formation and collapse of the carolingian empire
TRANSCRIPT
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Formation and Collapse of the Carolingian Empire
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• The Carolingians were a Frankish noble family that replaced the Merovingians as the royal dynasty (usurped the throne).
• The Carolingians created a new political system that was neither the empire of ancient Rome nor a Barbarian kingdom. To maintain their empire they fashioned new political structures while appealing to a legacy of the imperial Roman past.
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The Carolingian Dynasty
• Charles Martel, Mayor of the Palace
• Pepin the Short, King of the Franks (751-768 C.E.)
• Charles the Great (Charlemagne), (768-814)– Brother Carloman died 771– Crowned “Emperor of the Romans” 800 C.E.
• Louis the Pious (814-842)
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• I. Building an Empire
• II. The Disintegration of Empire
• III. The Dark Ages and the beginning of Feudalism
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I. Building an Empire
• 1. Military Expansion – Against Saxons (Northern Germany); Lombards (Italy)
• 2. An Alliance with the Bishop of Rome
• 3. Governing without a state or regular taxation – missi dominici (itinerant judges)– Appointed counts as regional administrators and military
leaders (counties)– Oaths of fidelity– Monks for literate scribes and advisors
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II. The Disintegration of Empire
• 1. Internal Divisions and Centrifugal Forces– Problem of empire as private property– Partition of Verdun 843 (C.E.)– Rebellion by local counts and lords (milites)
• 2. External Invasions (Ninth and Tenth centuries)– Vikings (Norsemen, Northmen, Rus)– Magyar (Established in Danube River Valley)– Muslim Pirates raids along Mediterranean coasts
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“Age of Viking Expansion”
• Annals of St. Bertin– Charles the Bald king of Western Franks pays extortion
money to Vikings (845)– Local lords such as Odo count of Paris led defense (also
bishops )
• Chronicle of St. Denis– Rollo the Norman (Northman) received the Duchy of
Normandy from Charles the Simple (c. 911)– Oaths of fidelity among warlords and bishops– Vikings/Scandinavians Convert to Christianity
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• As a consequence of the disintegration of the Carolingian political order and the subsequent invasions, people during the tenth century began to seek protection from local warlords/landlords (milites) who assumed responsibilities once vested in royal authorities.
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III. Dark Ages (late 9th and 10th centuries) and Early Feudalism
• 1. Decentralized Power; weak monarchs; petty lords control local areas
• 2. Lord and Vassal Relations (vassalage)– Voluntary personal ties of loyalty and dependence
between free warriors sealed by oaths
• 3. The Fief (and the benefice)– Grants of property or jurisdiction
– Heavy armed cavalry (stirrups, saddles, lances)
– Fortresses and simple Castles
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• 4. Confusion of Loyalty and Obligations
• 5. The Manor and Manorialism (Seigneurialism) Seigneur/Señor/Lord
• 6. Serfs and Peasants– Increase in Agricultural Production
• Heavy plow, shoulder yoke, and three-field rotation– Provided their lord with portion of annual agricultural production– Tied to the land, but could not be dispossessed– Provided labor services to their lords (in place of taxes)
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Lords/Vassals
• God
• King
• Duke
• Count: William of Aquitaine/Fulk of Anjou
• Bishop: Gerald of Limoges/Gilbert
• Viscount: Boso/Ralph
• Lord: Joselin/Hugh/Aimery/Bernard
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The Demise of the Carolingian Dynasty
• East Frankish Kingdom (the Kingdom of Germany– Otto I Duke of Saxony chosen king 936
• Battle of Lechtfeld 955 defeats Magyars• Imitates Charlemagne 962
• West Frankish Kingdom (the Kingdom of France)– Hugh Capet Count of France chosen king 987
• Duke of Lorraine
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The End of Saxon Rule in England
• Cnut Prince of Denmark– King of England (1016), Denmark (1018), and
Norway (1028)
• Edward the Confessor – Regains throne from Cnut’s son (1042)
• William Duke of Normandy becomes king of England – Battle of Hastings 1066 CE
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• http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_France_1030-fr.svg
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