form 3 science chapter 4
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nota ringkas sains untuk murid-murid tingkatan3form 3 science chapter 4 reproductionTRANSCRIPT
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Reproduction Reproduction # The importance of reproduction is to ensures that a particular species does not extinct !!!#
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4.1 sexual and asexual
reproduction� Reproduction =
involves the production of new generation of individuals of same species.
� Sexual reproduction
involve male and female organisms.
� Asexual reproduction
involves only one parent.
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Asexual reproduction�� Binary fission Binary fission (unicellular organism divides into two equal parts
(daughter cells)
�� BuddingBudding (the parent produces an outgrowth or bud which detaches
to become a new individual)to become a new individual)
�� Spore formationSpore formation
�� Vegetative reproductionVegetative reproduction
�� Regeneration Regeneration (Regrowth of lost or destroyed parts or organs)
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Binary fission
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Vegetative reproduction � This type of asexual reproduction is seen in many
flowering plants.
� Part of a plant detaches and grow into a new plant.
� Example: � Example:
i. Runner
ii. Bulb
iii. Rhizome
iv. Corm
v. Stem tuber
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i. Runner � A slender, creeping stem that puts forth roots from
nodes spaced at intervals along its length.
� The runner bears roots and becomes independent before the parent plant die.before the parent plant die.
� Example : grass, strawberry
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ii. Bulb � A short, modified, underground stem surrounded by
usually fleshy modified leaves that contain stored food for the shoot within.
� Example : Onion, lilies � Example : Onion, lilies
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iii. Rhizome � A horizontal, usually underground stem that often
sends out roots and shoots from its nodes.
� Example: ginger, Canna
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iv. Corm � A short, thick, solid, food-storing underground stem,
sometimes bearing papery scale leaves.
� Examples: cocoyam , water chestnut
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iv. Stem tuber � The swollen ends of underground stems
� New shoot sprout out from axillary buds or ‘eyes’.
� Example: potato, beet
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4.2 The male reproductive system
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Secondary sexual characteristics
( male) � Growth of hair on face, chest, in pubic region and
armpits.
Beard Moustache
� The voice becomes deeper.
� Body becomes more muscular.
� Chest becomes broader.
� Certain mental and emotional changes.
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Male gamete (sperm)� The role of the
sperm is to swim towards the ovum and the ovum and fuses with it to form zygote.
� Zygote will develop into an adult individual.
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4.3 The female reproductive
system
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Female gamete (ovum)
� The ovum stores some food in its cytoplasm.
� The food is used to nourish the embryo which develops from the zygote.
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Secondary sexual characteristics
( female) � Growth of hair in pubic region and armpits.
� Commencement of menstruation.
� Production of ova by the ovaries.
Pelvis becomes broader.� Pelvis becomes broader.
� Fat deposits on hip and thighs.
� Growth and development of breasts.
� Certain mental and emotional changes.
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4.4 The menstrual cycleMenstruation is the
discharge of the uterus lining and blood through the blood through the vagina.
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What happen after sexual
intercourse ? � Sperms swing to
Fallopian tube.
� Only one sperm one sperm is needed to fertilise the needed to fertilise the ovum.
� Sperm and ovum fuse to form zygote.
� The zygote form a ball of cell called embryo.
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Fertilisation� Fertilisation =
The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote.zygote.
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Growth and development of the
foetus in uterus (womb)
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Exchange of materials in placenta
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New baby
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Importance of pre-natal care 1. Diet
Advice: Eat a good healthy diet rich in proteins, calcium and vitamins.
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Importance of pre-natal care 2. Cigarette smoke
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Importance of pre-natal care 3. Avoid alcohol and drugs