forever wild presentation
TRANSCRIPT
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ASurveyofAmendmentstotheNewYork
tate
onst tut on s
orever
ause
Co eenR.Ke oeRo insonHP302:HonorsProject2
HerkimerCountyCommunityCollege
Fall,2008
Presentedto:
PL221.01(AdministrationofWills,Trusts,andEstates.)
HerkimerCountyCommunityCollege
Dr.MarkC.PolkosnikFriday,November14,2008
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Property:
rights;itisdefinedbythevariousrightsor
.
consideredtobetheitemitself.
spreadamongnumerouspeople.1
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Homeownersrights:
exc us ver g ttopossesst epropertyun ess t s ease tosomeonee se
tobringatrespassactionagainstatrespasser. someonewithalifeestatehastheexclusiverighttopossessionforhisorherlife,
andathirdpersonmayhaveafutureinteresttherighttopossessionwhentheetenant es.
Othersrights:
thebankholdingamortgage:
preventwastean t erig ttota et epropertyorse iti t eowner oesnotpaythemortgage.
acreditorwhoprevailsinalawsuitagainstapropertyownermayhavetherighttohavethepropertysoldbyasherifftoobtaintheamountofthejudgment.
citiesan townscanse privatepropertytosatis y iens orover uetaxes.
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TheImpactoftheNewYorkStateConstitution
n ew or tate s orest reserve
WhataretherightstoNewYorkStatesForestPreserve?
Here,theNewYorkStateConstitutioncontrols.TheForestPreservegainedConstitutionalprotectionwhenthe"foreverwild"clausewasratifiedforinclusion
intoArticleVII,Section7 oftheNewYorkStateConstitutionin1894.3
sc ausewas ater ncorporate ntot e onst tut onw c nowstan sasthebasisofthelawoftheStateofNewYork.The 1938Constitutionrepresentsa
significantly
modified
version
of
the
1894
Constitution.
The
State
of
New
York
has
ado tedfiveConstitutions:1777,1821,1846,1894and1938. Additionall ,three
constitutionalconventionshavebeenheldduringthetwentiethcentury;butthe
workofthe1915and1967conventionswasrejectedbytheelectorate. 4
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ForeverWild:' . . ,
McKinney'sConst.Art.14, 1Conservation1. Forestpreservetobeforeverkeptwild;authorizedusesandexceptions.[Forestpreservetobeforeverkeptwild;authorizedusesandexceptions]Section1. Thelandsofthestate,nowownedorhereafteracquired,constitutingtheforestpreserveasnowfixedbylaw,shallbeforeverkeptaswildforestlands.Theyshallnotbeleased,soldorexchanged,orbetakenbyanycorporation,publicorprivate,norshallthe
, .
Therefore,aConstitutionalamendmentisrequiredtocompleteprojectssuchasestablishingacemetery,wideningaskitrailandimprovingaroadwaywhichhavetakenplaceon ForestPreserveland.
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TheprocesstoamendtheState'sConstitutionbeginswiththeamendment'sintroductionbysponsorsin.
appropriatecommitteesinboththeSenateandAssembly.
TheproposedamendmentisalsoreferredtotheNewYorkStateAttorneyGeneral.TheAttorneyGeneral
preparesawrittenadvisoryopinion(withintwentydays)totheAssemblyandtheSenate;thisopinion
outlinestheeffecttheamendmentwillhaveonthestate'sConstitution. TheAttorneyGeneral'sopinionis
aguideforthelegislature;oneorbothhousesmayconsidertheamendmentforavotepriortoreceiving
theAttorneyGeneral'sdocument.
Uponleavingthecommittees,theamendmentproceedstothefloorofeachhouseforavotewhere
identicalversionsoftheamendmentmustpass.Anamendmenttakesadifferentroutethanaregular
' ,
legislativesessionwhichfollowseachofthegeneralelectionofthemembersoftheLegislature.The
amendmentdoesnotgototheGovernor.Theamendment,whenpassedagainbythenewLegislature,is
thenputontheballotforastatewidevoterreferendum.Iftheamendmentisapprovedbythevoters,itis
thenincorporatedintotheNYSConstitution.TheamendmentoftenreturnstotheLegislaturewhothen
passeslegislationtodesignthewayinwhichtheamendmentwillbeimplemented;suchasrequiring
furtherenvironmentalorproceduralcontrolsrelatedtotheproject. 6
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Amendments:aSurveyofRatified
andDefeatedProposals Averyearlyeffortin1895
involvedaproposalforthesale
andexchangeofForestPreserve
landwhichwouldalsopermitfor
theleaseofindividualfiveacre
sitesforprivatecamps.This
proposalhadthesupportofthe
.
However,itwasdefeatedbythe
votersbya21marginwhenit7
.
Photo by Colleen Kehoe-Robinson
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In1927,theamendmenttobuildtheWhitefaceMemorialHighway
wasapproved.Fourteenyears
later,in1941,anamendmentto
constructskislopesonWhiteface
Mountainwaspassed(bya
marginofonly10,000votes!)
amendment,theNewYorkState
DepartmentofEnvironmental
thatsinceWhitefacehadalready
beenruinedbythehighway,
whatmorecouldaskislo edo?7 Photo source:http://www.whiteface.com/newsite/multimedia/slideshows/0506season/early_march/slideshow.html
http://www.whiteface.com/newsite/multimedia/slideshows/0506season/early_march/slideshow.htmlhttp://www.whiteface.com/newsite/multimedia/slideshows/0506season/early_march/slideshow.html -
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Whenplacedontheballotin1932,Newor svotersvote aga nstt e ose
CabinamendmentwhichwasaproposedamendmenttopermittheStatetoclear
ForestPreservelandinordertoconstruct
avar ety u ngs. ese u ngs wou
beusedprimarilyforrecreation,and
would becomprisedofskilodges,
warminghutsandanythingelsethatwas
eeme appropr ate. eproposa was
defeatedbya21marginbyNewYorks
voters,noteworthyfortheeffortsput
forthbyAdirondackpreservation
a vocate
o n
pperson
an
t e
AssociationforthePreservationofthe
Adirondacks. 7
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SkiingintheCatskillsandthe
Adirondacks InNov.1947, anotheramendmentratifiedbyNewYork
State voters enabled the state to construct and maintain
twentymilesofskitrails.Thesetrailsweretobetwenty
toeightyfeetwideontheslopesofBelleayreMountain
inUlsterandDelawarecounties.Additionally,thirty
milesofskitrailswouldbeconstructedandmaintained
ontheslopesofGore,SouthandPeteGayMountainsin
Warrencounty.
Fortyyearslater,onNov.3,1987,anotheramendment
permittedskitrailsonWhitefaceMountaintobe
increasedfrom20to25milesandfrom80feetwideto
ee w e,prov e a nomore an m eso
trailsbemorethan120feetwide; permittedski
trailsonBelleayreMountaintobeincreasedfrom20to
25milesandfrom80to200feetwide,providedno
morethan2milesoftrailsbemorethan120feetwide;
and ermitted ski trails on Gore and Pete Ga Mountains
beincreasedfrom30to40milesandfrom80to200
feetwide,providednomorethan8milesoftrailsbe
morethan120feetwide; anddeletedreferenceto
SouthMountaininWarrenCounty. 5
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TheBurdAmendmentandits
Consequences TheBurdAmendmentwaspassedbyNewYorkState
voters in 1913. This amendment ermitted the floodin
of 3%oftheForestPreserveforthepurposeofcreating
reservoirs.Towardsthemid1940stherepercussionsof
thisamendmentwerestartingtobeseen. Twovery
controversialprojectsinvolvingdams(oneatHigley
Mountain,andtheotheratPantherMountain,bothon
theSouthBranchoftheMooseRiver)wereprotestedby
theAdirondackMooseRiverCommitteewhichwas
formed tofightthedams.Thegroupincreased
awarenessandoppositiontotheplansamong
sportsmen'sgroupsandthegeneralpublicandthe
pro ec swere roppe . n , e s ran er
Amendmentwasintroduced.Itspurposewasto
permanentlyreversetheBurdAmendment.Itstated
thatnoriverregulatingreservoircouldbebuiltonForest
Preserveland. Votersin1953passedtheamendment.
1954 saw an amendment introduced to s ecificall
allowthePantherMountaindamtobebuilt. Whileit
passedtwosuccessivelegislatures,votersdefeatedthe
amendmentbya3to1 margin. 7Photo by Colleen Kehoe-Robinson
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1957:HighwaysintheForest
Preserve ThepassageoftheNov.5,1957
amendmentenabledtheStateto
addressandeliminatedangerous
highwaycurvesandgrades.This
,
rebuildingandmaintainingnomore
thanfiftymilesofexistingstate
highwaysintheforestpreserve. The
max mumamounto anys ng e
relocatedportionofhighwaywas
limitedtoonemileinlength,andno
morethanfourhundredacresof
forestpreservelandwouldbe
involved.5
Photo by Colleen Kehoe-Robinson
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TheNorthwa whichruns
from
Glens
Falls
to
the
vicinityofKeesevilleand
ofanAmendment passed
onNov.3,1959.This
amendmentallowedforup
tothreehundredacresof
stateforestpreservelandto
beusedtocreatethe
Northwayandenableits5.
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wereabletoexchangelandinaccordancewithan
amendmentpassedinNovember,1963.TheState
conveyedtothevillageofSaranacLakeforpublic
use,tenacresofforestpreservelandthatwass ua e nex o ev age. e enacreswas
allottedforrefusedisposal.Inexchangefortheseten
,
thevillageofSaranacLakewasconveyedbythe
villagetotheState.5
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ThetownofAriettawasgrantedtheabilityto
votersratifiedthisamendment. Here,twenty
eightacresofforestpreservelandwasconveyed
tothetownfortheairportsextensionofthe
runwayandlandingstrip.
ThetownthenconveyedthirtyacrestoNew
YorkStateinreturn. Later,anotheramendment
providedforthetownofArietta tohave
conveyedfromtheStateofNewYorkfiftyacres
publicuse;againenablingtheextensionofthe
runwayandlandingstripofthePisecoairport.It
alsofacilitatedthemaintenanceofaclearzone
aroundtherunway.Inreturn,thetownof
Ariettatrans erre i tyt reeacreso true
forestlandtotheState.5
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ToenabletheStatetomoresuccessfullymanage itslandholdings,this
conveyancetoInternationalPaperCompany.Approximatelyeightthousandfivehundredacresofforestpreservelandcontainedin
'
nineoftheMooseRiverTract,Hamiltoncountywastransferredto
InternationalPaper,whiletheyweretoconveyapproximatelythesame
numberofacresoflandtotheStateontheconditionthattheState
LegislaturefoundtheexchangedacreagefromInternationalPaper
Company tobeatleastequalinvaluetothatconveyedtotheCompany
fromNewYorkState.ThelandobtainedfromInternationalPaperwould
thenbeincorporatedintotheforestpreservewithinHamiltonCounty.5
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In1983,NewYorksvotersratifiedan amendmentthatprovidedforanexchangebetweent e tatean t e agamore nst tute nc.,anot orpro te ucat ona organ zat on. e
Sagamore
Institute
received
from
the
State
approximately
ten
acres
of
land
and
buildings
adjoiningtherealpropertyoftheSagamoreInstitute,Inc.onSagamoreRoad,nearRacquette
LakeVillage,intheTownofLongLake,HamiltonCounty.Thisamendmentenabledthe
preservat ono stor c u ngst atare ste ont enat ona reg stero stor cp aces y
puttingthehistoricgroupingofbuildingsunderunitaryownershipandstewardshipofthe
SagamoreInstitute.
Inexchange,theSagamoreInstitute,Inc.conveyed totheStatetwohundredacresofwildforestlandlocatedwithintheAdirondackParkwhichwouldthenbecomepartoftheForest
Preserve.Thiswasdoneconditionally:
thelegislaturefindsthelandstobeexchangedbytheSagamoreareatleastequalinvalue
tothelandsandbuildingstobeconveyed totheSagamorebytheState
thenaturalandhistoriccharacterofthelandsandbuildingsgivenbytheStatewillbesecuredbyappropriatecovenantsandrestrictions
theagreementbetweentheSagamoreInstitute,Inc.andtheStateisadheredtointhatthe
landsandbuildingsexchangedbythestatewillreasonablybeavailableforpublicvisits.5
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In1995,NewYorkersratifiedan
betweenthetownofKeene,EssexCountyandNewYorkStateforthepurposesofapubliccemetery.ThetownofKeenereceivedapproximatelytwelveacresoflandfromtheStateforthecemetery.Inexchange,theStatereceived
approximatelyonehundredforty .
dealincludedaneasementovertownownedlandwithanadjacentriverbedthatwouldbeincorporatedintotheForestPreservesothatthere
wouldbelimitationsonthefurtherdevelopmentofsaidland.5
Photo by Colleen Kehoe-Robinson
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Mostrecently,NewYorkersapprovedanamendmentwhichpermittedtheStatetotransferoneacreofForestPreservelandto
thetownofLongLake.Thepurposewastoenablethehamletof
Ra uette Laketousethislandto rovidesafedrinkin waterfor
Raquette Lake.TheRaquette Lakereservoirwasnolongerin
compliancewithfederalhealthregulations. Theadded
whichwellscouldbeplacedledtotheneedtoplacewellson
ForestPreserveland.ThetownofLongLake,inexchange,
leastequalvaluethatwouldbeaddedtotheForestPreserve.8
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1 Brown,GordonandScottMyers.AdministrationofWills,TrustsandEstates.CliftonPark,NY:Delmar/Cengage,2009.
2 Brown,Gordon.AdministrationofWills,TrustsandEstates.CliftonPark,NY:Thomson/DelmarLearning,2003.
3 Smith,Greg.(2000,April12). NewYorkStatesAdirondackMountains.RetrievedOctober7,2008fromhttp://www.adirondackpark.net/
4 AlbanyLawSchool.(2008).MaterialsontheNewYorkStateConstitutionintheSchafferLawLibrary.RetrievedOctober5,2008from http://www.albanylaw.edu/sub.php?navigation_id=840
5 McKinney'sConst.Art.14, 1
6AdirondackCouncil.(2008).ConstitutionalAmendments. RetrievedOctober11,2008fromhttp://www.adirondackcouncil.org/constamendments2.html
7Smith,Greg.(2000,April12). APoliticalHistoryoftheAdirondackParkandForestPreserve:ThreatstoForeverWild. RetrievedOctober11,2008fromhttp://www.adirondackpark.net/history/political/threats.html
8 AdirondackCouncil.(2007)..Raquette LakeWellUsageApprovedByStateVoters RetrievedOctober20,2008fromhttp://www.adirondackcouncil.org/Raquette%20Lake%20well%20usage%20approved%20by%20state%20voters.pdf
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