.org/10.1177/1462474508095319

Further Reading Dowden, C. and D.A. Andrews (1999) ‘What Works for Female Offenders: A Meta-Analytic Review’, Crime and Delinquency, 45(4): 438-52. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128799045004002 Hayden, C. and Jenkins, C. (2014) ‘“Troubled Families” Programme in England: “wicked problems” and policy-based evidence’, Policy Studies, 35(6): 631-649. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2014.971732 Lewis, S., Maguire, M., Raynor, P., Vanstone, M. and Vennard, J. (2007) ‘What works in resettlement? Findings from seven pathfinders for short-term prisoners in England and Wales’, Criminology and Criminal Justice, 7(1): 33-53. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895807072475 McNeill, F. (2009) ‘What works and what's just?’, European Journal of Probation, 1(1): 21-40. https://doi.org/10.1177/206622030900100103 Sampson, R.J. (2010) ‘Gold standard myths: observations on the experimental turn in quantitative criminology’, Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 26(4): 489-500. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-010-9117-3 Weisburd, D., Farrington D.P. and Gill, C. (2017) ‘What Works in Crime Prevention and Rehabilitation: An Assessment of Systematic Reviews’, Criminology and Public Policy, 16(2): 415-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12298

28 Restoration and Resettlement This lecture looks at how society reconciles with people who have broken the law. It looks at processes of restorative justice and the concept of re-integrative shaming. It examines criminal justice policies related to the resettlement of people leaving custody and social stigma.

Required Reading Newburn, T. (ed.) (2009) Key Readings in Criminology, Cullompton: Willan. Read chapter 30.1, Conflicts as property’, chapter 30.2, ‘Restorative justice: an overview’, chapter 30.3, Responsiblities, rights and restorative justice’, and chapter 30.4, ‘Critiquing the critics: a brief response to critics of restorative justice’. Petersilia, J. (2005) ‘From cell to society: who is returning home?’, in J. Travis and C.A. Visher (eds) Prisoner Reentry and Crime in America, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 15-49. McIvor, G., Trotter, C. and Sheehan, R. (2009) ‘Women, resettlement and desistance’, Probation Journal, 56(4): 347-361. https://doi.org/10.1177/0264550509346515 Moore, R. (2012) ‘Beyond the prison walls: some thoughts on prisoner ‘resettlement’ in England and Wales’, Criminology and Criminal Justice, 12(2): 129-147. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895811425445

Further Reading Uggen, C., Manza J. and Behrens, A. (2004) '”Less than the average citizen": stigma, role transition and the civic reintegration of convicted felons', in S. Maruna and R. Immarigeon (eds) After Crime and Punishment: Pathways to offender reintegration, Cullompton: Willan, pp. 261-293.

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Braithwaite, J. (2000) ‘Shame and criminal justice’, Canadian Journal of Criminology, 42(3): 281-298. https://www.heinonline.org/HOL/Index?index=journals%2Fcjccj&collection=journals Goffman, E. (1963) Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. Pager, D., Western, B. and Sugie, N. (2009) ‘Sequencing disadvantage: barriers to employment facing young black and white men with criminal records’, The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 623(1): 195-213. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716208330793 Sherman, L.W and Strang, H. (2007) Restorative Justice: The evidence, The Smith Institute. http://www.smith-institute.org.uk/book/restorative-justice-the-evidence/ Uggen, C., Vuolo, M., Lageson, S., Ruhland, E. and Whitham, H.K. (2014) ‘The edge of stigma: an experimental audit of the effects of low-level criminal records on employment’, Criminology, 52(4): 627-654. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12051 Wacquant, L. (2018) ‘Prisoner reentry as myth and ceremony’, in P. Carlen and L.A. França (eds) Alternative Criminologies, London: Routledge, chapter 23.

29 Global responses I Terrorism This next two lectures draw together some of the themes covered earlier in the programme by looking at two current and global issues in crime: terrorism and drugs. The first considers terrorism. It asks what are the causes of terrorism? How do societies respond? What are the consequences of globalisation on terrorist activities?

Required Reading Beck, U. (2002) ‘The terrorist threat: world risk society revisited’, Theory, Culture & Society, 19(4): 39-55. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276402019004003 Furedi, F. (2013) ‘Terrorism and the politics of fear’, in C. Hale, K. Hayward, A. Wahidin and E. Wincup, (eds) Criminology, 3rd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, chapter 13. Rosenfeld, R. (2004) ‘Terrorism and criminology’, in M. Deflem (ed.) Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism: Criminological perspectives, London: JAI, pp. 19-32. Mythen, G. (2018) ‘Criminology and terrorism: toward a critical approach’, in P. Carlen and L.A. França (eds) Alternative Criminologies, London: Routledge, chapter 17. Wright, S., Denney, D., Pinkerton, A., Jansen, V.A.A. and Bryden, J. (2016) ‘Resurgent insurgents: quantitative research into Jihadists who get suspended but return on Twitter’, Journal of Terrorism Research, 7(2): 1-13. https://cvir.st-andrews.ac.uk/articles/10.15664/jtr.1213/ Journal title has since changed to Contemporary Voices.

Further Reading Aas, K.F., Gundhus, H.O. and Lomell, H.M. (eds) (2009) Technologies of InSecurity: The surveillance of everyday life, Abingdon: Routledge. Ball, K. and Webster, F. (2003) The Intensification of Surveillance: Crime, terrorism and warfare in the information era, London: Pluto. Bowling, B. (2010) Policing the Caribbean: Transnational security cooperation in practice, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Denney, D. (2005) Risk and Society, London: Sage. Denney, D. (ed.) (2008) ‘Living in dangerous times: fear insecurity risk and social policy’, Social Policy and Administration, special issue 42(6): 557-713. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/14679515/2008/42/6 Edwards, A. and Gill, P. (eds) (2003) Transnational Organised Crime: Perspectives on global security, London: Routledge.

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Howard, R.D., Sawyer, R.L. and Bajema, N.E. (eds) (2009) Terrorism and Counterterrorism: Understanding the new security environment: readings and interpretations, 3rd ed., Boston: McGraw Hill Higher Education. Mythen, G. and Walklate, S. (2006) ‘Criminology and terrorism: which thesis? Risk society or governmentality?’, British Journal of Criminology 46(3): 379-398. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azi074 Nacos, B.L. (2016) Terrorism and Counterterrorism, 5th ed., London: Routledge. English, R. (2010) Terrorism: How to respond, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Shain, F. (2011) The New Folk Devils: Muslim boys and education in England, Stoke-on-Trent: Trentham. Spalek, B. (ed.) (2002) Islam, Crime and Criminal Justice, Cullompton: Willan.

30 Global responses II The second lecture covers drugs and crime. It looks at the international trade in drugs; variations in drug laws and their consequences for drug users. It looks at the relationship between drug addiction and crime and policies aimed to address offending related to drug addiction.

Required Reading Campbell, H. (2005) ‘Drug trafficking stories: everyday forms of narco-folklore on the U.S.-Mexico border’, International Journal of Drug Policy, 16(5): 326-333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2005.06.003 Coomber, R. and Maher, L. (2006) ‘Street-level drug market activity in Sydney's primary heroin markets: organization, adulteration practices, pricing, marketing and violence’, Journal of Drug Issues, 36(3): 719-753. https://doi.org/10.1177/002204260603600310 Friman, H.R. (2009) ‘Drug markets and the selective use of violence’, Crime, Law and Social Change, 52(3): 285-295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-009-9202-4 Grisaffi, T. (2014) Can You Get Rich From the Bolivian Cocaine Trade? Cocaine paste production in the Chapare, London: UCL. Goldstein, P.J. (1985) ‘The drugs/violence nexus: a tripartite conceptual framework’, Journal of Drug Issues, 15(4): 493-506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204268501500406 Moyle, L., Coomber, R. and Lowther, J. (2013) ‘Crushing a walnut with a sledge hammer? Analysing the penal response to the social supply of illicit drugs’, Social & Legal Studies, 22(4): 553-573. https://doi.org/10.1177/0964663913487544 Seddon, T. (2000) ‘Explaining the drug-crime link: theoretical, policy and research issues’, Journal of Social Policy, 29(1): 95-107. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-social-policy/article/explaining-the-drugcrime-link-theoretical-policy-and-research-issues/1BAAEB1482EDE3E399DDB9F78747ACDC

Further Reading Bagley, B. (2012) Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime in the Americas, Woodrow Wilson Center Update on the Americas. Bourgois, P. (2003) In Search of Respect: Selling crack in El Barrio, 2nd ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Gay, R. (2015) Bruno: Conversations with a Brazilian drug dealer, Durham: Duke University Press. Gootenberg, P. (2009) ‘Talking about the flow: drugs, borders, and the discourse of drug control’, Cultural Critique, 71:13-46. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25475500 Briggs, D. (2012) Crack Cocaine Users: High society and low life in south London, London: Routledge. Coomber, R., McElrath, K., Measham, F. and Moore, K. (2013) Key Concepts in Drugs and Society, London: Sage. Coomber, R. (2006) Pusher Myths: Re-situating the drug dealer, London: Free Association Books. Read chapter 5, ‘Re-assessing drug market violence’. Coomber, R. and Moyle, L. (2014) 'Beyond drug dealing: developing and extending the concept of ‘social supply’ of illicit drugs to ‘minimally commercial supply'’, Drugs: Education, Prevention and

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Policy, 21(2): 157–164. https://doi.org/10.3109/09687637.2013.798265 Grant, J. (2012) ‘Drugs and critical criminology’, in W.S. DeKeseredy and M. Dragiewicz (eds) Routledge Handbook of Critical Criminology, Abingdon: Routledge, chapter 32. Reuter, P. (2009) ‘Systemic violence in drug markets’, Crime, Law and Social Change, 52(3): 275-284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-009-9197-x Saviano, R. (2015) ZeroZeroZero: Look at cocaine and all you see is powder. Look through cocaine and you see the world, UK: Allen Lane. Stevens, A. (2007) ‘When two dark figures collide: evidence and discourse on drug-related crime’, Critical Social Policy, 27(1): 77-99. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261018307072208 Taylor, M. and Potter, G.R. (2013) ‘From "social supply" to "real dealing": drift, friendship, and trust in drug-dealing careers’, Journal of Drug Issues, 43(4): 392-406. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022042612474974

Audio Resources Corben, B. and Hammer, J. (2006) Cocaine cowboys. MK2 éditions. YouTube.

31 Criminal justice, fairness and equality This final lecture discusses (un)fairness and (in)equality in criminal justice processes. It looks at discrimination and disadvantage in the criminal justice processes by looking at the experiences of women, ethnic minorities, the wrongfully convicted and secondary victims of crime. It considers why these groups are disadvantaged by criminal justice processes and asks what should justice look like for these groups?

Required Reading Bowling, B. and Phillips, C. (2002) Racism, Crime and Justice, Harlow: Longman. Brewer, R.M. and Heitzeg, N.A. (2008) ‘The racialization of crime and punishment: criminal justice, color-blind racism, and the political economy of the prison industrial complex’, American Behavioral Scientist, 51(5): 625-644. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764207307745 Lanskey, C., Lösel, F., Markson, L. and Souza, K. (2018) 'Prisoners' families and punishment creep', in R. Condry and P.S. Smith (eds) Prisons, Punishment and the Family: Towards a new sociology of punishment?, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Heidensohn, F. (1986) ‘Models of justice: Portia or Persephone? Some thoughts on equality, fairness and gender in the field of criminal justice’, International Journal of the Sociology of Law, 14(3-4): 287-298. Croall, H. (2011) Crime and Society in Britain, 2nd ed., Harlow: Longman. Read chapter 7, ‘Socio-economic inequalities and crime’ and chapter 10, ‘Race ethnicity crime’. Reiman, J. (1996) …and the Poor Get Prison: Economic bias in American criminal justice, Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Grounds, A. (2004) ‘Psychological consequences of wrongful conviction and imprisonment’, Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 46(2): 165-182. https://www.heinonline.org/HOL/Index?index=journals%2Fcjccj&collection=journals Walklate, S. (2017) Criminology the Basics, 3rd ed., Abingdon: Routledge. Read chapter 7, ‘A question of justice’.

Further Reading Covington, S. and Bloom, B.E. (2003) 'Gendered justice: women in the criminal justice system', in B.E. Bloom (ed.) Gendered Justice: Addressing female offenders, Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic Press. Grounds, A.T. (2005) ‘Understanding the effects of wrongful imprisonment’, Crime and Justice, 32: 1-58. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3488358 Grounds, A. and Jamieson, R. (2003) ‘No sense of an ending: researching the experience of imprisonment and release among Republican ex-prisoners’, Theoretical Criminology, 7(3): 347-362. https://doi.org/10.1177/13624806030073005

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Gould, J.B. and Leo, R.A. (2010) ‘One hundred years later: wrongful convictions after a century of research’, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 100(3): 825-868. https://www.heinonline.org/HOL/Index?index=journals%2Fjclc&collection=journals Grover, C. (2008) Crime and Inequality, Cullompton: Willan Publishing. Leo, R.A. (2005) ‘Rethinking the study of miscarriages of justice: developing a criminology of wrongful conviction’, Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 21(3): 201-223. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986205277477 Rafter, N.H. (1990) Partial Justice: Women, prisons and social control, New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. Webster, C. (2008) ‘Marginalized white ethnicity, race and crime’, Theoretical Criminology, 12(3): 293-312. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480608093308 Welch, K. (2007) ‘Black criminal stereotypes and racial profiling’, Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 23(3): 276-288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986207306870 Wacquant, L. (2009) Punishing the Poor: The neoliberal government of social insecurity, Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press. Wikström, P-O.H. and Treiber, K. (2016) ‘Social disadvantage and crime: a criminological puzzle’, American Behavioral Scientist, 60(10): 1232-1259. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764216643134

Audio Resources Crenshaw, K. The Urgency of Intersectionality. YouTube.

32 ‘More Research is Needed’ This final discussion seminar asks what are the pressing issues in criminal justice today? What are the gaps in our understanding of crime and crime control? What is seen and not seen by the constructs that criminologists and criminal justice agents employ? What are the key problems facing criminal justice processes and practices? What are the resolutions? What should be on future criminological research agenda? It considers these questions in relation to recent debates about knife crime in the UK. Required Reading Aas, K.F. (2012) ‘’The Earth is one but the world is not’: criminological theory and its geopolitical divisions’, Theoretical Criminology, 16(1): 5-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480611433433 Cunneen, C. (2011) ‘Postcolonial perspectives for criminology’, in M. Bosworth and C. Hoyle (eds) What is Criminology?, Oxford: Oxford University Press, chapter 17. Woods, J.B. (2014) ‘“Queering criminology”: overview of the state of the field’, in D. Peterson and V.R. Panfil (eds) Handbook of LGBT Communities, Crime, and Justice, New York: Springer, pp. 15-41. https://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/9781461491873-c2.pdf?SGWID=0-0-45-1432035-p175463610 Nelken, D. (2009) ‘Comparative criminal justice: beyond ethnocentrism and relativism’, European Journal of Criminology, 6(4): 291-311. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370809104684

33-4 Revision lectures