FOS COULD BE USED FOR AOC DETERMINATION

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

0 24 48 72 96 120 144 168

Time [h]

sens

or s

igna

l [V]

tota

l cel

l num

ber [

cells

/cm

²]

sensor 2 week 1sensor 1 week 2sensor 2 week 2sensor 1 week 3sensor 2 week 3Sensor 1 week 4Sensor 2 week 4Sensor 1 week 5Sensor 2 week 5total cell number week 1total cell number week 2total cell number week 3total cell number week 4total cell number week 5

100

105

104

103

102

101

106

107

DOC concentration week 1-3 ca. 1 mg/LDOC concentration week 4-5 ca. 3 mg/L

3 mg L-1

1 mg L-1

Biofilm Centre

Schaule, G., Moschnitschka, D., Schulte, S., Tamachkiarow, A., Flemming, H.-C. (2007): Biofilm growth in response to various concentrations of biodegradable material in drinking water. Wat. Sci. Technol. 55, 191-195

Principle

LEVEL 1: COMMERCIAL HEAT TRANSFER MEASUREMENT DEVICE „NEOSENS FS“

Biofilm Centre

Neosens FS-900/FS-1000 sensor (Neosens S.A., Labege, France)

NEOSENS FS-900/FS-1000 DETAILS (1)

Biofilm Centre

Sensor head with tip

Example: Application in cooling water systemNEOSENS FS-900/FS-1000 DETAILS (2)

Biofilm Centre

5Biofilm Centre

f is related to the mass of the attached film

D is related to the viscoelasticity

Level 1: Quartz crystal microbalance (LOT)

QMB: MASS CHANGES, THICKNESS, DENSITY, VISCOSITY AND SHEAR MODULUS DETECTABLE

Surface materialAuTiO2SiO2Polystyrene

t

MassThicknessDensityViscosityShear modulus

Real Time measurement

*Application dependant

MassThicknessDensityViscosityShear modulus

Sample size, ~1 nm – ~5* μm

7

Biofilm Centre

THE DEVICE9

Quartz crystal, volume above sensor ~ 40 l

Flow channels for temperature stabilisation, volume ~ 100 l

Cross section of flow moduleBiofilm Centre

Level 1:Mechatronic Surface Sensor (MSS)

Actuator(Piezo)

Sensor(Accelerometer)

The MSS concept is based on the effect of mass on the vibration of a material The material in the systerm is used (PVC, PE, steel, iron etc.)

The piezo element is composed of a metal sheet between two piezo layers that has a bending movement when a low electric voltage (< 1 V) is applied

The accelerometer includes a small chip that measures extremely small vibrations

L. Melo & A. Pereira, Univ. of Porto

Biofilm Centre

Computer

Actuator

Sensor

The software makes the actuator vibrate at a well defined amplitude and frequency

The surface vibration is detected by the sensor

The software acquires the wave detected by the sensor, determines its amplitude and performs the ‘amplitude normalization’

Acquisition process in MSS

L. Melo & A. Pereira, Univ. of Porto L. Melo & A. Pereira, Univ. of Porto

Response to initial cell attachment

Amplitude of the output signal is inversely proportional to the biofilm cells number

Good correlation obtained

Pseudomonas fluorescensTurbulent flow

L. Melo & A. Pereira, Univ. of Porto

Biofilm Centre

MSS configuration

Southampton UniversityFront view Back viewL. Melo & A. Pereira, Univ. of Porto

Biofilm Centre

Level I Scattered light (FOS)„Detection of a deposit Differential turbidity (DTM) on a surface“ Pressure drop

Heat transfer resistanceWeight increaseVelocity of soundPhotoacoustic spectroscopyPiezo-electrical device (PD)

Level II FTIR-ATR-spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR)„Biological aspects of deposit“ Fluorescence spectroscopy sensor (FluS)Level III FTIR-ATR-spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR)„Detailed information“ Raman spectroscopy

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Levels of information of some monitoring principles:

Biofilm Centre

Flemming, H.C. (2003): Role and levels of real time monitoring for successful anti-fouling strategies. Wat. Sci. Technol. 47 (5), 1-8

Biofilm monitoring by fluorescent biomolecules

Substance Excitation EmissionTyrosin 257 nm 303 nm

Tryptophane 287 nm 348 nm

Serine 295 nm 330 nm

Phenylalanine 260 nm 282 nm

NADH/NADPH 340 nm 460 nm

ATP 272 nm 380 nm

Chlorophyll 340 nm 460 nm

Some fluorescent biomolecules

Approach: Use autofluorescence of biomolecules as signature for biomass

FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS OF BACKSCATTERED LIGHT

OptiQuad sensor Detection of biomolecules

by their fluorescence

Biofilm Centre

• Fluorescence 1 excitation 290 nm, emission detection 340 nm tryptophan (biofilm)

• Fluorescence 2 excitation 340 nm, emission detection 460 nm NADH (bacteria)

• Dispersion 290 nm, 340 nm and 810 nm surface deposit characteristics

• Refraction 663 nm particles in deposit• Transmission 290 nm, 340 nm, 663 nm

and 810 nm deposit amount & nature

CONFIGURATION AFTER PRELIMINARY STUDIES WITH DRINKING WATER BIOFILM ON QUARTZ COUPONS:

Biofilm Centre

Level I Scattered light (FOS)„Detection of a deposit Differential turbidity (DTM) on a surface“ Pressure drop

Heat transfer resistanceWeight increaseVelocity of soundPhotoacoustic spectroscopyPiezo-electrical device (PD)

Level II FTIR-ATR-spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR)„Biological aspects of deposit“ Fluorescence spectroscopy sensor (FluS)Level III FTIR-ATR-spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR)„Detailed information“ Raman spectroscopy

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Levels of information of some monitoring principles:

Biofilm Centre

Flemming, H.C. (2003): Role and levels of real time monitoring for successful anti-fouling strategies. Wat. Sci. Technol. 47 (5), 1-8

LEVEL 3: INFRARED FLOW-THROUGH CELL Detailed chemical information about deposit Biological material: amide I and II bands Bypass device

Water

Biofilm

Light source

Detector

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Disassembled flow-cell

Internal reflectance elements (IRE)

ZnSe Ge

Mounted flow-cell

Biofilm generated on crystal

Evanescent wave IR source

Detector

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1 2 3 4 5

spectral windows

[AU]

wavenumbers cm-1

cell wall fatty acids

proteins

polysaccharides

fingerprint region (fine differences between strains)

proteins + polysaccharides

SIMPLIFIED INTERPRETATION OF THE BACTERIAL IR SPECTRUM

-OH (various polymers)

Biofilm Centre

A:\Bioflm3.001 biofilm gel 90/99 16.04.1999 film 16/ 4/1999

100015002000250030003500Wavenumber cm-1

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

Abs

orba

nce

Uni

ts

IR SPECTRUM OF A PROCESS WATER BIOFILM

Unusually high content of polysaccharides compared to washed bacteria (due to EPS)

Biofilm Centre

CONCLUSIONS

21Biofilm Centre

Nutrients are potential biomass AOC determination indicates fouling potential, new methods are available – e.g., using bioluminescence, flow cytometry Detection of biofouling: on surfaces Required: „Eyes in the system“

on-line, real time, non-destructively, in-situ, representative automatic

Early warning of biofouling, timely and effective countermeasures Verification of efficacy - breaking out of viscious cycle Some commercial devices available, need application improvement! Not yet fully met in membranes – use periphery for reference Information: indirect, by physical parameters Detailed information possible but still in laboratory phase The List:

Optical sensors (FOS) Heat transfer resistance (LOT) Mechanical sensors (QMB, MSS) Advanced sensors (SpectroQuad, FTIR)

22Biofilm Centre

23Biofilm Centre

Future of RO water: Holy Drinking Water® Holy Drinking Water™ is purified bottled

drinking water using the Reverse Osmosis process.  Once our water is bottled, it is blessed by clergy.

Our Holy Drinking Water™ is designed as a multi-faith product.  Each bottle has a message on the label.  Our current message is simply "Be Good."

A single bottle contains 16.9oz of purified dinking water.  Each case contains 24 bottles.

Beware of our warning:"If you are a sinner or evil in nature, this product may cause burning, intense heat, sweating, skin irritations, rashes, itchiness, vomiting bloodshot and watery eyes, pale skin color, and oral irritations." http://www.holydrinkingwater.info/index-1.html

24Biofilm Centre

BlessingOur water is blessed into holy water by hands of God.  By hands of God, we mean a priest, churchman, clergyman, cleric, curate, divine, ecclesiastic, elder, father, friar, holy man, lama, monk, padre, pontiff, preacher, rabbi, rector, sky pilot, or vicar. [obviously still vacancies for an Imam]Our future goal is to have a clergy from every faith bless each bottle of Holy Drinking Water™. Holy Drinking Water™: Wayne Enterprises is not planning on making profit from the sales of Holy Drinking Water™.  It is our intent to nurture this project until it can sustain itself.  We will then create a Non-profit organization to continue this cause and select clergy from multiple faiths to run the organization.  We would like to see the sales from Holy Drinking Water™ create scholarships, fund social or humanitarian projects that better man kind, and promote faith in GodApplying to bless our water:  We are currently accepting applications for blessing our drinking water.  You must be an ordained clergy to apply.  All participant's information is kept highly confidential

The Business Idea