form4(biology) chap 1 pt2
DESCRIPTION
biology form 4 chap 1(2)TRANSCRIPT
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1.2 - Scientific Investigation
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Learning Outcomes• To state various ways of studying Biology• To identify variables in a given situation• To identify the relationship between two
variables to form a hypothesis• To design and carry out a simple
experiment to test the hypothesis• To record and present data in a suitable
form• To interpret data to draw conclusions• To write a report on an experiment• To practice scientific attitudes and noble
values
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VARIOUS WAYS OF STUDYING BIOLOGY
• Conducting experiment & carrying out projects.
• Involves acquiring scientific skills, using the scientific method & practising scientific attitudes & noble values
• Can be divided into two : science process skills & manipulative skills
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•Science process skills – critical, analytical & creative thinking skills which enable a scientist to formulate questions & find out the answers & explanations to a phenomenon in a systematic manner.
•Manipulative skills – psychomotor skills that enable scientists to cary out an investigation.
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SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS• OBSERVING• CLASSIFYING
• MEASURING & USING NUMBERS• INFERRING
• PREDICTING• COMMUNICATING
• USE SPACE-TIME RELATIONSHIP• INTERPRETING DATA
• DEFINING THROUGH OPERATIONS• CONTROLLING VARIABLES
• HYPOTHESISING• EXPERIMENTING
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OBSERVINGUsing the sense of
hearing, touch, smell, taste & sight to collect information about an
object or a phenomenon
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CLASSIFYING
Using observations to group objects or events according to
similarities or differences.
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MEASURING & USING NUMBERSMaking quantitative observations using
numbers & tools with standardised units. Measuring makes observation more
accurate.
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INFERRINGUsing past
experiences or previously collected
data to draw conclusions & explain
events
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PREDICTINGStating the outcome of
a future event based on prior knowledge
gained through experiences or collected data
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COMMUNICATING
Using words or graphic symbols such as
tables, graphs, figures or models to describe an action, object or
event.
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USING SPACE-TIME
RELATIONSHIPDescribing changes in parameter with time.
Examples of parameters are
location, direction, shape, size, volume,
weight & mass.
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INTERPRETING DATA
Giving rational explanations about an object, event or
pattern derived from collected data.
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DEFINING OPERATIONALLYDefining concepts by describing what
must be done & what should be
observed.
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CONTROLLING VARIABLES
Identifying the fixed variables,
manipulated variable & responding variable
in an investigation.
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HYPOTHESISINGMaking a general statement
about the relationship between a manipulated variable & a responding
variable in order to explain an event or observation. This statement can be tested to
determine its validity.
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EXPERIMENTINGPlanning & conducting
activities to test a certain hypothesis.
These activities include collecting, analysing &
interpreting data & making conclusions.
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MANIPULATIVE SKILLS• USE & HANDLE SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS &
LABORATORY SUBSTANCES CORRECTLY• HANDLE SPECIMENS CORRECTLY &
CAREFULLY• DRAW SPECIMENS, APPARATUS &
LABORATORY SUBSTANCES ACCURATELY• CLEAN SCIENCE APPARATUS CORRECTLY• STORE SCIENCE APPARATUS &
LABORATORY SUBSTANCES CORRECTLY & SAFELY
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SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDES & NOBLE VALUES
• Having an interest & curiosity towards the environment
• Being honest & accurate in recording & validating data
• Being diligent & persevering• Being responsible about the safety of oneself,
others & the environment• Realising that science is a means to
understand nature• Appreciating & practising clean & healthy
living
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THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
•Employ by biological scientists to discover the phenomena of life.
•The scientific method – the process of gathering facts based on an observable event or phenomenon @ a process of obtaining a fact about a phenomenon using a method recognised by the scientific community.
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IDENTIFYING A PROBLEM
• Determine the problem to be solve by; (a) observing the situation or
phenomena, (b) identifying the variables• In the form of a question to be answered.• Must show the relationship between the
manipulated variable and responding variable.
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FORMING A HYPOTHESIS• A smart guess or prediction to explain
the problem• Answer for the problem• A statement to explain the relationship
between the manipulated variable and responding variable.
• Eg.:The heavier the school bag, the faster the heartbeat.
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PLANNING THE EXPERIMENT• Plan an experiment to test the hypothesis• Determine the steps in planning
experiment : apparatus/materials, technique, procedures, type of measurements, methods, way of presenting data
• Write out the design plan of the experiment
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IDENTIFYING & CONTROLLING VARIABLES
• Identified the variables :
*Manipulated : how to alter the manipulated variable in the experimen
*Responding : What to observe, measure and record
*Controlled : How to maintain the controlled variable so that it is kept constant during the experiment
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CONDUCTING THE EXPERIMENT
• Carried out as planned• Have to observed :
i. The apparatus & materials are handled correctly, cleaned & stored safely
ii. The variables are well-controlled.
iii. The results being collected and recorded carefully.
iv. A control experiment is also set up.
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COLLECTING DATA
• Form of a table, graph and/or diagram
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ANALYSING & INTERPRETING DATA
• Find a suitable explanation for what has been observed.
• Analyse the relationship between the manipulated & the responding variables.
• Look for a pattern in the data• Think critically to explain the results
clearly
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DRAWING/FORMING A CONCLUSION
• Determine whether the data supports the hypothesis
• Decide whether the hypothesis is valid or not
• Make a general statement about the results of the investigation, based on hypothesis
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WRITING A REPORT
• A complete report of the experiment is written to following format
(Refer to text book, page 10)
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EXERCISE 1.21. What are the two main scientific skills
used in the biological studies?
2. Define science process skills & give four examples.
3. Define manipulative skills & give two examples.
4. State the typical format for the report of an experiment.
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